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1.
F.E. Ian Hamilton 《Geoforum》1982,13(2):121-132
Polish regional policy and planning has long traditions and post-war socialist policies demonstrate important continuities with the 1930s. Regional policy since 1945 has progressed from sets of individual decisions on reconstruction through more coordinated policies for uniform development, for rational location and for activation of backward regions. Lack of adequate coordination and rigorous accounting, though, often meant excessive concentration of development in existing industrial areas and key urban centres. In the 1960s fashionable growthpole concepts were applied to medium-sized city development without maintaining adequate balance between continued growth in larger cities and new smaller-town development. Reform, long overdue, is required to implement the national spatial plan for the 1990s. 相似文献
2.
Peter M. Townroe 《Geoforum》1984,15(2):143-165
The Sao Paulo Metropolitan Area is the second largest urban centre in terms of population among the developing countries of the world. The federal and state government authorities responsible for planning urban development in the State of Sao Paulo in Brazil have been actively considering whether to advocate a new policy initiative to decentralise manufacturing industry from the metropolitan area as a further strategy to restrain future growth. This paper discusses the particular situation facing policy-makers in Sao Paulo in the mid-eighties, as well as using the Sao Paulo policy problem to illustrate a number of themes of relevance to all would-be large city restraint strategies in developing nations. The paper draws upon a programme of research undertaken in the World Bank between 1980 and 1982; in particular, on a large industrial survey of companies establishing in new locations during 1977–1979 in the State. The policy recommendations are cautious, given continuing levels of ambiguity in policy objectives and of uncertainty in the pattern of underlying market forces. 相似文献
3.
Branislav S. Djurdjev 《GeoJournal》2000,50(2-3):133-138
The paper considers regional differences in population growth in Serbia and highlights the contrast that has emerged between
Kosovo and Metohia and the other regions of the country since World War Two. Due to continuing high fertility coupled with
declining mortality, growth in Kosovo and Metohia has been three times greater than in Serbia Proper and five times greater
than in Voivodina, regions which have been following closely the European demographic transition. Since the population in
Kosovo and Metohia is overwhelmingly Albanian these divergent demographic trends are sharpening ethnic tension as the demographic
weight of the Serbs decreases in the country as a whole. At the same time the dominance of the Albanians within the province
may well contribute to the independence struggle. Since the maintenance of high fertility, with a relatively slow decline
- even in comparison with Albania - could be linked with externalities, it is suggested that a solution might be found in
more autonomous development for the province which might bring an increase in local responsibility for sustainable development
and a decrease in the currently high level of demographic investment.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
4.
This paper reports the results of an analysis of service sector employment trends in Merseyside. The main data source was the Census of Employment covering the period 1971–1975; comparisons are made between Merseyside and national trends. The paper contains analyses of changes in industrial and male and female employment, tertiary and quaternary sector services, growth and declining industries, public and private sector employment, office employment and the components of employment change. Particular attention is paid to differences between the Inner City and Outer Areas of Merseyside. Employment decline was widespread in the service sector, as was also the case in manufacturing. Employment decline is likely to continue because of a number of adverse factors affecting the local economy. The paper concludes by describing a number of initiatives the public sector could take in association with private sector interests to promote the further development of service industries which are already established in Merseyside. 相似文献
5.
Jakub Langhammer 《GeoJournal》2010,75(2):185-198
This paper analyses the temporal dynamics and spatial trends in water quality changes in the Elbe River basin in the context
of the post-socialist economic transition of the Czech Republic (Czechia). During the 1990s, the Czech portion of the Elbe
River Basin underwent significant changes in the quality of surface waters. After a long period of massive discharges of pollution,
which reached a peak at the end of the 1980s, a reduction in effluent from industrial and municipal sources led to a substantial
decrease in the pollution of the Elbe River and its principal tributaries. The scope and speed of such water quality changes
was unprecedented in Czechia as well as throughout Europe. The classification of the spatial distribution of water quality
trends revealed that the majority of streams in the Czech Elbe River basin displayed improvement of surface water quality.
However, the decrease in pollution levels was spatially concentrated mainly in the Elbe River and its main tributaries. Many
of the peripheral streams are, on the contrary, experiencing deteriorating water quality, even in regions where water quality
improved in the early 1990s because of a decline in local economic activity associated with political changes in the former
Eastern Block countries. Further improvements in water quality are thus dependent on measures adopted across the entire river
basin, including the numerous minor streams. The current economic revival in a number of regions where decreases in water
pollution were not based on systematic pollution reduction measures, but only on the decline of industrial or agricultural
production, may result in a return to deteriorating water quality, primarily in the outer regions of the catchment. 相似文献
6.
The view from out West: embeddedness, inter-personal relations and the development of an indigenous film industry in Vancouver 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This paper considers the development of a particular cultural industry, the indigenous film and television production sector, in a specific locality, Vancouver (British Columbia, Canada). Vancouver’s film and television industry exhibits a high level of dependency on the location shooting of US funded productions, a relatively mobile form of foreign investment capital. As such, the development of locally developed and funded projects is crucial to the long-term sustainability of the industry. The key facilitators of growth in the indigenous sector are a small group of independent producers that are attempting to develop their own projects within a whole series of constraints apparently operating at the local, national and international levels. At the international level, they are situated within a North American cultural industry where the funding, production, distribution and exhibition of projects is dominated by US multinationals. At the national level, both government funding schemes and broadcaster purchasing patterns favour the larger production companies of central Canada. At the local level, producers have to compete with the demands of US productions for crew, locations and equipment. I frame my analysis within notions of the embeddedness or embodiment of social and economic relations, and suggest that the material realities of processes operating at the three inter-linked scales, are effectively embodied in a small group of individual producers and their inter-personal networks. 相似文献
7.
Regional innovation strategies in the knowledge-based economy 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Sam Ock Park 《GeoJournal》2001,53(1):29-38
This paper aims to examine major regional innovation strategies for regional development in the knowledge-based economy in Korea. Innovation policy and Regional Innovation Systems (RIS) are becoming important issues in Korea in both national and regional perspectives. These issues have been evolving since the mid 1990s, especially since the financial crisis of 1997 in Korea. Five major policy issues for promoting innovation and regional competitiveness are examined in this paper. The major policy issues are: promoting region-specific clustering; building habitats for innovation and entrepreneurship; collective learning processes and innovation networks; building a stock of social capital; and promoting local and global networks. Several strategies are suggested for each of these policy issues. These major policy issues and related strategies for regional innovation and competitiveness can be regarded as common issues required for the successful development of RIS. Taking these basic policy issues into account, each region can develop their own region-specific RIS, with appropriate consideration of distinctive regional characteristics such as the level of development, industrial specialization, local labor market, local business climate, local financial system, etc. 相似文献
8.
This paper examines local government capability in managing pre-, during and post-natural disaster in Indonesia. The case
study is the Bantul local government which had experience in managing the 2006 earthquake. Bantul is located in the most densely
populated area of Java, where 1,500 people per square km square, and the earthquake destroyed domestic industries that had
become the main resource of the Bantul local government. The capability of local government and the requirement to manage
a disaster are very important issues for exploring the important role of local government in mitigation, preparedness, response
and recovery disaster management activities, particularly in regard to the characteristics of local government in developing
countries. In this paper, capability of local government in managing a disaster is defined as a function of institutions,
human resources, policy for effective implementation, financial, technical resources and leadership. The capability requirement
of each stage of disaster management has also been explained from the point of view of state and non-state actors and institutions.
Finally, the paper integrates the capability requirement and reality in order to bridge these gaps. 相似文献
9.
Shandong Chemical Geology Prospecting Institute 《化工矿产地质》2000,22(2):121-124
山东化工地质勘查院立足于自身的实力和优势 ,充分利用国家为地勘行业制定的优惠政策 ,全力争取国家补助地方小型勘查项目经费和国家、地方矿产资源补偿费。并在努力拓宽地质业务范围等方面取得了一定成绩。同时把握商机 ,对外 ,一切围着市场转 ,对内 ,一切围着项目转 ,扬长避短 ,兴办适合自身特点的新型产业实体。改革进程中 ,注重加强管理 ,培养人才和两个文明的建设 ,从而取得了较好的经济和社会效益。 相似文献
10.
The impact of economic growth,industrial structure and urbanization on carbon emission intensity in China 总被引：5，自引：4，他引：1
China’s macroeconomic policy framework has been determined to ensure steady growth, adjust the industrial structure and advance the socioeconomic reforms in recent years. And urbanization is supposed to be one of the most important socioeconomic reform directions. Meanwhile, China also committed to reduce carbon emissions intensity by 2020, then it should be noted that what kind of impact of these policy orientations on carbon emission intensity. Therefore, based on the historical data from 1978 to 2011, this paper quantitatively studies the impact of China’s economic growth, industrial structure and urbanization on carbon emission intensity. The results indicate that, first, there is long-term cointegrating relationship between carbon emission intensity and other factors. And the increase in the share of tertiary industry [i.e., the ratio of tertiary industry value added to gross domestic product (GDP)] and economic growth (here we use the real GDP per capita) play significant roles in curbing carbon emission intensity, while the promotion of population urbanization (i.e., the share of population living in the urban regions of total population) may lead to carbon emission intensity growth. Second, there exists significant one-way causality running from the urbanization rate and economic growth to carbon emission intensity, respectively. Third, among the three drivers, economic growth proves the main influencing factor of carbon emission intensity changes during the sample period. 相似文献
11.
The spatial and sectoral distribution of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in China has changed dramatically in the past two decades. FDI was largely concentrated in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) and other Southern Coastal provinces in early stages and shifted to the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) and the Bohai Economic Rim (BER) sequentially in later stages. It created unique and dynamic paths of the spatial evolution of FDI in China. Although many provinces have received relatively more FDI since the late 2000s, Guangdong and Jiangsu are still the two major recipients of FDI in China, demonstrating and over-arching polarization process. Furthermore, most FDI in China has been in the manufacturing sector, making China well-known as the “World Factory of Manufacturing”. This paper analyses the most recent trends, characteristics and patterns of FDI in China. It portrays the factors that determined the investment location and the dynamic pathways of different kinds of FDI. This paper also foresees the possible changes in spatial and sectoral distribution of FDI in the near future and provides policy suggestions for both China and other developing countries in seeking new FDI inflows and transforming their industrial structures and economies in this particular phase of globalization. 相似文献
12.
The development of clusters of local growth is supported by different processes. Endogenous economic development produced by small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) is based on family firms in which local market characteristics influence the sectorial diversification that emerges within certain regions. In the Berguedà region (Catalonia, Spain), the formation of a successful network of SMEs in three main sectors (food, textile and machinery) in the 1990s demonstrated the importance of grass-roots prerequisites, including industrial tradition, social networks and a sense of spatial loyalty, one of the main concepts studied in this paper. The aim of this paper is to study how institutions, local economic networks and collective social agents generate a propitious economic space that constitutes favourable embedding in Berguedà. However, the key element in this industrial system is the loyalty that entrepreneurs and workers feel towards their industrial region. These two processes, territorial embeddedness and spatial loyalty, appear to be two of the major forces behind the economic dynamism of the region and have led to the formation of a new cluster of firms. 相似文献
13.
Sasha Tsenkova 《GeoJournal》2014,79(4):433-447
The paper provides an overview of trends and processes of change affecting new social housing provision in Prague and Warsaw. The local responses are reviewed within the context of changes to the national housing system defining the performance of municipal and non-profit housing sectors. The research analyses the mix of policy instruments implemented in three major policy domains—regulatory, fiscal and financial—to promote the production of new social housing in the two cities. The system of new social housing provision is examined as a dynamic process of interaction between public and private institutions defining housing policy outcomes. The outcomes are evaluated through a series of indicators related to housing output, stability of investment, differentiation of rents, affordability and choice. The overview demonstrates how significant shifts in regulatory and fiscal policy, coupled with decentralization of responsibilities for social housing, limit the opportunities for more efficient performance in the sector and its growth. This is particularly evident in Warsaw, where the sector operates as a social safety net. New social housing in both cities has better quality and remains affordable, but access is constrained and waiting times have increased. The research highlights the problem of declining output, dwindling financial resources, and lack of cost recovery due to universal rent control. This is eroding the sustainability of social housing, potentially leading to lower investment and subsequent privatisation. In Warsaw, housing allowances are a municipal responsibility making the liberalization of rents difficult, while Prague has moved in the direction of rent deregulation with a more robust system of means-tested housing support provided by the central government. Such policy choices map a different trajectory for the future of social housing. 相似文献
14.
Local and regional minimum 1D models for earthquake location and data quality assessment in complex tectonic regions: application to Switzerland 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
One-dimensional (1D) velocity models are still widely used for computing earthquake locations at seismological centers or
in regions where three-dimensional (3D) velocity models are not available due to the lack of data of sufficiently high quality.
The concept of the minimum 1D model with appropriate station corrections provides a framework to compute initial hypocenter
locations and seismic velocities for local earthquake tomography. Since a minimum 1D model represents a solution to the coupled
hypocenter-velocity problem it also represents a suitable velocity model for earthquake location and data quality assessment,
such as evaluating the consistency in assigning pre-defined weighting classes and average picking error. Nevertheless, the
use of a simple 1D velocity structure in combination with station delays raises the question of how appropriate the minimum
1D model concept is when applied to complex tectonic regions with significant three-dimensional (3D) variations in seismic
velocities. In this study we compute one regional minimum 1D model and three local minimum 1D models for selected subregions
of the Swiss Alpine region, which exhibits a strongly varying Moho topography. We compare the regional and local minimum 1D
models in terms of earthquake locations and data quality assessment to measure their performance. Our results show that the
local minimum 1D models provide more realistic hypocenter locations and better data fits than a single model for the Alpine
region. We attribute this to the fact that in a local minimum 1D model local and regional effects of the velocity structure
can be better separated. Consequently, in tectonically complex regions, minimum 1D models should be computed in sub-regions
defined by similar structure, if they are used for earthquake location and data quality assessment. 相似文献
15.
Sylvanus Sefenu Per Doe 《GeoJournal》2008,71(2-3):159-170
Fire management policy is an intrinsic tool that cannot be neglected in the management of the processes of sustainable natural resource utilisation and human-induced burning in savannas but that has rather been a predominating case in most savanna regions in sub-Saharan Africa. Where an official fire policy exists, it is principally not efficiently implemented or consistently practised. New fire policy trends have recently emerged out of institutionally vibrant relations amongst environmental non-governmental organizations (NGOs), local civil societies and government institutions in Ghana. The real outcomes from the relations have been the formulation of a new fire policy and unprecedented (re)production of robust institutional capital suitable for the management of savanna fire and the environment. This article draws on these outcomes to review fire occurrences and contemporary fire policy issues, the essence of building environmental NGO alliances and the prospects of engaging major grassroots stakeholders in fire management processes. It then explores new convertible indicators from and within the subspaces of the policy to generate important information to further new theoretical thinking of fire policies rather than conventionally uncritical rethinking of fire management in the savannas. 相似文献
16.
China’s rapid economic growth following the 1978 reforms has resulted in significant economic, social and environmental change. These reforms and their outcomes have been subjected to considerable scrutiny. However, relatively little research has been directed towards the relationship between the changing role of local government, which has itself been subject to substantial restructuring, and the local mediation of the social and environmental impacts of rapid economic growth. This paper investigates the local manifestation of social and environmental change in Zhejiang Province. In particular, it considers the changing role of local government in the regulatory process, and features a case study of Huzhou Municipality. A synthesis of the factual knowledge and perceptions of 48 key-informants from government and public institutions and rural industries is used as the platform for an analysis of the changing nature of local regulation with respect to the provision of key public services (health care and education) and environmental protection (water pollution control). The results reveal the ability of local government to selectively implement national and provincial policies in light of local priorities, which is taken as indicative of the emergence of local agency within local development processes. The case study suggests a need to re-evaluate conventional wisdom on the absence of autonomy at local levels of government in China, particularly as it relates to the continued devolution of administrative responsibility and the emergence of increasingly powerful economic interests. 相似文献
17.
The modernisation of local government has attempted to reinvent central-local government relations by offering freedoms and flexibilities to facilitate the governance of local issues. At the same time, a shift to outcome focussed targets as a new form of governmental rationality allows central government to delimit these opportunities. Drawing on aspects of governmentality and actor-network theory, the paper explores the tensions between these modes of government. It argues that outcome focussed targets circumscribe the limits of local governance by offering a despatialised technology of government. Using a case study of Local Public Service Agreements, the paper highlights the problems 10 English rural local authorities have experienced in their attempts to construct and negotiate a series of local policy targets with central government. The paper shows how the spatial limitations of statistical governance conspire against the construction of targets which reflect local policy priorities. In conclusion we consider the extent to which these limitations are a deliberate act of control and consider the implications for agency within networks of governmentality. 相似文献
18.
Under communism local authorities tended to be largely passive bystanders in a regional development process which emerged
through the central planning process through the spatial allocations of investment by government ministries. Attention was
given to physical planning, but comparatively little material entered the public domain on location policy and spatial priorities
generally, apart from the objective of greater equality between regions and a commitment to backward areas generally. Now
that much investment is down to private enterprise and government has become more decentralised and accountable, there is
a need for concepts and strategies to coordinate public sector investment and provide guidelines for the evaluation of private
development proposals. At the same time, there is an open competition for investment which requires communities to promote
themselves in terms of their identity and development potential. This paper offers an overview by taking two countries - Hungary
and Romania - where progress can be compared and where the focus can be placed on a common frontier which is diverting attention
from conventional regional planning to cross-border cooperation. In both contexts however, attention is given to the ways
in which planning can divert investment away from the main centres to the peripheral areas, including action to strengthen
the role of small towns and also to improve cohesion among functionally-related groups of settlements and communes.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
19.
House types and their spatial patterns in Singapore 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Lim Keak Cheng Dr. 《GeoJournal》1990,22(1):33-48
Four major groups of residential houses coexist in Singapore. They are: (a) bungalows, semi-detached and terrace houses; (b)
public flats; (c) private flats; (c) shophouses; and (d) attap and zinc-roofed houses. Each group of houses has its own features
and specific locations. The share of each group of houses in the total housing stock as well as in a census unit varies with
time. The aim of this paper is three-fold. Firstly, it gives an overview of the house types, their features, growth and spatial
spread; secondly, it examines the spatial patterns of housing as in 1980; and finally, it outlines the future trends of housing
development. The present composition and the spatial pattern of housing in Singapore are very much a result of government
planning since 1960. Having solved the problem of housing, the Singapore government now aims at improving the quality of public
housing which presently accomodates some 88% of the total population of 2.7 million to a level close to that of the private
housing. 相似文献
20.
Pragmatic localism uncovered: The search for locally contingent solutions to national reform agendas
This paper analyses the complexity and attempted pragmatism of current practices surrounding the management of current local government policy reform in England. In particular, it focuses on the tensions and contradictions between a national policy dynamic which seeks to encourage locally contingent solutions to be developed for localised problems, and the centralising tendencies of the national state which result in ‘blueprints’ and ‘models’ being developed for local policy delivery and a requirement to meet centrally derived targets. These assumptions are explored through the experiences of local government attempts to introduce innovative and experimental praxis in line with the complex cultural and political changes of ‘modernisation’ agendas advanced by the UK government. This is being rolled out by an overarching project of ‘new localism’ - an attempt to devolve power and resources from the central state to front line local managers, sub-local structures and partnerships and to deliver ‘what works’. It is argued that new attempts at subsidiarity should be more flexible to local conditions rather than directed by national policy and that greater discretion and freedom should be given to local managers to achieve this task. Using the concept of ‘pragmatic localism’ and grounded examples from a recent initiative - Local Area Agreements - it is highlighted that there are signs that local state management of national policy could be becoming increasingly adaptable, enabling managers to deal with the fluid nature of ongoing public policy reform, although this is far from a completed project with many factors still constraining this change process. 相似文献