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Tom Myers 《Hydrogeology Journal》2013,21(3):655-671
Extensive phosphate mining in the Blackfoot watershed of Idaho (USA) has substantially increased the selenium (Se) concentration in the river during both snowmelt and baseflow when groundwater discharge dominates. Phosphate mines create a linkage between Se-laden shale that occurs in the Phosphoria Formation and the underlying regional Wells Formation aquifer. Using a reconnaissance-level transport model, mines in the watershed were prioritized for remediation and for comparing the results of simulations of remediation scenarios with a baseline of no remediation, for which Se concentration in the river will exceed the aquatic standard along an extensive length. An accurate simulation of recharge distribution around the watershed and simulated flux to the river is essential. Remediation of mines north of the river will substantially decrease the size of the Se plume, although significant Se will continue to discharge to the river. Similarly, remediation of three mines south of the river would decrease the Se discharge to the river but allow substantial amounts to remain stored in the groundwater north and far south of the river. A lack of calibration data is not a reason to forgo remediation, but rather ongoing data collection can be used to fine-tune plans as they are implemented. 相似文献
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天津市潮间带表层沉积物的类型及其分布 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
根据在天津市潮间带地区采集的108个底质样品的粒度分析结果,划分了潮间带表层沉积物的类型,并探讨了潮间带的粒度分布特征和沉积作用。结果表明,天津潮间带可分为3个岩性区,分别以海河口、独流减河口为界,海河口以北至涧河口为片状粘土质粉砂分布区,海河口以南至独流减河口为多岩性、条带状的砂-粉砂分布区,独流减河口至歧口为片状粘土质粉砂分布区。海河口以北的潮间带是以低能潮汐作用为主的泥质粉砂潮滩沉积环境,海河口以南的潮间带是以河口沉积为主体,后经潮汐改造的潮滩环境,驴驹河-独流减河河口岸段潮间带早期水动力较强,后受到潮滩环境的改造,歧口岸段潮间带以潮滩沉积环境为主。 相似文献
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针对长江三角洲地区高度城镇化对水系剧烈影响的事实,以该区太湖平原苏州市为例,选取河网密度、水面率、分形维数和支流发育系数作为水系变化指标,运用GIS分析近50年来河网的时空变化规律,在此基础上,研究水系变化对于城镇化及降水变化的定量响应,分析高度城镇化下水系的发展趋势。结果表明:①近50年来研究区水系呈衰减趋势,河网密度、水面率、分形维数和支流发育系数分别下降5.6%、19%、1.2%和3%;区内水系禀赋差异大。②近50年来水系衰减的主要影响因素为城镇化,气候变化对其影响相对较弱;在水系变化中,城镇化的贡献率在67%以上。③随着城镇化率增加,研究区河网密度、分形维数、支流发育系数呈现先增长后衰减的"倒U型"曲线特征;苏州的高度城镇化与其水系表现出"先松弛,后紧密"的关系,二者的发展目前处于曲线右侧;未来将过渡到"高水平适应阶段"。本研究的结果丰富了城镇化与水系发展关系研究,可为其他地区水系系统的健康、绿色发展和保护提供参考。 相似文献
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丹江口水库库区及周边地区河网形态、地貌特征及构造活动性意义 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
河流作为构造-气候相互作用最为敏感的地貌单元,记录了丰富的水系演化、构造变形以及气候变化等信息。通过研究河流的形成与演化过程来阐述区域地貌和构造活动特征是构造地貌研究的一个突破点,河流形态的空间变化是阐述河流形成与演化特征最为直观有效的方法。丹江口水库库区地貌特征复杂、地质灾害频发、差异性构造活动较为强烈,是开展构造地貌研究的理想场所。通过对丹江口水库库区及周边地区河流形态特征、地貌特征及构造活动特征等进行综合分析发现,河网分维值空间特征与区域内构造活动性较强的断裂的空间分布高度吻合,构造活动性较强的断裂带及周边地区,河网受到构造活动的影响,发育不成熟,河网分维值出现低值,分维值均小于1.115;构造活动性较弱的断裂带及周边地区,河网发育过程中未受到构造活动的影响,发育较成熟,河网分维值高,分维值均大于1.25;而河网分维值空间变化与地形坡度、平均高程等地貌参数相关性不显著。因此,区域构造活动性特征是河网形态空间变化控制的关键因素。利用河网形态的分维特征量化区域构造活动的强弱及各区域构造活动的差异,对于河流的形成与演化、构造活动性及预测地质灾害的发生等方面的研究都有一定的参考价值。 相似文献
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Ijaz Ahmad Zulfiqar Ahmad Siraj Munir Obaid-ur-Rehman Syed Roshaan Ali Shah Yasir Shabbir 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2018,11(15):419
Snowcover dynamics and associated accumulation and depletion of snowcover along with its spatial and temporal scale mainly constitute hydrological phenomena of the given basin and are mostly controlled by the local climate variables. Snow accumulation and melting time and duration determine the cyclic volume of water resources and downstream availability. In this study, snowcover area (SCA) was extracted from remotely sensed Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) snow products (MOD10A2) for the period 2000–2016. Data for hydro-meteorological parameters was obtained from relevant departments acquired through their field stations. The analysis of 16-year satellite data shows that there is a slight increase in cryospheric area at high altitude. In Astore basin, the study concluded that 15–20% of the basin area is covered by glacier and snowcover may reach around 90–95% of the basin area due to accumulation of seasonal snow from the westerly wind circulation. Analysis of hydro-meteorological parameters showed significant correlation between temperatures (Tmax, Tmin) and river runoff while no significant correlation was observed between river runoff and rainfall. Similarly, significant inverse correlation was found between river runoff and Astore mean snowcover. At sub-altitudinal zone level (zones 1, 2, 3), river runoff has significant correlation with snowcover. Analysis of 20-year climate data along with river runoff depicts that river runoff is a general phenomenon of snowmelt when minimum temperature starts to rise above 4 °C during mid of April. The study highlights the importance and interdependence of meteorological parameters and snowcover dynamics in determining the hydrological characteristics of Astore Basin. 相似文献
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Jonathan H. Sharp Luis A. Cifuentes Richard B. Coffin Jonathan R. Pennock Kuo-Chuin Wong 《Estuaries and Coasts》1986,9(4):261-269
Gravitational circulation of the Delaware Estuary is dominated by a single river, the Delaware River. The seasonal variation in river discharge is large. Consequently, the water column varies between vertically homogenous conditions found during most of the year and strongly stratified conditions found during the high flow of the spring freshet. Both the variation in river discharge and the extent of stratification affect chemical distributions and biological processes in the estuary. With a simple advection-diffusion model, we show that the apparent nonconservative behavior of nitrate in the Delaware Estuary can result from varying endmember concentration and varying river discharge. In addition, we illustrate the relationship between water column stratification, phytoplankton production, and concurrent bacterial activity. Finally, as an indirect chemical response to phytoplankton growth during high river discharge, we show strongly nonconservative patterns for ammonium, phosphate, and silicate in the estuary. 相似文献
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Due to the increasingly serious ecological degradation of river systems, research on how to restore damaged river ecosystems has become a high priority. Characterization of river functional regionalization is a prerequisite for adaptive ecological protection and management, which could provide a scientific basis for the river restoration and sustainable use of water resources. In this paper, the Songhua River in Harbin city is selected as a study site. The river functional assessment value is determined both in quality and quantity by the multiple-indices evaluation method. Then, the study area is divided into four parts in the longitudinal direction, consisting of an ecological protection area, a development and utilization area, a transition area, and an ecological restoration area. Furthermore, river regionalization can be established and analyzed in the horizontal, vertical and temporal perspectives to provide a reference for ecological restoration of the Songhua River. This paper proposes measures and contents for the regulation of river functional zoning. 相似文献
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The present work deals with meandering and bank erosion of the River Nile of Egypt and its environmental impact between Sohag and El-Minia, Egypt. The study depends on using Landsat imagery acquired on 1987–2000 and field observations. Field observations, remote sensing, and GIS analysis and sinuosity index were used in this study to investigate river meandering and the associated processes of erosion of river bank and islands, deposition of sediments and formation of new islands. The analysis of Landsat imagery revealed the migration of river course with time and space. Some islands disappear completely in the study area whereas new islands appear in other places. The lateral erosion on the river banks led to a decrease in agricultural lands bordering the river banks and decrease in the areas of the river islands which in turn reduces the agricultural production. Depositional processes create new floodplains on the convex sides of the river course and new islands and sand bars. Protection methods are recommended to protect the river bank from further movement and erosion. The present conditions of river meandering and the associated processes of erosion and deposition accelerated with human activities have its impact on the environment. The most prominent hazard problem is reduction of agricultural lands and loss of property as well as navigation problems. River control is recommended to weaken the secondary currents created by the river bends. It is recommended to regularly monitor the river banks and islands and measure the rates of erosion and deposition. Sand bars and subsurface islands should be monitored and identified with flash lights to mitigate navigation problems. 相似文献
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通过钻孔柱状与层序分析结果的比对,识别了井田内的沉积相,自下而上依次为辫状河、辫状河三角洲、湖泊、辫状河三角洲、辫状河,进一步细分为6个沉积亚相,17个沉积微相,以此总结出该区延安组沉积相的展布规律及演化过程。 相似文献
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网状河流的构型、流量-宽深比关系和能耗率 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
网状河流作为一类新河型,已经受到研究者的关注,但对其研究还不充分.该研究基于目前已经报道过的资料及新近取得的研究成果,从河流构型、河道过水断面宽深比与流量关系及能耗率等方面对该河型展开论述,期望引起大家对该河型的兴趣.网状河流在许多方面表现出了独有的特色.从平面构型来看,它以相互连通的多河道围绕非常稳定的泛滥盆地为特征,其中泛滥盆地上植被发育、沼泽湖泊可见.从河道纵、横剖面来看,它具有非常小的河道比降和一般小于40的河道宽深比,总体上属于各类河型中最小的.从沉积体系的剖面构型来看,它以多个孤立的河道砂体"漂浮"在细粒泥质沉积物中为特征.在河道过水断面宽深比与流量的半对数图中可见,其宽深比随流量的增大而减小,并且其散点位于各类河流的最下部.由于其河道比降一般很小,多河道体系中的单个河道的流量相对于其决口前的老河道显然较小,从而其能耗率就相对很小.文中所讨论到的长江三口分流网状河道:东松滋河、西松滋河、虎渡河、藕池河、北藕池河和松澧合流,其能耗率分别为3.0 W/m2,5.5 W/m2,2.8 W/m2,6.4 W/m2,3.7 W/m2和2.7 W/m2,显然都小于10 W/m2,这与长江主河道在枝江附近的140 W/m2相比,差两个数量级.所有这些特征都预示着网状河流与以长江中下游为代表的分汊河流之间有着完全不同的特性,与其他河型更是大相径庭. 相似文献
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选取太湖流域下游的武澄锡虞和阳澄淀泖水利片区为研究区,基于1980s和2010s两期水系和土地利用类型数据,利用全局自相关、局部自相关和地理加权回归模型等方法,分析河网密度空间变化特征,并探讨其与土地城镇化的关系。结果表明:近30年研究区河网密度下降幅度达11.3%,其中,一、二级支流密度分别下降18.1%和11.3%。城市及周边地区下降幅度最大;因淤积和填埋造成的区域河道衰退是河网密度下降的主要原因;土地城镇化速度与支流衰减长度呈指数关系,且存在区域差异;当土地城镇化速度达40%以上时,支流长度快速减少。此外,水网密布区域河网密度下降和衰退强度更大。因此,在城市建设过程中需要加大对水系的保护力度。 相似文献
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陕西潼关金矿区太峪河底泥重金属元素的含量及污染评价 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
通过对潼关金矿区太峪河和太峪水库底泥中重金属元素总量的调查,探讨了金矿开发活动中重金属元素对河流底泥的污染程度。研究结果表明,除As外,河流底泥中重金属元素的含量与尾矿渣中重金属元素的含量变化一致,表明其主要来源于尾矿渣,但又明显高于尾矿渣。在同一地点河流底泥中重金属元素的含量平均高出河水中的1048.61～666030.08倍,呈显著富集。以邻近地区不受工矿活动影响的河流底泥重金属元素的含量均值作为评价参比值,太峪河底泥受到了Hg、Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn元素的极度污染,单项污染超标倍数及综合污染指数法评价结果表明,Hg、Pb、Cd平均污染超标倍数达366.90、217.42和149.97,是底泥中最主要的污染元素。河流底泥重金属元素的综合污染指数高达278.97,表明河流的复合污染亦呈极度状态。太峪河底泥受重金属元素极度污染的现实提示,矿区的环境防治工作已刻不容缓。 相似文献
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Physical and chemical parameters were measured in a subtropical estuary with a blind river source in southwest Florida, United States, to assess seasonal discharge of overland flow and groundwater in hydrologic mixing. Water temperature, pH, salinity, alkalinity, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), δ18O, and δ13CDIC varied significantly due to seasonal rainfall and climate. Axial distribution of the physical and chemical parameters constrained by tidal conditions during sampling showed that river water at low tide was a mixture of freshwater from overland flow and saline ground-water in the wet season and mostly saline groundwater in the dry season. Relationships between salinity and temperature, δ18O, and DIC for both the dry and wet seasons showed that DIC was most sensitive to seawater mixing in the estuary as DIC changed in concentration between values measured in river water at the tidal front to the most seaward station. A salinity-δ13CDIC model was able to describe seawater mixing in the estuary for the wet season but not for the dry season because river water salinity was higher than that of seawater and the salinity gradient between seawater and river water was small. A DIC-δ13CDIC mixing model was able to describe mixing of carbon from sheet flow and river water at low tide, and river water and seawater at high tide for both wet and dry seasons. The DIC-δ13CDIC model was able to predict the seawater end member DIC for the wet season. The model was not able to predict the seawater end member DIC for the dry season data due to secondary physical and biogeochemical processes that altered estuarine DIC prior to mixing with seawater. The results of this study suggest that DIC and δ13CDIC can provide additional insights into mixing of river water and seawater in estuaries during periods where small salinity gradients between river water and seawater and higher river water salinities preclude the use of salinity-carbon models. 相似文献
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On the basis of the hydrogeology of the Dousitu River drainage basin, the changes of water flow rate, δ18O and δD along the Dousitu River are discussed according to measured and analytical results. Changes of flow rate along the
Dousitu River agree well with groundwater level contours and the recharge and discharge of groundwater to the river. When
compared with other types of water in the area, it is obvious that the 18O and D of river waters have experienced evaporation. The changes of δ18O and δD along the Dousitu River are mainly caused by combined effects of groundwater recharge and river water evaporation.
The recharge of groundwater makes δ18O and δD of the river water decrease. Evaporation makes δ18O and δD of the river water increase. The evaporation fractions of the river water are calculated using the kinetic fractionation
theory. Results showed as much as 10–30% of water was evaporated in different segments of Dousitu River. 相似文献
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根据青藏高原中部那曲河流域1998年夏季测得的上下游中稳定同位素的日变化,并与同期观测的流域降水中稳定同位素比较,分析了河水中δ18O的变化特征,初步研究了该流域的稳定同位素水文循环过程.河水中δ18O的变化幅度远小于降水,它是降水中δ18O、降水量以及地表蒸发过程共同作用的结果.研究发现湖水对于稳定同位素变化起着显著的调节作用.河水中δ18O与流域降水中δ18O的差异可能反映了该流域强烈的地表和湖面蒸发作用. 相似文献
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Groundwater and surface-water interactions and impacts of human activities in the Hailiutu catchment,northwest China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Zhi Yang Yangxiao Zhou Jochen Wenninger Stefan Uhlenbrook Xusheng Wang Li Wan 《Hydrogeology Journal》2017,25(5):1341-1355
The interactions between groundwater and surface water have been significantly affected by human activities in the semi-arid Hailiutu catchment, northwest China. Several methods were used to investigate the spatial and temporal interactions between groundwater and surface water. Isotopic and chemical analyses of water samples determined that groundwater discharges to the Hailiutu River, and mass balance equations were employed to estimate groundwater seepage rates along the river using chemical profiles. The hydrograph separation method was used to estimate temporal variations of groundwater discharges to the river. A numerical groundwater model was constructed to simulate groundwater discharges along the river and to analyze effects of water use in the catchment. The simulated seepage rates along the river compare reasonably well with the seepage estimates derived from a chemical profile in 2012. The impacts of human activities (river-water diversion and groundwater abstraction) on the river discharge were analyzed by calculating the differences between the simulated natural groundwater discharge and the measured river discharge. Water use associated with the Hailiutu River increased from 1986 to 1991, reached its highest level from 1992 to 2000, and decreased from 2001 onwards. The reduction of river discharge might have negative impacts on the riparian ecosystem and the water availability for downstream users. The interactions between groundwater and surface water as well as the consequences of human activities should be taken into account when implementing sustainable water resources management in the Hailiutu catchment. 相似文献
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西昆仑山前河流阶地的形成及其构造意义 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
西昆仑山前河流普遍发育6级阶地,利用光释光（OSL）与热释光（TL）方法对采自西昆仑山前几条主要河流的低阶地堆积物样品进行年代测定。研究结果显示,主要河流低阶地的形成具有同时性,构造活动是河流阶地形成的主要控制因素。河流阶地的年龄测定结果表明,西昆仑山前河流阶地最早形成于约1.2Ma,T4、T3、T2阶地分别形成于约39ka、18ka和5ka。多级阶地的形成反映了河流自早更新世中期开始下切于活动抬升的西昆仑山。河流阶地的发育及区域对比揭示了西昆仑第四纪晚期以来的隆升过程,区域构造活动明显地影响河流的形态与行为。河流阶地的分布、地貌特征及区域对比表明,河流阶地的形成与演化受新构造活动、山脉隆升、气候变化等多种因素的影响。 相似文献
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江西龙虎山世界地质公园白垩系辫状河相沉积及其丹霞地貌发育特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过野外露头及相关室内研究,分析了龙虎山世界地质公园及邻区白垩系辫状河相沉积特征及其与丹霞地貌发育规律关系。研究认为:龙虎山世界地质公园丹霞地貌发育除了与冲积扇相沉积有关外,还与辫状河相沉积有关,表现为辫状河道巨厚砂体为丹霞丘陵地貌发育提供物质基础;发育于辫状河道中呈小型透镜体或扁平状、脉状体的河床滞留沉积和洪泛沉积,易风化剥蚀形成溶蚀风化崩塌型丹霞地貌。此外,多期河道的多旋回沉积交错叠置形成楔状交错层理,其层系上下界面平直,层系厚度在小范围内变化很快,层系内细层的倾向相反,为后期风化剥蚀提供了条件,易形成溶蚀风化崩塌型丹霞地貌。进一步研究发现丹霞丘陵地貌、溶蚀风化崩塌型丹霞地貌分布与辫状河相沉积平面展布具有较好的一致性,吻合度较高。本文首次研究了辫状河沉积体系与丹霞地貌发育特征的关系。 相似文献