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1.
Agriculture remains one of the dominant activities in rural areas across the European Union (EU), not least in respect of land use and its impact on landscapes. The Agenda 2000 reform of the EU's Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) introduced rural development as an integrated part of agricultural policy. The present study focuses on the second pillar of CAP. Multifunctional farming, more than any other rural activity, has a role to play in integrating the natural environment with the cultural landscape and socio-economic development. The question of how multifunctional agriculture can facilitate sustainable rural development is addressed in terms of mechanisms and inherent possibilities. Results from a case study in Östergötland in Sweden are discussed in relation to five other European case studies. Some main findings are that Pillar 2 has made it possible for rural inhabitants to continue living in rural areas and that the policies are effective in identifying and supporting new opportunities for farm diversification. The traditional agricultural landscape can be seen as a key component in various diversification activities in rural areas, contributing to economic as well as social and environmental sustainability.  相似文献   

2.
Two typical provincial capitals (Nanjing and Zhengzhou) and two counties (Rugao and Yuanyang) in east (Jiangsu Province) and central (Henan Province) China were chosen respectively as the developed and less developed comparative cases for pedodiversity and land use diversity correlative analysis by borrowing the recently better developed pedodiversity methodology. Land use classification was worked out using remote sensing images in three different periods (1986-1988, 2000-2001 and 2004-2006) for these studied case areas before the calculation of the constituent diversity index and spatial distribution diversity index modified after Shannon entropy in 2 km×2 km grid scale of the soil and land use pattern were conducted and then a connection index was proposed to evaluate the relationship between soil and land use diversity. Results show that during the years from 1986 to 2006, the composition and spatial distribution of regional land use pattern had changed greatly. The agricultural land area of all the studied case areas decreased obviously in which Nanjing has the highest decrement of 895.98 km 2 mainly into urban use while the other land use type area changes show the same trend. The connection index of four typical soil family types and typical urban land use types, i.e., urban construction land, transportation land and industrial and mining area all increased in this period. In the studied case areas, there is the highest soil constituent diversity in Zhengzhou at 0.779 while the simplest soil constituent diversity in Rugao at 0.582. Meanwhile we have higher land use diversity in the more urbanized Jiangsu Province than Henan Province, Nanjing is ranking the first that has been getting higher and higher in the three periods at 0.366 in 1986-1988, 0.483 in 2000-2001 and 0.545 in 2004-2006. Finally, the connection index figures to evaluate the relationship between soil and land use diversity of the studied areas were compared to show the similar phenomenon that this figure grows fastest in Nanjing followed by Zhengzhou and other places.  相似文献   

3.
ABSTRACT

Urban landscapes are changing in response to changes in socio-economic conditions. Land change scientists seek to understand these land dynamics in the coupled human-environment system of urban landscapes. This study assessed land change in the built-up area of Wa Municipality between 1986 and 2016 using Landsat images. We used the Support Vector Machine algorithm for classifying the images. We recorded image classification accuracies of 97%, 95%, 92% and 96% for the 1986, 1996, 2006 and 2016 classified images, respectively. Our study finds that over the 1986–2016 period, agricultural land and bare land transitioned to build-up land by 9.23% and 3.79%, respectively, as compared to 2.79% for vegetation and 0.05% for water. Our in-municipal level analysis thus shows that urban landscapes could expand more sustainably by targeting other dominant land categories instead of the vegetation cover. The findings in this paper could serve as a spatial model for planning and reducing the unintended socio-ecological impacts of expansion in the built-up area.  相似文献   

4.
1987-2007年土耳其伊斯坦布尔黑海沿岸土地利用变化(英文)   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
Recently,important land use changes have occurred in the Black Sea coastal regions of stanbul due to urban growth and population increases.The objective of this study was to determine changes in land use in the Black Sea coastal regions of stanbul between 1987 and 2007.Landsat 30 m satellite images from 1987 and 2007 are used in the study.The study area is 1000 m in width from the coastline to the land and the study has been carried out using the controlled classification method to classify areas into residential,agricultural,forest,bare land,brush/grassland,and lake/pond land classes.Land use changes between 1987 and 2007 were analysed in detail.Residential areas of the Black Sea coastal regions of stanbul increased by 122% over the two decades.Also an increase of 55% in agriculture areas was observed,while there were decreases of 26% in forest areas and 15% in free land.A 21% increase in the area of brush and grassland took place.Furthermore 79% of the study area was covered by residential areas in 2007.It is probable that pressure on the stanbul coastal regions will continue due to migraton and rapid urbanization.Therefore,Istanbul’s Black Sea coastal regions should be maintained using a sustainable coastal management plan.  相似文献   

5.
山区合适耕地经营规模确定的实证研究——以重庆市为例   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
范乔希  邵景安  应寿英 《地理研究》2018,37(9):1724-1735
在地形起伏、地块破碎、分布半径较远等约束下,山区多大的经营规模是合适的?这是目前必须弄清的科学问题之一。使用480份有效调查问卷,以投入农业的劳动力为测算单位,以劳均纯收入为评价指标,分作物类型和地块分布半径,构建计量经济模型,测算不同条件下合适的耕地经营,结果表明:① 在现有社会经济条件下,样本村农业土地适度规模经营面积为24~32亩,适度规模下的劳均纯收入远高于当前农村人均纯收入,且与城镇居民的差距明显缩小。② 作物类型对适度规模影响不大,但对农民纯收入产生较大作用。经济作物和粮食作物的适度规模分别为24.33亩、24.63亩,差异不显著,但种植经济作物和粮食作物在适度规模下的劳均纯收入相差3638元,巨大的差距将促使经济作物种植面积不断扩大。③ 距离对适度规模影响较大,但对劳均纯收入影响不大。0.5 km内、0.5~1 km的适度规模分别为28.62亩、31.83亩,单位劳动力的适度规模相差3亩,这表明距离是目前从事农业生产时劳动力投入时须考虑的重要因素。但是,对应的劳均纯收入相差较小,又说明伴随耕作距离的增加,更多的投入主要依靠机械来完成,从而带动适度规模的扩大。1 km外的建模未通过检验,也进一步说明未实现规模经营、没有进行机械化耕作、离家远的土地收支严重不平衡,撂荒严重,规模化经营、机械化耕作是解决距离问题的有效途径。本文得出的土地适度规模是可行的,也验证了推进土地适度规模经营的可行性和必要性。  相似文献   

6.
农地边际化的表现特征及其诊断标准   总被引:21,自引:2,他引:19  
本文对农地边际化与边际土地的概念与本质、农地边际化在区域土地利用中的表现特征及其诊断标准进行了理论探讨。农地边际化是一种受社会、经济、政治和环境等因素综合驱动作用的过程,一种在现有的土地利用和社会-经济结构条件下,农地变得不再具有经济生产能力的过程。在农地边际化过程中,农户会有不同的行为响应,从而导致区域土地利用在“集约度、播种面积、用途转移与土地经营制度”等方面发生重大变化;农地利用的“边际收益指标”、“集约度指标”与“播种面积指标”是诊断农地边际化的三大指标。一般而言,如果该农地利用的“边际收益”为负,且在随后的土地利用过程中出现了“集约度下降、播种面积缩小,甚至弃耕撂荒”等变化特征,可以初步判断该农地利用出现了边际化现象。但不同类型农地边际化,其诊断标准也有差异。  相似文献   

7.
生态位理论在昆明市土地利用结构优化中的应用   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
土地利用的效益及潜力可用土地利用的生态位来描述。借助生态位理论,通过分析昆明市(1996~2004年)土地利用类型面积及土地利用类型面积变化情况,并结合土地利用的经济生态位模型,计算了昆明市1999~2006年土地利用类型间相互作用的强度。结果表明昆明市农用地与建设用地经济生态位位差较大,经济发展和城市化进程更加剧了建设用地占用农用地的速度和强度;农用地内部各种土地利用类型的生态位宽度,耕地和牧草地最高且逐年增加,而林地处于较低水平,反映出昆明市需要依靠内部土地利用结构的调整来提高农用地生态位,从而实现土地资源的合理利用与优化配置。  相似文献   

8.
During rapid urbanization and industrialization process, non-farm employment of rural laborers has emerged as a prevalent phenomenon in rural areas of China and become an important driving factor for changes in agricultural land use. This article attempts to theoretically analyze the impacts of non-farm employment of rural laborers on agricultural land use based on economic frameworks. As rational agents, farmers aim to maximize their income and follow equilibrium principles when they decide how to allocate their labor forces (or working time) in two departments (farm and non-farm) and how to use their agricultural land with different quality and location. The income earned by non-farm employment is higher, and there exists a comparative advantage between labors, as a result the quantity and quality of labor input in agricultural land use decreases. With the limitation of labor input during agricultural land use decision-making of farm households, on the one hand, land with higher quality is still utilized by farmers. On the other hand, poor quality land will be less well managed and is more likely to be abandoned. Non-farm employment of rural laborers and the rising of opportunity costs will result in abandonment of poor quality land, and great importance should be attached to this by policy makers.  相似文献   

9.
苏洋  马惠兰  颜璐 《干旱区地理》2013,36(6):1162-1169
基于化肥、农药、农膜、农用柴油、翻耕、灌溉6个主要方面的碳源,测算了新疆1993-2010年及各地州2010年的农地利用碳排放量。结果表明:(1)新疆农地利用碳排量总体呈“快速-缓慢-快速”的三阶段增长特征,其碳排放强度变化轨迹与此基本一致;(2)各地州区域差异明显,昌吉回族州属碳排放量、碳排放强度“双高”型地区;乌鲁木齐等3地区属低碳排放量、高碳排放强度地区;塔城等四地区属高碳排放量、低碳排放强度地区;哈密等六地属碳排放量和碳排放强度“双低”型地区。同时,利用kaya恒等式对其驱动机理进行分解,得出农业经济发展水平是农地碳排放的最主要驱动因素;农业生产效率对农地碳排放具有较强抑制作用;而农业结构、农业劳动力规模在不同程度上推动农地碳排放,进而提出促进新疆农地碳减排的对策建议。  相似文献   

10.
农业多功能性与都市区土地利用管理——框架和案例分析   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
黄姣  马冰滢  李双成 《地理研究》2019,38(7):1791-1806
采用理论和案例分析相结合的方法探讨了农业多功能性对都市区土地利用管理的意义和实现途径。论文从农业多功能性的多尺度嵌套层级结构出发,构建了基于农业多功能性评价的都市区土地利用管理框架,然后基于高清卫星遥感影像解译、文献资料整理等分析了北京市海淀区1968—2014年间土地利用、农业多功能性和土地利用管理措施的变化及相互作用。研究指出:都市区土地利用管理者应该在区域尺度和农户/农园尺度农业多功能性评价的基础上,围绕农户/农园与区域、国家等各级社会经济系统的相互作用,从改进土地用途管制分区和发展多功能农业两个方面进行区域的农业用地管理。最后,展望了未来的研究方向,希望优化都市区土地利用管理,推动都市型现代农业建设,并促进区域可持续发展。  相似文献   

11.
李翠珍  徐建春  孔祥斌 《地理研究》2012,31(6):1039-1049
以北京市大兴区为例,采用农户调查数据,设计不同资源群体农户分类评价指标体系,利用非系统聚类方法将农户划分为5类(①中等资源禀赋,中等非农收入;②高等资源禀赋,中等非农收入;③中等资源禀赋,低等非农收入;④纯农户;⑤非农户),进而分析了不同资源群体农户的生计多样化特点及对土地利用的影响。研究表明:(1)在大都市郊区,农户类型1~3、纯农户和非农户分别采取了农业和非农兼顾、留在农业和脱离农业的生计策略。(2)农户类型1~3和纯农户中,70%农户生计多样化指数分布在2~3之间,且依然呈现粮食作物播种面积较大,选择比例最高,其次是经济作物。(3)农户类型1~3和非农户中,以就地转移方式非农就业是农户家庭劳动力安排的主要选择,且非农就业劳动力年龄最轻和教育水平最高。(4)大都市郊区土地非农化的转型特点促使农户从类型1~4被动地向类型5转化,土地利用效益低下也持续推动了农户生计多样化,同时,农户生计多样化会引发粮食生产能力停滞不前、土地流转和产权调整大规模顺势而生、土壤养分富集等土地利用现象。  相似文献   

12.
农用地集约利用程度直接关系到区域土地的可持续利用,与区域社会经济发展密切相关,科学量化评价农用地集约利用变化过程及其与经济增长之间的动态关系,对于农业可持续发展有着重要的意义。利用新疆拜城县1978-2010年时间序列数据,通过构建农用地集约利用评价指标体系,在对原始数据进行标准化的基础上,采用熵值法确定各指标权重,利用多因素综合评分法对历年农用地集约利用水平进行测度与分析,然后利用协整检验、Granger因果检验、脉冲响应函数及方差分解模型考察农用地集约利用指数与农民人均纯收入水平之间的内在联系。研究发现:改革开放以来,拜城县的农用地集约利用水平逐步提高,农用地投入强度、利用程度、产出效率和持续状况对农用地集约利用水平的贡献率呈现出各自的变化特征。农用地集约利用指数是农民人均纯收入水平的格兰杰原因,而农民人均纯收入水平不是农用地集约利用指数的格兰杰原因,脉冲响应和方差分解的结果表明,随着农用地集约利用指数的提高,农民人均纯收入水平将不断加强。  相似文献   

13.
Geografisk Tidsskrift, Danish Journal of Geography 106(2): 103–114, 2006

Periods characterized by agricultural change and transitions are often associated with insecurity and vulnerability regarding food production and food supplies. Forests and forest products tend to play an important buffer role during the process of change and uncertainty, where forest and fallows provide food products or income that people can temporarily fall back on. In the upland village of Que in North Central Vietnam, several different drivers are currently changing land use and land cover. The Forest Land Allocation policy, implemented in 1998, is one of the major driving forces, allocating farmers a reduced area of land for shifting cultivation in order to prevent any further deforestation and land degradation. However, the reduction in agricultural land set aside for shifting cultivation has lead to a severe decrease in hill rice production. The land use system is in a transition phase—from a conventional shifting cultivation system to a composite swiddening system. The area under shifting cultivation has been reduced, and the system has been intensified via the introduction of paddy rice cultivation, increased livestock rearing and commercial exploitation of non-timber forest products (NTFPs). Yet, the current transformation of the system has resulted in a drastic reduction in overall rice production. Thus, the collection and selling of NTFPs such as bamboo shoots, broom grass and pherynium leaves seem to prevent severe shortage of food since farmers are able to purchase food products with the money generated from the selling of NTFPs.  相似文献   

14.
基于RS、GIS的奈曼旗土地覆盖/利用变化研究   总被引:11,自引:10,他引:11  
赵杰  赵士洞 《干旱区地理》2004,27(3):414-418
利用内蒙古奈曼旗1980年、1996年的1:10万的TM遥感影像,采用空间分析和统计分析的方法,研究了1980~1996年来该县土地覆盖/利用变化过程及其自然社会经济驱动机制。结果表明,20世纪80年代以来林地和草地的变化最为显著,林地、草地面积明显增加,沙地和耕地面积减少,其它土地利用类型面积变化不大;景观呈现整体破碎化的趋势,耕地和林地的破碎明显,未利用土地破碎萎缩,土地覆盖/利用向多样化、均匀化方向发展。粮食单产、年均降水量、农业机械动力是草地变化的主要驱动力,农牧民人均纯收人、大牲畜总头数是林地变化的主要驱动力。  相似文献   

15.
利用内蒙古自治区太仆寺旗的农户调查资料,在农户和地块两个微观尺度上分析了耕地利用集约度及其影响因素。研究结果表明,农户的耕地利用集约度在家庭户主年龄、非农务工劳动力比例、经营的耕地总面积、地块破碎化程度及耕地综合利用能力间存在明显差异:(1)户主年龄较大、非农就业劳动力比例较小的农户,耕地利用的劳动投入一般高于其他农户,而资本投入较低。年轻的农户,参与非农就业的劳动力比例相对较高,耕地利用的资本投入较大;(2)农户经营的地块越破碎,劳动投入越高,而资本投入越低;(3)在土地质量较好的地块上劳动集约度和资本集约度都较高。说明劳动力已成为当地农业生产的一个重要约束因素,同时劳动力的机械替代、规模化经营及资本集约度的提高均存在一定的潜力。文章最后认为建立农业劳动力非农就业与耕地利用相互协调的机制,是解决生态脆弱区生态安全与农业生产之间矛盾的重要途径。  相似文献   

16.
合理确定评价指标的权重是准确测度农业土地资源可持续利用能力的关键所在。本文依据灰色关联度对层次分析法(AHP)中判断矩阵的构建方法进行了改进,并获取各项评价指标的权重。在此基础上,分别采用多目标线性加权函数综合评价模型和障碍因子诊断模型,对2001-2012年湖北省枣阳市的农业土地资源可持续利用水平及其制约因素进行评估和辨析。结果显示:基于灰色关联分析法(GRA)改进后的AHP方法在确定指标权重时不仅能有效降低主观赋权的影响,也可避免熵值法等客观赋权法所存在的弊端;地均农业生产总值、人均耕地面积、化肥使用强度、有效灌溉面积、年降水量、人均GDP和农村居民家庭人均纯收入是制约枣阳市农业土地资源可持续利用的最主要因素,但在不同年份各因素的阻碍度表现不一。2001年以来,枣阳市农业土地资源利用的社会经济可持续性水平较高,综合可持续利用水平指数整体上呈增加的态势;但在生态可持续方面,2006年之后不仅明显低于之前年份,而且也显著低于同时期的社会经济可持续性。  相似文献   

17.
北方生态脆弱区农户兼业对耕地利用的影响(英文)   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
当前我国农户兼业现象十分普遍。本文基于在内蒙古太仆寺旗的农户调查数据,采用单因素方差分析法,对生态脆弱区农户兼业及其对耕地利用的影响进行了研究。结果表明:当前研究区农业劳动力非农就业和农户兼业现象十分突出,而兼业程度不同的农户,其经营土地的方式差异明显。非农就业户通过将其土地转给其他农户而脱离了农业耕作,这同时满足了其他农户扩大土地经营面积的愿望。种植结构差异不大,均体现为劳动生产率高的作物具有优势;对于有耕地利用行为的纯农业户、I兼型农户和II兼型农户,随着兼业程度的增加,物质投入增加,说明农户兼业使其资金约束减小,增加了资金投入能力,但是在劳动力约束下,兼业农户的劳动力投入减少,且务农劳动力"妇女化"、"老龄化"和"文化低"等现象突出;作物单产和土地净收益纯农业户大于兼业农户,说明劳动投入对土地产出更为重要。文章最后认为建立农业劳动力非农就业与耕地利用相互协调的机制,是解决生态脆弱区生态安全与农业生产之间矛盾的重要途径。  相似文献   

18.
为揭示大盈江流域土地利用/土地覆被变化对径流变化的影响,基于SWAT(Soil and Water Assessment Tool)模型,通过设置不同情景,定量分析了土地利用类型变化对流域内径流的影响。结果显示:(1)SWAT模型在大盈江流域径流模拟中具有较好的适用性,率定期的模型参数R2、Ens分别达到0.68、066,验证期的模型参数R2、Ens分别达到0.69、0.67;(2)大盈江流域月均径流量与土地利用类型关系密切:把农业用地变成林地或者草地,径流量均会减少,把林地变成草地径流量则会增加,农、林、草3种土地利用类型中产流由强到弱依次为农业用地、草地、林地。(3)2006~2015年,大盈江流域土地利用类型变化主要为农业用地和林地转化为草地,这种转变导致流域的月均径流量略有增加,增加的径流量主要是由林地转化为草地所致,且林地转化为草地引起的径流增加量强于农业用地转化为草地引起的径流减少量。  相似文献   

19.
由于过度施用化肥、使用农药、侵占农田等行为造成的农业环境和社会问题日益严重,尤其是在城郊农业区和高集约化农区问题更为突出,因此现代农业发展不仅仅追求经济效益,更应该关注生态功能提升和农村社会稳定。本研究旨在提出一套生态、经济和社会协调发展的土地利用结构优化方法,实现农业综合效益最大化和土地可持续发展。本研究以高集约化农业区长沙县为案例,首先构建经济-生态-社会效益评价指标体系,采用熵权-TOPSIS法对农业土地利用经济效益、生态效益和社会效益进行综合评价;其次采用耦合协调度模型和障碍因子模型,识别出影响农业综合效益的障碍因子;最后运用多目标线性规划法,构建生态、经济、社会约束条件和目标函数,计算得出土地利用最大综合效益和最优化结构,并提出了相关政策建议。研究结果表明:(1)长沙县农业综合效益呈现增长趋势,评价值从1996年的0.20上升到2016年的0.79;(2)经济因素不再是影响农业效益协调发展的障碍因子,而社会因素,例如粮食安全指数等成为主要影响因子;(3)综合考虑经济发展、环境保护和社会需求提出了长沙县土地利用优化结构,农业综合效益可由99.83亿元增长到129.34亿元,增长29.56%。本研究采用了一系列的模型和方法得出了长沙县农业综合效益最大化值和土地利用最优结构,可为农业土地空间格局优化和农业可持续发展提供科学的建议和依据。  相似文献   

20.
基于空间差异的黑河中游土地多功能利用研究   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
蒙吉军  王祺  李枫  郭力仁 《地理研究》2019,38(2):369-382
土地多功能利用是提高土地利用综合效率、协调用地矛盾的有效途径。选择人地关系较活跃的黑河中游为研究区,融合多源数据,采用集对分析、热点分析和空间自相关等方法,对2000-2014年土地多功能利用进行动态评价及空间关系揭示。结果表明:土地利用功能增加了近一倍,以社会功能和经济功能为主;各功能之间表现为协同或互斥关系:社会功能和经济功能、环境功能和文化功能之间均呈正相关关系,但社会功能和环境功能之间呈负相关关系;土地利用各功能均具有明显的空间聚集性特点,多功能利用集中在黑河水系形成的绿洲平原区、区县建成区和南部山区。研究结果对干旱区土地持续利用管理具有重要的借鉴意义。  相似文献   

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