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1.
The effects of temperature and substrate on ontogenetic patterns and settlement behavior of bastard halibut, Paralichthys olivaceus （T. et S.） were studied in a series of laboratory experiments. Analysis on stage-based data revealed that except for settlement, and compared to the substrate, the ambient temperature dominantly controlled the hatch success and subsequent development of the species. The oosperm optimum survival rate of 60% during hatching occurred at 20℃, and survival rate of 29%, at 18℃ for larval rearing. The survival rate of larvae reared under variable temperature of 3.5-4.5℃ was higher than that of those reared under stable temperature. The maximum survival rate of 29%, corresponded to variation at temperature of 4℃. With increase in age newly settled juveniles preferred to lie on the fine substrate and gradually moved on the coarse substrate. GLM （general linear model） analysis showed that the combination of temperature and substrate had no significant impact on the survival of settling larvae, but definitely affected the duration of settlement. 相似文献
2.
Pore water pressure and water content are important indicators to both deposition and consolidation of debris flows, enabling a direct assessment of consolidation degree. This article gained a more comprehensive understanding about the entire consolidation process and focused on exploring pore water pressure and volumetric water content variations of the deposit body during natural consolidation under different conditions taking the viscous debris flow mass as a study subject and by flume experiments. The results indicate that, as the color of the debris changed from initial dark green to grayish-white color, the initial deposit thickness declined by 3% and 2.8% over a permeable and impermeable sand bed, respectively. A positive correlation was observed between pore water pressure and depth in the deposit for both scenarios, with deeper depths being related to greater pore water pressure. For the permeable environment, the average dissipation rate of pore water pressure measured at depths of 0.10 m and 0.05 m were 0.0172 Pa/d and 0.0144 Pa/d, respectively, showing a positivechanging trend with increasing depth. Under impermeable conditions, the average dissipation rates at different depths were similar, while the volumetric water content in the deposit had a positive correlation with depth. The reduction of water content in the deposit accelerated with depth under impermeable sand bed boundary conditions, but was not considerably correlated with depth under permeable sand bed boundary conditions. However, the amount of discharged water from the deposit was greater and consolidation occurred faster in permeable conditions. This indicates that the permeability of the boundary sand bed has a significant impact on the progress of consolidation. This research demonstrates that pore water and pressure dissipations are present during the entire viscous debris consolidation process. Contrasting with dilute flows, pore pressure dissipation in viscous flows cannot be completed in a matter of minutes or even hours, requiring longer completion time — 3 to 5 days and even more. Additionally, the dissipation of the pore water pressure lagged the reduction of the water content. During the experiment, the dissipation rate fluctuated substantially, indicating a close relationship betweenthe dissipation process and the physical properties of broadly graded soils. 相似文献
3.
Gracilaria tenuistipitata var Liui were mono-cultivated and co-cultivated with Pinctada martensii under high(33) and low(21) salinity conditions in laboratory.The daily growth rate of the alga was determined.Tissue carbon and nitrogen contents,the yield and fractional composition of agar were analyzed.Results showed that:1.Gracilaria grew better under low salinity conditions,the daily growth rate was twice that under high salinity conditions.Co-cultivated algae grew faster than mono-culti-vated algae under low salinity conditions,the daily growth rate was about 37.6?higher.2.Compared with mono-cultivated algae,tissue nitrogen contents of co-cultivated algae were higher,while the C:N ratios were much lower.3.The agar yields of co-cultivated algae were much lower than those of mono-culti-vated algae.Agar yield was found to be negatively correlated to the tissue nitrogen contents,and positively correlated to the C:N ratios.4.The highest fractional yields obtained from co-cultivated algae were extracted with 40?ethanol,while from mono-cultivated algae,the highest fractional yields obtained were extracted with distilled water at room temperature. 相似文献
4.
The morphological characteristics and the cuttlebone formation of Sepia esculenta exposed to different water temperature fluctuations were investigated under laboratory conditions. Temperature fluctuation cycles (15 cycles, 60 d in total) consisted of the following three regimes of 4 d duration: keeping water temperature in 26°C for 3 d (Group A), 2 d (Group B), 0 d (Group C, control); then keeping water temperature in 16°C for the next 1, 2, 4 d. No significant difference in the survival rate was observed between the control and temperature fluctuation groups (P>0.05). Lamellar depositions in a temperature fluctuation cycle were 2.45±0.02 for Group A, 2.00±0.02 for Group B, and 1.78±0.02 for Group C (P<0.05). The relationship between age and number of lamellas in the cuttlebone of S. esculenta under each water temperature fluctuation could be described as the linear model and the number of lamellas in the cuttlebone did not correspond to actual age. Group A had the highest cuttlebone growth index (CGI), the lowest locular index (LI), and inter-streak distances comparing with those of control group. However, the number of lamellas and LI or CGI showed a quadratic relationship for each temperature fluctuation group. In addition, temperature fluctuations caused the breakage of cuttlebone dark rings, which was considered a thermal mark. The position of the breakage in the dark rings was random. This thermal mark can be used as supplementary information for marking and releasing techniques. 相似文献
5.
HUO Zhongming ;WANG Zhaoping ;LIANG Jian ;ZHANG Yuehuan ;SHEN Jianping ;YAO Tuo ;SU Jiaqi ;YU Ruihai 《青岛海洋大学学报(英文版)》2014,(4):666-670
This study examined the effects of salinity on embryonic development,survival,and growth of the Hong Kong oyster Crassostrea hongkongensis.The embryos,larvae,and juveniles of C.hongkongensis were held in artificial seawater at three different salinities （low,15; medium,23; and high,30） to determine the optimum hatchery and nursery conditions for mass production of the seeds.Results showed that the percentage production of straight-hinged larvae from fertilized eggs was significantly lower at the high salinity than at the low-and medium-salinities （P ＜ 0.05）.The survival rates of larvae and juveniles differed significantly among the three salinity trials,with the highest survival rate observed at the low salinity （P＜ 0.05）.The shell height of larvae was significantly larger at the low salinity than at the high and medium salinities from days 9 to 15 （P＜ 0.05）,whereas that of juveniles was significantly larger at the low salinity than at the high and medium salinities on day 70 （P ＜ 0.05）.These results indicate that the larvae and juveniles of C.hongkongensis are tolerant to a wide range of salinities （15 to 30）,but show better growth and survival at relatively low salinities.Thus,it is recommended to use relatively low salinities in hatchery and nursery systems for improved yields of C.hongkongensis. 相似文献
6.
Euphausia pacific is an important source of natural astaxanthin.Studies were carried out to assess the extractability of astaxanthin from E.pacific using subcritical 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane(R134a).To examine the effects of multiple process variables on the extraction yield,astaxanthin was extracted under various conditions of pressure(30-150 bar),temperature(303-343 K),time(10-50 min),flow rate(2-10 g min-1),moisture content(5.5%-63.61%),and particle size(0.25-0.109 mm).The results showed that the extraction yield increased with temperature,pressure,time and flow rate,but decreased with moisture content and particle size.A maximum yield of 87.74% was obtained under conditions of 100 bar,333 K,and 30 min with a flow rate of 6 g min-1 and a moisture content of 5.5%.The substantial astaxanthin yield obtained under low-pressure conditions demonstrates that subcritical R134a is a good alternative to CO 2 for extraction of astaxanthin from E.pacific. 相似文献
7.
Stable oxygen and hydrogen isotopic compositions(δ~(18)O and δD) of plant xylem water and its potential water sources can provide new information for studying water sources, competitive interactions and water use patterns of plants. The contributions of different water sources to three plants, Hedysarum scoparium(HS), Caragana Korshinskii(CK) and Artemisia ordosica(AO), were investigated in the artificial sand-fixed vegetation of Shapotou, the southeastern margin of the Tengger Desert of northwestern China, based on meteorological data and δ~(18)O and δD values of precipitation, groundwater, soil water and xylem water of HS, CK and AO. Our results indicated that soil water infiltration through precipitation was the main water source of the artificial sand-fixed vegetation. Obvious differences in soil water content and in δ~(18)O of soil water and xylem water were found among different seasons. No relationship was found between the δ~(18)O in plant xylem water and in soil water in January. The same water use patterns were found in CK, HS and AO in May, suggesting they have the same water sources. The different water sources of CK, HS and AO in August indicate that water competition occurred. In addition, the main water sources of CK, HS and AO in August mainly come from shallow soil water, while they use relatively deep soil water in May. This phenomenon is related to the differences of soil water content throughout soil profile, precipitation, transpiration and water competition under different growth periods. The water use patterns of CK, HS and AO respond to soil water content throughout the soil profile and their competition balance for water uptake during different growth season. The results indicate that these sandfixed plants have developed into a relatively stable stage and they are able to regulate their water use behavior as a response to the environmental conditions, which reinforces the effectiveness of plantation of native shrubs without irrigation in degraded areas. 相似文献
8.
The liquid state, especially water, has long been regarded as the most formidable problem in the field of statistical mechanics. The coefficient of viscosity of water is calculated using a simplified model based on the microstructure of water and methods similar to that used by Rice et al. (1961) who studied the non-equilibrium statistical mechanics of simple liquids, such as liquid argon. derived From the Liouville equation. This work's singlet and doublet equations are somewhat different From those derived by Rice et al. (1961) and solutions were obtained by the perturbation method. The calculated coefficient of viscosity of water at different temperature. using this method agree well with standard values. 相似文献
9.
Different culture methods may affect the intensive culture system of Pacific white shrimp （Litopenaeus vannamei） re- garding water quality and growth and economic performance. This study evaluated the potential effects of three culture methods through cultivation of juvenile shrimps under consistent tank management conditions for 84 d. The three methods involved shrimp cultivation in different tanks, i.e., outdoor tanks with cement bottom （mode-C）, greenhouse tanks with cement bottom （mode-G） and outdoor tanks with mud-substrate （mode-M）. Results showed that water temperature was significantly higher in mode-G than that in mode-C （P 〈 0.05）. In contrast to the other two treatments, mode-M had stable pH after 50 d cultivation of shrimps. In the mid-late period, the average concentrations of TAN, NO2-N, DIP and COD were significantly lower in mode-M and mode-G compared with those in mode-C （P 〈0.05）. Despite lack of differences in the final shrimp weight among different treatments （P 〉0.05）, mode-M had significantly higher shrimp yield, survival rate and feed conversion rate （P 〈 0.05） than other modes. There were significant dif- ferences in revenue and net return among different treatments （P 〈 0.05）. These demonstrated that the treatments of mode-G and mode-M were conductive to the intensive culture system ofL. vannamei. 相似文献
10.
Different culture methods may affect the intensive culture system of Pacific white shrimp(Litopenaeus vannamei) regarding water quality and growth and economic performance.This study evaluated the potential effects of three culture methods through cultivation of juvenile shrimps under consistent tank management conditions for 84 d.The three methods involved shrimp cultivation in different tanks,i.e.,outdoor tanks with cement bottom(mode-C),greenhouse tanks with cement bottom(mode-G) and outdoor tanks with mud-substrate(mode-M).Results showed that water temperature was significantly higher in mode-G than that in mode-C(P < 0.05).In contrast to the other two treatments,mode-M had stable pH after 50 d cultivation of shrimps.In the mid-late period,the average concentrations of TAN,NO2-N,DIP and COD were significantly lower in mode-M and mode-G compared with those in mode-C(P < 0.05).Despite lack of differences in the final shrimp weight among different treatments(P > 0.05),mode-M had significantly higher shrimp yield,survival rate and feed conversion rate(P < 0.05) than other modes.There were significant differences in revenue and net return among different treatments(P < 0.05).These demonstrated that the treatments of mode-G and mode-M were conductive to the intensive culture system of L.vannamei. 相似文献
11.
This paper reports the approprite ranges of Mg^2 ,Ca^2 and their ratio Mg^2 /Ca^2 in mixed seawater for rearing of Penaeus japonicus larvae,The ranges for the above three indices are 1150-1450mg/L,360-440mg/L and 2.8-3.4,respectively,the proper salinity range of mixed seawater is 22.1-33.9 obtained by mixing estuarine water and concentrated seawater. 相似文献
12.
Spectrum analyses of water quality time series have been carried out for five hydrometric stations including Wuhan hydrometric
station of the Changjiang(Yangtze) River, etc. The fluctuations of Ca2+, Mg2+ and HCO
3
−
concentrations in river water under different physical geography conditions have about two-year cycle which is corresponding
to hydrometeorological quasi-biannual-oscillation (QBO). Na+, Cl− SO
4
2−
have about two-year cycle in the area lightly affected by human activities while two-year cycle doesn’t exist in the area
heavily affected by human activities. All the fluctuations of major ions have about three-month cycle. The river diseharge
fluctuation accounts for 43.9%, 45.1%, 54.3%, 33.9%, 30.3% and 42.7% of the variance of Ca2+, Mg2+, HCO
3
−
, Na+, Cl−, SO
4
2−
, respectively, at Wuhan from 1962 to 1985. According to the spectrum characteristic of major ions, the duration of the time
series has to be at least 13 years for trend analysis of monthly water quality data.
Foundation item: Under the auspices of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 49671017).
Biography: XIA Xing-hui(1971-), female, a native of Hunan Province, Ph. D. Her research interest includes environmental chemistry. 相似文献
13.
KANG Kyoung Ho 《中国海洋大学学报(英文版)》2009,8(3):265-269
Trumpet shell, Charonia sauliae, is an endangered and valuable species, but its artificial propagation protocol has not been successfully established. To
estimate the possibility of cryopreservation for larvae of C. sauliae, which is a potential preparation for its artificial reproduction and further research, in this study a protocol for the
cryopreservation of veliger larvae of trumpet shell was optimized. Through a two-step cryopreservation procedure, four kinds
of cryoprotectants (ethylene glycol, 1, 2-propanediol, dimethyl sulfoxide and glycerol) were employed at three concentrations
(1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 molL−1) respectively and survival rates of larvae were determined after a storage of 1h. The larvae frozen with these four cryoprotectants
after 1 h storage were cultured, and then survival rates were determined at 24, 72 and 120 h after thawing. Dimethyl sulfoxide
at a concentration of 1.5 molL−1 showed the best protective effect in all experiments (p<0.05). And survival rates of larvae frozen with dimethyl sulfoxide were determined after 1, 7 and 15 d of storage. The survival
rates of larvae frozen with 1.5 molL−1 dimethyl sulfoxide after 1 h, 1 d, 7 d and 15 d of storage were 80.77% ±7.51%, 80.34% ±11.28%, 83.10% ±9.14% and 77.23% ±6.22%
respectively. No significant differences in survival rates of larvae frozen with dimethyl sulfoxide were observed after various
storage periods (p>0.05). 相似文献
14.
The densities of 36 water samples from the Huanghe River estuary and Bohai Bay were determinedby a magnetic float densimcter under three temperatures from 15℃ to 25℃.All the measured densities ofsamples were greater than that of the values calculated from the International Equation of State of Seawater.The differences between the measured and calculated densities increased with the decrease of salinities.The dif-ferences appeared exponentially correlated with[Ca~(2+)]/s,[Mg~(2+)]/s and[SO_4~(2-)]/s,and had"s"type curverelationship with the alkalinity in all salinity range.But in the salinity ranging from 25.72 to 31.57,therelationships were all linear.The density difference can be estimated from the equation △ρ（10~3kg·m~(-3)）=（-2.79+236.5([Ca~(2+)]/s)/(-9.7464×10~（-3）+[Ca~(2+)]/s).It was the high alkalinity and[Ca~(2+)]/s that resulted in the measured densi-ties of seawaters being higher than the calculated densities in the Huanghe estuary and Bohai Bay. 相似文献
15.
Maximum rate of food consumption ( Cmax ) was determined for juvenile Sebastodes fuscescens (Houttuyn) at water temperature of 10, 15, 20 and 25℃. The relationships of Cmax to the body weight (W) at each temperature were described by a power equation: lnCmax = a b lnW. Covariance analysis revealed significant interaction of the temperature and body weight. The relationship of adjusted Cmax to water temperature (T) was described by a quadratic equation: Cmax = -0.369 0.456T - 0.0117T^2. The optimal feeding temperature calculated from this equation was 19.5 ℃. The coefficients of the multiple regression estimation relating Cmax to body weight (W) and water temperature (T) were given in the Table 2. 相似文献
16.
The aim of this study is to isolate protoplasts from Undaria pinnatifida. Protoplasts of the alga were isolated enzymatically by using alginate lyase, which was prepared by fermenting culture of
a strain Vibrio sp. 510. Monofacterial method was applied for optimizing digestion condition. The optimum condition for protoplast preparation
is enzymatic digestion at 28°C for 2h using alginate lyase at the concentration of 213.36 U (8 mL) every 0.5g fresh thalline
with NaCl 50 and at the shaking speed of 150 r min−1 during digestion. The protoplast yield can reach 2.62±0.09 million per 0.5 g fresh leave under the optimum condition. The
enzyme activity is inhibited by Ca2+ and slightly enhanced by Fe2+ and Mn2+ at concentrations of 0.05, 0.08 and 0.10 mol L−1. 相似文献
17.
ＤｕｒｉｎｇｔｈｅｔｈｒｅｅＭｔ．ＱｏｍｏｌａｎｇｍａＥｘｐｅｄｉｔｉｏｎｓｏｆ１９５９－１９６０,１９６６－１９６８ａｎｄ１９７５,ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅｓｃｉｅｎｔｉｓｔｓｈａｄｏｂｔａｉｎｅｄｍａｎｙｄａｔａｏｆｇｌａｃｉｅｒｓｉｎｔｈｅｄｉｓｔｒｉｃｔｏｆＭｔ．Ｑｏｍｏｌａｎｇｍａ（Ｗａｎｇｅｔａｌ．,１９８０;Ｘｉｅｅｔａｌ．,１９７５;Ｚｈａｎｇｅｔａｌ．,１９７５）．ＩｎＭａｙ１９９７,Ｐｒｏｆ．ＱｉｎＤａｈｅａｎｄＰｒｏｆ．ＰａｕｌＡ．Ｍａｙｅｗｓｋｉｏｒｇａｎｉｚｅｄａｎｏｔｈｅ… 相似文献
18.
An alkaline protease from Acetes chinensis was purified and characterized in this study. The steps of purification include ammonium sulfate precipitation, ion-exchange
chromatography with Q-sepharose Fast Flow, gel filtration chromatography with S300 and the second ion-exchange chromatography
with Q-sepharose Fast Flow. The protease was isolated and purified, which was present and active on protein substrates (azocasein
and casein). The specific protease activity was 17.15 folds and the recovery was 4.67. The molecular weight of the protease
was estimated at 23.2 kD by SDS-PAGE. With azocasein as the susbstrate, the optimal temperature was 55°C and the optimal pH
value was 5.5. Ion Ca2+ could enhance the proteolytic activity of the protease, while Cu2+, EDTA and PMSF could inhibit its activity. 相似文献
19.
When cultured under certain environmental conditions (25°C, light intensity 80 μmol/m2·s, LD 12/12, in enriched seawater medium with 7×10−4 mol/L NO3−N, 1.56×10−4 mol/L, PO4−P and supplements of other elements like Mn, Fe, I, etc.), male and female gametophytes ofU. pinnatifida kept growing vegetatively and propagated fast at average daily fresh weight increase rate of about 20%. The empirical formulaG
m=G
o·3m was established to estimate the output of vegetative gametophytes. Vigorous vegetative gametophyte cells began to form reproductive
structures (oogonium and spermatangium, when the temperature was lower than 25°C and other environmental factors were kept
optimal. The sufficient supply of gametophyte cells provided enough seeds for raisingUndaria sporelings on production scale. Controlled cross-breeding experiments using selected male and female gametophyte clones which
increase their cell number by mitosis instead of meiosis were also carried out in vitro. Juvenile sporophytes from the cross-breeding
had almost the same length and width increase rates as those of the control. The fact that vegetative gametophytes can be
purposely selected, propagated quickly, cross-bred, with the resulting sporophytes having almost the same characteristics
leads to a new way to select desiredUndaria strains for long time use without losing the desired economic characteristics.
Contribution No. 2696 from the Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences.
Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China. 相似文献
20.
Induction of larval settlement and metamorphosis ofHaliotis discus hannai Ino (Gastropoda,Mollusca) 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Conspecific foot mucus, excessive [K+] and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) showed different metamorphosis-inductive effect on the veliger ofHaliotis discus hannai. The inductive effect of excessive [K+] and GABA was developmental stage-dependent and dose-dependent, while that of conspecific foot mucus was only developmental
stage-dependent. At 20°C the veliger larvae became competent within 4 days after fertilization.H. discus hannai larvae showed gregarious settlement pattern on the conspecific foot mucus under the conditions of either presence or absence
of KCl or GABA. The present studies showed that the effect of conspecific foot mucus on abalone larvae metamorphosis could
be dose-independent. 相似文献