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1.
K. Crane E. Sundvor J. -P. Foucher M. Hobart A. M. Myhre S. LeDouaran 《Marine Geophysical Researches》1988,9(2):165-194
The northern Norwegian-Greenland Sea opened up as the Knipovich Ridge propagated from the south into the ancient continental Spitsbergen Shear Zone. Heat flow data suggest that magma was first intruded at a latitude of 75° N around 60 m.y.b.p. By 40–50 m.y.b.p. oceanic crust was forming at a latitude of 78° N. At 12 m.y.b.p. the Hovgård Transform Fault was deactivated during a northwards propagation of the Knipovich Ridge. Spreading is now in its nascent stages along the Molloy Ridge within the trough of the Spitsbergen Fracture Zone. Spreading rates are slower in the north than the south. For the Knipovich Ridge at 78° N they range from 1.5–2.3 mm yr-1 on the eastern flank to 1.9–3.1 mm yr-1 on the western flank. At a latitude of 75° N spreading rates increase to 4.3–4.9 mm yr-1.Thermal profiles reveal regions of off-axial high heat flow. They are located at ages of 14 m.y. west and 13 m.y. east of the northern Knipovich Ridge, and at 36 m.y. on the eastern flank of the southern Knipovich Ridge. These may correspond to episodes of increased magmatic activity; which may be related to times of rapid north-wards rise axis propagation.The fact that the Norwegian-Greenland Sea is almost void of magnetic anomalies may be caused by the chaotic extrusion of basalts from a spreading center trapped within the confines of an ancient continental shear zone. The oblique impact of the propagating rift with the ancient shear zone may have created an unstable state of stress in the region. If so, extension took place preferentially to the northwest, while compression occurred to the southeast between the opening, leaking shear zone and the Svalbard margin. This caused faster spreading rates to the northwest than to the southeast. 相似文献
2.
冲绳海槽断裂、岩浆构造活动和洋壳化进程 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
讨论了冲绳海槽断裂、岩浆构造活动特征和它们之间的关系,认为雁行排列的地堑斜交于陆架外缘隆起带,海槽北段断块隆脊、龙王构造带和海槽南段"棉花构造带"可能保留了海槽各幕断陷前的火山岩浆活动特征,而现在活动的吐噶喇火山岛弧可沿海槽南段岛坡追踪到台湾。吕宋岛向台湾的碰撞挤压引起的旋张活动加强了海槽南段的地壳拉张,诱发了地堑内火山岩浆活动,在洋壳化进程中起关键作用,其中最典型的八重山地堑已经形成洋壳。断裂和岩浆活动主要是单向地向岛弧侧迁移,由洋中脊扩张产生的对称条带状磁异常模式难以解释冲绳海槽的洋壳化进程。 相似文献
3.
4.
David K. Rea 《Marine Geophysical Researches》1976,2(4):291-313
The axis of the East Pacific Rise is defined by a topographic block about 15 km wide and 300 to 350 m high which is flanked by abyssal hills 100 to 200 m high and 3 to 5 km wide. These hills often are tilted such that their steep slopes face the axis. An empirical model explaining these features combines axial extrusion to form the central block and rotational faulting to lower the shoulders of the axial block to the regional depth and tilt them outward.The axial block is offset about 10 km left-laterally at 10.0°S and a similar amount right-laterally at 11.5°S. Offsets (or lack of offsets) of young magnetic anomalies indicate that these axial displacements occurred between 1.7 and 0.9 m.y. ago and 0.7 m.y. ago and the present in the north and south. respectively. These small axial offsets are interpreted to be the result of either brief episodes of asymmetric see-floor spreading or discrete jumps in the site of spreading activity. Both axial shifts were to the west; a unidirectional sequence of such shifts occurring at the above rate of one per million years would be difficult to differentiate from true regional asymmetric spreading and might explain that phenomenon on other medium-to fast-spreading rises.Reconnaissance data from the east flank of the East Pacific Rise indicate that spreading activity began on that part of the rise between the 9°S and 13.5°S fracture zones approximately 8.2 m.y. ago when the site of crustal accretion jumped westward from the now dormant Galapagos Rise. Slope change in crust approximately 2 and 6 m.y. old imply faster spreading rates between about 6 and 2 m.y. ago than either before or after that time. Identification and correlation of anomaly 3 allows an estimate of about 90 mm/y for this higher east flank spreading rate. Since 1.7 m.y. ago spreading rates have averaged about 80 mm/y to the west and 77 mm/y to the east. 相似文献
5.
The north/south-trending Panama Fracture Zone forms the present eastern boundary of the Cocos Plate, with the interplate motion being right-lateral strike-slip. This fracture zone is composed of at least four linear troughs some hundreds of kilometers in length. Separate active or historic faults undoubtedly coincide with each trough. The greatest sediment fill is found in the easternmost trough. Surface and basement depths of the western trough are generally greater than those of the other three; the western trough contains the least sediment, and is most continually linear. Morphology and sediments suggest that the principal locus of strike-slip movement within the fracture zone probably migrated incrementally westward from one fault-trough to another. From north to south, the fracture zone apparently narrows from the continental intersection to approximately 5°30N, and again widens from about 5°N to at least 3°N. Residual E/W-trending magnetic anomalies are centered between two of the four troughs; sea floor spreading in a north-south direction is interpreted to have occurred between 5°30N and 7°N from 4.5 m.y. ago to 2 m.y. ago, with the symmetric center roughly coinciding with a rift valley at 6°10N, 82°30W. 相似文献
6.
Poles of rotation for the North Atlantic have been derived from the results of a new aeromagnetic survey northeast of Newfoundland. Reconstruction of the North Atlantic at anomaly 34 time shows a band of large amplitude magnetic anomalies which parallels anomaly 34 on both sides of the Atlantic from Flemish Cap and Goban Spur to the Azores-Gibraltar Fracture Zone. A group of similar anomalies has also been identified in the Bay of Biscay. North of Goban Spur and Flemish Cap, these anomalies follow the ocean-continent boundary. Poles of rotation derived for this anomaly show that it forms an isochron (100–110 m.y.) during the long Cretaceous normal polarity interval. The cause of this anomaly is not definite, but it may represent an increase in the magnetization of the crust during a limited time within the Cretaceous Magnetic Quiet Zone by a process such as replacement of thermoremanent magnetization by chemical remanent magnetization as proposed by Raymond and LaBrecque.The North Atlantic has also been reconstructed at the time of the initial opening in the region between Flemish Cap and the Charlie-Gibbs Fracture Zone, using inferred ocean-continent boundaries on the west and east sides: it has been shown that the entire region could not have saparated at one time, but that spreading between the British Isles and Newfoundland had to progress from south to north. Consequently, when active sea-floor spreading was taking place between Goban Spur and Flemish Cap (about 110 m.y.) the region to the north was still being stretched. The calculated amount of stretching as derived from the reconstructions (about 25%) agrees well with the extension of the lithosphere obtained from modelling the subsidence history of this region, and with the results of deep seismic studies. Active spreading in the north started about 100 m.y. ago. 相似文献
7.
Back-arc rifting in the Okinawa Trough 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Masaaki Kimura 《Marine and Petroleum Geology》1985,2(3):222-240
Geological and geophysical data reveal that the Okinawa Trough shows incipient continental rifting, and crustal separation started from about 2 Ma. The early extensional movements in the trough are probably of Miocene age. In addition to the Miocene phase, two main periods of extension are recognized: a Pleistocene phase between 1.9 and 0.5 Ma and the present day phase. During the stage short central rifts (Central Grabens) were formed. The opening however, may have occurred only in the southern part of the trough basin having an average half spreading rate of 2 cm yr?1 since Early Pleistocene time, producing its present width of several tens of kilometres. These activities were well represented by igneous intrusions, sedimentary facies and sedimentary structures in and around the Okinawa Trough. The width of the zone affected by back-arc extension (defined as Greater Okinawa Trough) is larger than the present Okinawa Trough, whose width is 200–250 km. The present form of the Greater Okinawa Trough started to form at the same time as that of the Okinawa Trough. 相似文献
8.
The geologic history of the eastern Indian Ocean between northwest Australia and the Java Trench is known to involve two separate events of rifting and sea-floor spreading. Late Jurassic spreading in the Argo Abyssal Plain off northwest Australia was followed by Early Cretaceous spreading in the Cuvier and Perth Abyssal Plains off west Australia. However, the evolution and interaction of these events has not been clear. Mesozoic sea-floor spreading anomalies have been identified throughout the Argo Abyssal Plain that define a rifting event and subsequent northward spreading on the northwestern Australian margin at 155 m.y.b.p. Magnetic anomalies northwest of the Argo Abyssal Plain indicate a ridge jump to the south at about 130 m.y.b.p. that is approximately synchronous with east-west rifting along the southwestern Australian margin. The Joey Rise in the Argo Plain was probably formed by volcanism at the intersection of this new rift and the spreading ridge to the north. The southern and northern spreading systems were connected through the Exmouth Plateau which was stretched and faulted as spreading progressed. The RRR triple junction was formed at the intersection of the two spreading systems and appears to have migrated west along the northern edge of the Gascoyne Abyssal Plain. Spreading off northwest Australia cannot be easily related to simultaneous spreading in the west central Pacific via any simple tectonic scheme. 相似文献
9.
The development of an anomalously deep rift appears to be a common characteristic of the evolution of microplates along the East Pacific Rise, including the Galapagos, Easter, and Juan Fernandez microplates. We investigate crustal rifting at Endeavor Deep on the Juan Fernandez microplate using bathymetry, gravity and side scan sonar data. An initial phase of lithospheric extension accompanied by extensive subsidence results in the formation of a very deep rift valley (up to 4 km of relief, 70 km long and 20 km wide). Morphological observations and gravity data derived from GEOSAT satellite altimetry show the subsequent initiation of crustal accretion and development of a mature spreading center. Recent models of the kinematics of microplate rotation allow the amount of opening across Endeavor Deep over the past 1 m.y. to be quantified. We develop a simple mechanical model of rifting involving block faulting and flexural response to explain the gravity signature over the rift valley. The Bouguer gravity anomaly is asymmetric with respect to the surface topography and requires that a shallow-dipping fault on the western wall of the valley dominate the extension at Endeavor Deep. Consideration of three similar microplate rift valleys leads us to suggest that asymmetric rifting is the characteristic process forming microplate deeps. 相似文献
10.
冲绳海槽是一个正在扩张的年轻弧后海盆。对这个海盆的研究在地层学、古海洋学、构造学、地震学及海底资源勘探等方面均具重要意义。这个海槽处在大陆地壳向大洋地壳转化的过渡性地壳域,许多人试图从冲绳海槽的研究中,获得关于洋盆早期演化的知识。本文根据反射地震资料(图1)就该海槽成因进行初步探讨。 相似文献
11.
A computer correlation technique was used to deduce the spreading history of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge from 5 magnetic profiles between 28°S and 43°S. In general, several possible histories are indicated for each profile involving changes of spreading rate and faulting, some of which are easily overlooked by the visual method. The only spreading history that was consistent will all the profiles required spreading at approximately 2.2 cm yr-1 from 11 m.y.b.p. to approximately 5.5 m.y.b.p., followed by a decrease in rate to 1.7 cm yr-1 relative to the Vine (1966) magnetic reversal model based on the South Pacific. Comparison of the data with other reported spreading rate discontinuities suggests that the South Pacific may be reponsible for the reported spreading rate changes. 相似文献
12.
南极布兰斯菲尔德海峡及周边区域是南极大陆火山、地震等新构造活动最活跃的地区,与南设得兰海沟、南设得兰群岛一同构成南极大陆边缘现存唯一的"沟-弧-盆"构造体系。本文基于"雪龙"船第28、第30航次实测数据及两个航次的国际共享资料,利用均衡改正数据处理方法获得布兰斯菲尔德海峡的莫霍面深度及其分布规律,分析深部构造-断裂的区域分布及其重力异常特征等。布兰斯菲尔德海峡内的空间重力异常呈条带状分布,走向总体与地形相近,布格重力异常则由两侧向中间升高,大致在坡折处形成异常场值为100×10-5 m/s2的分界线,在中央次海盆和东部次海盆海山处形成两个异常高值圈闭,异常值最高为150×10-5 m/s2。莫霍面深度以弧后扩张中心为最低值,向南设得兰群岛和南极半岛两个方向递增,深度从12 km递增至陆坡位置的24 km。 相似文献
13.
Backarc spreading,rifting, and microplate rotation,between transform faults in the Manus Basin 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The Manus Basin in the eastern Bismarck Sea is a fastopening backarc basin behind the New Britain arc-trench system. Within the basin, motion between the Pacific and Bismarck plates about a pole located at 11° S, 145° E, occurs along three major leftlateral transform faults and a variety of extensional segments. We interpret SeaMARC II sidescan and other geophysical data to show that a Brunhes age plate reorganization created new extensional boundaries and a microplate between the NW-trending Willaumez, Djaul, and Weitin transforms. Two linked spreading segments formed in backarc basin crust between the Willaumez and Djaul transforms: the ESE-trending extensional transform zone (ETZ) in the west and the Manus spreading center (MSC) in the east. Positively magnetized crust on the MSC forms a wedge varying in width from 72 km at its southwest end to zero at its northeast tip, with corresponding Brunhes spreading rates varying from 92 mm/yr to zero. The MSC forms the northwestern boundary of the 100 km-scale Manus microplate and opens at 51°/m.y. about a pole near its apex at 3°02S, 150°32E. Opposite the MSC, bordering the arc margin of New Britain, the microplate is bound by a zone of broadly distributed strike slip motion, extension, and volcanism. Within this area, the Southern Rifts contain a series of grabens partially floored by lava flows. Left-lateral motion between the Pacific and Bismarck plates appears to drive the counterclockwise pivoting motion of the Manus microplate and the complementary wedge-like opening of the MSC and the Southern Rifts. The pivoting motion of the microplate has resulted in compressional areas along its NE and SW boundaries with the Pacific and Bismarck plates respectively. East of the microplate, between the Djaul and Weitin transforms and within the arc margin of New Ireland, another zone of broad extension referred to as the Southeast Rifts takes up opening in a pull-apart basin. There, en echelon volcanic ridges may be the precursors of spreading segments, but erupted lavas include calcalkaline volcanics. Kinematic modeling and marine geophysical observations indicate that the responses to similar amounts of extension in the eastern Manus Basin have varied as a function of the different types of pre-existing crust: arc crust tectonically stretched over a broad area whereas backarc crust underwent relatively little stretching before accommodating extension by seafloor spreading. 相似文献
14.
R. N. Hey J. M. Sinton M. C. Kleinrock R. N. Yonover K. C. Macdonald S. P. Miller R. C. Searle D. M. Christie T. M. Atwater N. H. Sleep H. P. Johnson C. A. Neal 《Marine Geophysical Researches》1992,14(3):207-226
ALVIN investigations have defined the fine-scale structural and volcanic patterns produced by active rift and spreading center propagation and failure near 95.5° W on the Galapagos spreading center. Behind the initial lithospheric rifting, which is propagating nearly due west at about 50 km m.y.–1, a triangular block of preexisting lithosphere is being stretched and fractured, with some recent volcanism along curving fissures. A well-organized seafloor spreading center, an extensively faulted and fissured volcanic ridge, develops ~ 10 km (~ 200,000 years) behind the tectonic rift tip. Regional variations in the chemical compositions of the youngest lavas collected during this program contrast with those encompassing the entire 3 m.y. of propagation history for this region. A maximum in degree of magmatic differentiation occurs about 9 km behind the propagating rift tip, in a region of diffuse rifting. The propagating spreading center shows a gentle gradient in magmatic differentiation culminating at the SW-curving spreading center tip. Except for the doomed rift, which is in a constructional phase, tectonic activity also dominates over volcanic activity along the failing spreading system. In contrast to the propagating rift, failing rift lavas show a highly restricted range of compositions consistent with derivation from a declining upwelling zone accompanying rift failure. The lithosphere transferred from the Cocos to the Nazca plate by this propagator is extensively faulted and characterized by ubiquitous talus in one of the most tectonically disrupted areas of seafloor known. The pseudofault scarps, where the preexisting lithosphere was rifted apart, appear to include both normal and propagator lavas and are thus more lithologically complex than previously thought. Biological communities, probably vestimentiferan tubeworms, occur near the top of the outer pseudofault scarp, although no hydrothermal venting was observed. 相似文献
15.
ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＴｈｅＯｋｉｎａｗａＴｒｏｕｇｈ (ＯＴ) ,ｌｏｃａｔｅｄｎｏｒｔｈｗｅｓｔｏｆｔｈｅＲｙｕｋｙｕＴｒｅｎｃｈａｎｄｔｈｅＲｙｕｋｙｕｇｕｎｔｏ ,ｅａｓｔｏｆｔｈｅＥａｓｔＣｈｉｎａＳｅａｓｈｅｌｆ,ｉｓａｂａｃｋ ａｒｃｂａｓｉｎｂｕｌｇｅｄｔｏｔｈｅＲｙｕｋｙｕＴｒｅｎｃｈ .ＴｈｅＯＴｅｘｔｅｎｄｓｆｒｏｍＫｙｕｓｈｕｉｎｔｈｅｓｏｕｔｈｗｅｓｔｏｆＪａｐａｎｔｏｔｈｅＩｌａｎＰｌａｉｎｉｎｔｈｅｎｏｒｔｈｅａｓｔｅｒｎＴａｉｗａｎ ,Ｃｈｉｎａｉｎｔｈｅｓｏｕｔｈｗｅｓｔ… 相似文献
16.
论冲绳海槽的张裂运动 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
琉球岛弧系向海沟方向的旋张掀斜运动和岛弧-弧后地区地幔流的波动运动是冲绳海槽张裂运动的动力源.在张应力场作用下,自早第三纪以来,冲绳海槽长期为一负向构造.现代海槽是老海槽的继承性、阶段性发展的产物,晚中新世以来冲绳海槽的张裂运动增强与菲律宾海板块的俯冲作用增强密切相关,但它不可能形成大规模的扩张. 相似文献
17.
We use recently acquired magnetic and SeaBeam bathymetric data to examine the spreading rates and plate boundary geometry of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge 30°–36° S. Using a statistically rigorous estimation of rotation poles we develop a precise spreading history of the African—South American plate boundary. The total opening rate for 1–4.23 Myr (Plio-Pleistocene) is nearly constant at 32.3 ± 1 km Myr–1. The spreading rate apparently is faster in the Late Miocene (7.3-5.3 Myr), though this may reflect inaccuracies in the geomagnetic time scale. The rotation poles enable a plate boundary reconstruction with an accuracy of 2–3 km. The reconstructions also show that the plate boundary geometry underwent several changes since the late Miocene including the growth of one ridge segment from 40 to 105 km in length, and the reorientation of another ridge segment which has spread obliquely from 7 to 1 Myr. Pole calculations using both right- and left-stepping fracture zones show an offset of 1–2 km between the deepest, most linear part of a fracture zone trough and the former plate boundary location. The high-resolution plate kinematics suggests that the plate boundary, as a whole, evolves 2-dimensionally as prescribed by rigid plates. On a local scale, asymmetric accretion, asymmetric extension, small lateral ridge jumps (< 3 km), and intra-segment propagation result in minor plate boundary adjustments and deformation to the rigid plates. 相似文献
18.
Petrologic perspectives on tectonic evolution of a nascent basin (Okinawa Trough) behind Ryukyu Arc：A review 总被引：9，自引：2，他引：7
Okinawa Trough is a back-arc, initial marginal sea basin, located behind the Ryukyu Arc–Trench System. The formation and evolution of the Okinawa Trough is intimately related to the subduction process of the Philippine Sea Plate beneath the Eurasian Plate since the late Miocene. The tectonic evolution of the trough is similar to other active back-arcs, such as the Mariana Trough and southern Lau Basin, all of which are experiencing the initial rifting and subsequent spreading process. This study reviews all petrologic and geochemical data of mafic volcanic lavas from the Okinawa Trough, Ryukyu Arc, and Philippine Sea Plate, combined with geophysical data to indicate the relationship between the subduction sources(input) and arc or back-arc magmas(output) in the Philippine Sea Plate–Ryukyu Arc–Okinawa Trough system(PROS). The results obtained showed that several components were variably involved in the petrogenesis of the Okinawa Trough lavas: sub-continental lithospheric mantle underlying the Eurasian Plate, Indian mid-oceanic ridge basalt(MORB)-type mantle, and Pacific MORB-type mantle. The addition of shallow aqueous fluids and deep hydrous melts from subducted components with the characteristics of Indian MORB-type mantle into the mantle source of lavas variably modifies the primitive mantle wedge beneath the Ryukyu and subcontinental lithospheric mantle(SCLM) beneath the Okinawa Trough. In the northeastern end of the trough and arc, instead of Indian MORB-type mantle, Pacific MORB-type mantle dominates the magma source. Along the strike of the Ryukyu Arc and Okinawa Trough, the systematic variations in trace element ratios and isotopic compositions reflect the first-order effect of variable subduction input on the magma source. In general, petrologic data, combined with geophysical data, imply that the Okinawa Trough is experiencing the "seafloor spreading" process in the southwest segment, "rift propagation" process in the middle segment, and "crustal extension" process in the northeast segment, and a nascent ocean basin occurs in the southwest segment. 相似文献
19.
The West O’Gorman Fracture Zone is an unusual feature that lies between the Mathematician Ridge and the East Pacific Rise
on crust generated on the East Pacific Rise between 4 and 9 million years ago. We made a reconnaissance gravity, magnetic
and Sea Beam study of the zone with particular emphasis on its eastern (youngest) portion. That region is characterized by
an elongate main trough, a prominent median ridge and other, smaller ridges and troughs. The structure has the appearance
of large-offset fracture zone, possibly in a slow spreading environment. However, magnetic anomalies indicate that the offset,
if any, is quite small, and the spreading rate during formation was fast. In addition, the magnetic profiles do not support
earlier models for a difference in spreading rate north and south of the fracture. The morphology of the fracture zone suggests
that flexure may be responsible for some of the topography; but gravity studies indicate some of the most prominent features
of the fracture zone are at least partially compensated. The main trough is underlain by a thin crust (or high density body),
similar to large-offset fracture zones in the Atlantic, while the median ridge is underlain by a thickened crust. Sea Beam
data does not unambiguously resolve between volcanism or serpentinization of the upper mantle as a mechanism for isostatic
compensation.
Why the West O’Gorman exists remains enigmatic, but we speculate that the topographic expression of a fracture zone does not
require a transform offset during formation. Perhaps the spreading ridge was magma starved for some reason, resulting in a
thin crust that allowed water to penetrate and serpentinize portions of the upper mantle. 相似文献
20.
Ken C. MacDonald Kim Kastens F. N. Spiess S. P. Miller 《Marine Geophysical Researches》1979,4(1):37-70
The Tamayo transform fault occurs at the north end of the East Pacific Rise where it enters the Gulf of California. The two deep-tow surveys reported here show that the transform fault zone changes significantly as a function of distance from the spreading center intersections. At site 1, near the intersection, one side of the fault is young and the fault zone is narrow and well-defined. Strike slip occurs in a zone approximately 1-km wide suggesting a correspondingly narrow zone of decoupling between the Pacific and North American plates. On the young side of the strike-slip zone, normal faults occur along shear zones which are 45°–50° oblique to the transform strike. They occur parallel to the short axis of the strain ellipse for transform fault strain here, i.e., perpendicular to the least compressive stress. The transform walls are formed by normal faulting as has been pointed out in previous detailed surveys. Here, however, the age contrast of 2.5 m.y. across the transform valley is apparent in the morphology of the normal fault scarps. While the scarps are steep and well-defined on the young side, the scarps on the older side have gradual 10°–30° slopes and appear to be primarily talus ramps. Apparently, the scarps have been tectonically eroded by continued strike slip activity after the initial stages of normal faulting. Thus, transform valleys should be quite asymmetric in cross-section where there is a significant age contrast and one side is less than approximately 0.5 m.y. old. Also, along older sections of the transform valley walls, normal faulting may not be at all obvious due to degradation of the scarps by tectonic erosion. This phenomenon makes the likelihood of transform faults providing windows into the oceanic crust most unlikely except in special cases.The picture of transform deformation is more complex at site 2 in the central portion of the fault where both sides of the fault are greater than 1 m.y. old. Here the transform valley is wider (25–30 km as opposed to 2–5 km). There is no clear simple zone of strike slip tectonics. In fact, the only clear evidence for deformation is the intrusion of magmatic or serpentinite diapirs through the sediments of the transform valley floor. The diapirs have deformed the turbidite layers flooring the valley and in one carefully studied case the turbidite sequence has been uplifted, perched atop the diapir. The pattern of deformation on this outcropping diapir shows radial and concentric fractures which can be modeled by a vertical intrusion circular in plan view. Magnetic studies limit the possible composition to basalt or serpentinite. A 60-km-long median ridge is also likely to be the product of intrusion along the transform fault. The survey at site 2 pointed out the importance of vertical tectonics in the transform valley floor and in particular the importance of diapiric intrusions of either basaltic or serpentinite composition.Based on initial boundary conditions and present tectonic elements in the Tamayo fault zone, a possible history of the mouth of the Gulf of California is outlined. The median ridge was emplaced starting approximately 0.8 m.y. ago by regional extension across the transform fault, the result of leaky transform faulting. The diapirs occur along a possible relay zone of extension midway along the fault which began approximately 0.15 m.y. ago. The extension in this case is parallel to the trend of the transform fault, is still occurring at present, and may evolve into a true spreading center.Contribution of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, new series. 相似文献