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1.
对于放射性活度浓度很低,但又不得不管理的极低放废物,目前国际上对此并没有明确的可操作性定义,对极低放废物的处置方式也还在探索中。由于极低放废物含有一定量具有物理性和生物性的放射性核素,考虑到政治、社会及公众接受心理等因素,在参考低中废物管理模式基础上,按危险废物处置标准处置建造专门的处置库处置极低放废物是可行的。 相似文献
2.
Geologic uncertainty in a regulatory environment: An example from the potential Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository site 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Regulatory geologists are concerned with predicting the performance of sites proposed for waste disposal or for remediation of existing pollution problems. Geologic modeling of these sites requires large-scale expansion of knowledge obtained from very limited sampling. This expansion induces considerable uncertainty into the geologic models of rock properties that are required for modeling the predicted performance of the site.One method for assessing this uncertainty is through nonparametric geostatistical simulation. Simulation can produce a series of equiprobable models of a rock property of interest. Each model honors measured values at sampled locations, and each can be constructed to emulate both the univariate histogram and the spatial covariance structure of the measured data. Computing a performance model for a number of geologic simulations allows evaluation of the effects of geologic uncertainty. A site may be judged acceptable if the number of failures to meet a particular performance criterion produced by these computations is sufficiently low. A site that produces too many failures may be either unacceptable or simply inadequately described.The simulation approach to addressing geologic uncertainty is being applied to the potential high-level nuclear waste repository site at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, U.S.A. Preliminary geologic models of unsaturated permeability have been created that reproduce observed statistical properties reasonably well. A spread of unsaturated groundwater travel times has been computed that reflects the variability of those geologic models. Regions within the simulated models exhibiting the greatest variability among multiple runs are candidates for obtaining the greatest reduction in uncertainty through additional site characterization. 相似文献
3.
4.
The Illinois Department of Nuclear Safety has characterized the Martinsville Alternative Site (MAS) for a proposed low-level radioactive waste disposal facility. The MAS is located in east-central Illinois approximately 1.6 km (1 mi) north of the city of Martinsville. Geologic investigation of the 5.5-km2 (1380-acre) site revealed a sequence of chiefly Illinoian glacigenic sediments from 6 to 60 m (20–200 ft) thick overlying two major bedrock valleys carved in Pennsylvanian strata. Relatively permeable buried units include basal, preglacial alluvium; a complex of intraglacial and subglacial sediment; englacial deposits; and supraglacial fluvial deposits. Postglacial alluvium underlies stream valleys on and adjacent to the site. In most areas, the buried sand units are confined by low-permeability till, lacustrine sediment, colluvium, and loess. The distribution and thickness of the most extensive and continuous buried sand units have been modified considerably by subglacial erosion, and their distributions have been influenced by the buried bedrock valleys. The most continuous of the various sand units were deposited as preglacial and postglacial alluvium and are the uppermost and lowermost stratigraphic units at the alternative site. Sand units that were deposited in englacial or ice-marginal environments are less continuous. Aquifer pumping tests, potentiometric head data, and groundwater geochemistry analyses indicate minimal interaction of groundwater across localized interconnections of the permeable units. 相似文献
5.
This paper provides an inventory of radioactive waste management policies in seven industrialized democracies: the U.S., France, Japan, West Germany, Canada, the U.K. and Sweden. Collectively, these countries account for almost 75% of the world's installed nuclear power capacity and over 61% of its spentfuel production. Special emphasis is given to siting procedures for both high- and low-/intermediate-level waste repositories. Although several low-level repositories are operating or under construction, only West Germany has selected a site for high-level waste disposal, at Gorleben. It is expected that siting decisions will be highly conflict-laden in each country except for pro-nuclear France. The procedures for resolving potential siting conflicts are briefly reviewed. Sweden's strategy of siting its low-level repository near Forsmark offshore beneath the Baltic seabed minimizes conflict and may become attractive to other nations. Also, transnational agreements may eventually be sought as radioactive waste disposal is an international problem. This paper concludes with a comparative discussion of siting policies and their potential impacts. 相似文献
6.
Channagiri V. Char 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2011,29(1):37-47
Fernald site produced over 500 million pound of uranium metal products from 1952 to 1989 resulting in a huge quantity of hazardous
waste to be stored, treated and transported for final disposal. The structural integrity evaluation of specific types of waste
containers used in the Fernald Closure Project are briefly presented in this paper. Metal containers of various shapes and
sizes, concrete silos, gondola rail cars were successfully used for storage and disposal of low-level waste. Computer solutions
were obtained using finite element analyses techniques, destructive and non-destructive tests were used to get a realistic
response to complex loading conditions. Structural integrity is evaluated for concrete silos built in the fifties, unique
metal containers and fiberglass rail car lid. A failure modes and effects analysis was also made for the railcar lid to identify
the weak link for postulated failure mechanisms. Establishing the structural integrity was a key to the reliability of the
various containment systems for a successful storage, transportation and final disposal of the low-level radioactive wastes. 相似文献
7.
Carole A.S. Mandryk 《Geoarchaeology》1998,13(8):819-846
Geoarchaeological analysis and reinterpretation of the Lamb Spring Site, undertaken to better understand the stratigraphic and depositional context of the late Pleistocene bone bed, is based on 1980–1981 stratigraphic maps and field notes supplemented by regional geological information and published radiometric dates. Though previous archaeological interpretations refer to a seemingly homogenous “mammoth layer,” analysis of the site stratigraphy presented here demonstrates more complex microstratigraphy and facies relationships than previously reported for the site. Evidence of multiple, previously unrecognized sedimentary units, repeated cut and fill episodes, and extensive stratigraphic mixing does not support earlier geologic interpretations of stratigraphic integrity. The previously reported association between broken and whole mammoth bones cannot be demonstrated; there is no evidence for either a pre-Clovis or Clovis age cultural presence at the Lamb Spring Site. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 相似文献
8.
Yu Wang Saraya Pleasant Brajesh Dubey Dean Rhue Jean-Claude Bonzongo Timothy Townsend 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2018,77(8):306
Naturally occurring iron from soil and aquifer sediments at waste disposal sites often becomes liberated into groundwater as a result of reductive dissolution. Research was conducted to evaluate an appropriate procedure for assessing a soil’s propensity to undergo iron reductive dissolution. Soil samples collected from waste disposal sites in Florida were characterized by pH, organic carbon content, total iron content, amorphous iron content, citrate-dithionite-bicarbonate extractable iron, and qualitative X-ray diffraction analysis, followed by a series of extraction tests designed to simulate the reductive dissolution process. Over a 30-day period, biological reducing tests released 13–260 mg/kg Fe(II) from soils, and a chemical reducing test released 2.2–178 mg/kg Fe(II) from soils. Soil amorphous iron content was shown to be the most effective parameter for assessment of iron reductive dissolution potential through standard soil characterization. These results suggest that biological reducing tests may be helpful for assessing long-term soil iron reductive dissolution potential, and that soil amorphous iron content provides a good indication of the potential for a soil to undergo reductive dissolution at a landfill site. 相似文献
9.
中国高放废物地质处置:现状和展望 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本文阐述了中国的高放废物处置政策,回顾了中国高放废物地质处置在选址和场址评价、缓冲回填材料等方面的进展,提出了中国高放废物地质处置的初步规划,指出我国计划在2015年确定地下实验室场址.还展望了国际合作前景. 相似文献
10.
Kenneth S. Johnson 《Environmental Geology》1991,17(1):3-7
The Oklahoma Geological Survey has developed several maps and reports for preliminary screening of the state of Oklahoma to identify areas that are generally acceptable or unacceptable for disposal of a wide variety of waste materials. These maps and reports focus on the geologic and hydrogeologic parameters that must be evaluated in the screening process. One map (and report) shows the outcrop distribution of 35 thick shale or clay units that are generally suitable for use as host rocks for surface disposal of wastes. A second map shows the distribution of unconsolidated alluvial and terrace-deposit aquifers, and a third map shows the distribution and hydrologic character of bedrock aquifers and their recharge areas. These latter two maps show the areas in the state where special attention must be exercised in permitting storage or disposal of waste materials that could degrade the quality of groundwater. State regulatory agencies and industry are using these maps and reports in preliminary screening of the state to identify potential disposal sites. These maps in no way replace the need for site-specific investigations to prove (or disprove) the adequacy of a site to safely contain waste materials. 相似文献
11.
2000-2040年我国高放废物深部地质处置初探 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本简要介绍了国内外高放废物地质处置研究概况，探讨了我国高放废物地质处置研究阶段的划分，各阶段的研究目标，任务和研究内容以及各研究阶段的大致时间安排，提出了我国高放废物地质处置研究在2000－2040年的远景规划设想。 相似文献
12.
高放废物深地质处置：回顾与展望 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
文章对我国高放废物地质处置研究的历史进行了回顾,并对未来发展进行了展望。我国的高放废物深地质处置研究开发从1985年开始,迄今为止可初步分为3个阶段：①起步和跟踪研究阶段（1985～1998）;②逐步发展阶段（1999～2005）;③政府规划指导阶段（2006至今）。20多年来,我国在国家法律法规、战略规划、选址、工程屏障、核素迁移研究等方面取得了显著进展。我国已经提出在2020年前建成地下实验室、21世纪中叶建成高放废物处置库的目标。研究开发和处置库工程建设分成3个阶段：试验室研究开发和处置库选址阶段（2006～2020）;地下现场试验阶段（2021-2040）和处置库建设阶段（2041～本世纪中叶）。经过全国筛选对比,已初步选定甘肃北山地区为重点预选区,系统的场址评价工作正在进行。已确定采用膨润土作为处置库的回填材料,并初步确定内蒙古高庙子膨润土为我国高放废物处置库的首选缓冲回填材料。工程设计、核素迁移研究和安全评价也取得了一定进展。1999年起与国际原子能机构开展了3期高放废物地质处置技术合作项目,对提高我国的技术水平起到了积极作用。20多年的研究开发工作为我国在21世纪完成高放废物地质处置任务奠定了基础。 相似文献
13.
The proposed site for a new solid waste disposal facility was identified by a municipal government in a north Florida area characterized by Miocene Hawthorn Group sedimentary sequences and active karst development. An evaluation of the sinkhole potential and subsurface stability was conducted with a total of 300 electrical resistivity Wenner array sounding traverses with electrode spacings extending to 30 m. Data were interpreted to identify vertical sequences of the Hawthorn Group confining layer, and the underlying Ocala Limestone. Electrical evidence identified an intermediate, discontinuous limestone layer present in limited areas, but absent in much of the area investigated. No evidence was detected to identify breeches within the confining layer over the Floridan Aquifer within the Ocala Limestone. The data were combined with lithologic logs from deep boreholes to prepare a series of continuous and interconnecting fence diagrams to portray the geologic configuration throughout the proposed site. The results demonstrate the value of electrical resistivity measurements to augment borehole data in economical investigations of sinkhole potential in karstic terrains. 相似文献
14.
Prof. Dr. Albert Günter Herrmann 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1979,68(3):1076-1106
In the Federal Republic of Germany disposal of low-level radioactive waste is practiced in rock salt of the salt dome Asse since years. Projects also exist for the disposal of high-level waste from nuclear reactors in salt domes. The feasibility of the “evaporite concept? has to be founded on some basic principles of the origin and metamorphism of marine salt deposits. The German Zechstein salt deposits (Permian) were formed about 230 million years ago. Since that time the salt formations have had a chequered history: 1. Solution metamorphism and thermal metamorphism have altered the primary chemical and mineralogical composition of salt rocks in the presence of unsaturated solutions and/or temperatures up to 100? C and more. 2. Mechanical deformation and dynamic metamorphism processes have preserved the chemical and mineralogical composition of the evaporites. Solution metamorphism: The minerals halite, sylvite, and carnallite are very sensitive to subsequent penetrating unsaturated solutions. Very important in this context is the origin of specific equilibrium solutions and mineral associations. Primary salt rocks (e. g. carnallite rock) have been altered to secondary mineral associations (e. g. Hartsalze and sylvite rocks of the potash seams Thüringen, Hessen, Stassfurt). Most of the solutions which infiltrated the salt deposits from outside are later squeezed out into the adjacent rocks. Geochemical and physicochemical processes of the solution metamorphism are not limited to the geologic past. They are also efficient at the present time as a result of deformation processes in partially extracted salt deposits, for example. Solution metamorphism processes are also possible in the future during the period of about one million years which is necessary for the disposal of high-level radioactive waste in salt domes. A concept which is based upon observed properties of salt formations and with secure scientific foundation must guarantee no radioactive contamination of salt solutions in the case of long time contacts between radionuclides and brines. An excellent method for the immobilisation of radioactive waste seems to be production of a synthetic igneous rock system SYNROC (Ringwood, 1978). In such a rock the radionuclides are fixed in the lattices of minerals. Additional safety barriers which prevent the entry of radionuclides from the geologic barrier into the biosphere are the metallic alloy Ni3Fe, for waste containers and layers of basalt and corundum. Borosilicate glasses are not suitable for the safe immobilisation of radionuclides because the glasses readly devitrify in contact with solutions and steam at elevated pressures and temperatures. Thermal metamorphism: The heat-generation of high-level waste produces zones of different temperatures in the evaporites of the salt domes. The salt hydrates kainite and carnallite react at relative low temperatures (> 072? C and > 80? C) and form solid phases with less hydrated compounds and equilibrium solutions. For example, effects of thermal metamorphism are to be expected in the case of influencing higher temperatures upon carnallite rocks which were squeezed into parts of rock salt during the geologic past. Increasing temperatures generated by radionuclides must be limited in carnallite rocks to 30 %–50 % of the recent rock temperatures in salt domes. A difference of 10? C should be guaranteed between the temperature zones around the high-level waste and the beginning of carnallite dehydratation at 80? C–85? C under normal pressure. Dynamic metamorphism: Dynamic metamorphism is concerned mainly with isochemical and isophase recrystallizations. The original thickness and composition of evaporites can be altered by the property of plasticity and by creep deformations of salt minerals and rocks. Solutions (e. g. pore solution) and increasing temperatures lead to the effects of dynamic metamorphism. A concept which is based upon observed properties of salt formations and with secure scientific foundation must guarantee temperatures ≦ 100? C in the vicinity around the high-level waste containers. Only for temperatures up to 100? C are relevant geologic data about the plastic deformation of rock salt available in the German salt deposits. The effects of salt rock deformation with increasing temperatures > 100? C could be examined only by laboratory experiments. It seems to be a considerable uncertainty and a risk to develop experimental deformation models for salt rocks valid for a time of 102–103 years. The present program in the Federal Republic of Germany for a geologic disposal of radionuclides in evaporites is sometimes characterized as the best concept of the world (e. g. v.Weizsäcker, 1978). For such a general statement no geoscientific foundation is available today. Alternative geologic disposal programs seem to be more acceptable in view of their geoscientific and technical base (e. g.Ringwood, 1978). 相似文献
15.
放射性废物处置是当前严峻的环保问题之一,从经济、安全和高效角度出发,将极低放废物从中、低放废物中分离出来单独处置,对核废物的管理与处置具有重要意义。本文以我国西南某极低放废物备选处置场为研究对象,系统分析了处置的相关技术方法,重点研究了屏障技术和环境安全评价方法及其应用。针对拟建在古泥石流体山区山顶上的处置场,选取核素90Sr作为处置对象,选用盆状屏障式处置库,估算产生的核素90Sr的总活度和比活度。选用筛分的颗粒d<1 mm的介质作为屏障材料,厚度为0.5 m,批试验结果显示上述材料对90Sr的吸附效果明显;模拟计算结果显示核素90Sr在50 a内被完全阻滞在包气带中,可以达到安全处置废物的要求。 相似文献
16.
针对泉州市4个主要石材采矿带的矿山分布特征及矿山开采状况进行调查分析,认为各矿山采矿场地普遍偏小,以个体开采经营为主,机械化程度低,开采作业较零乱,开采边坡大多数形成高陡的采掘面,缺少安全台阶。各矿山综合治理相对滞后,废石、废碴随意堆放,均存在不同程度安全隐患和潜在的地质灾害,通过分析研究,提出预防建议和对策。 相似文献
17.
开展地下水数值模拟研究是高放废物处置场地安全评价的重要组成部分,然而深地质处置介质类型的复杂性、基岩深部资料的相对匮乏性导致模拟结果存在不确定性,如何刻画深部地下水动力场并评估可能引起的风险已成为高放废物处置安全评价中重点关注的问题。在大量文献调研的基础上,综述了世界典型国家高放废物深地质处置场地的地下水数值模拟与不确定性分析应用,并归纳总结该领域研究经验,得到以下认识:（1）深地质处置场深部构造、裂隙的发育与展布决定了地下水循环条件,探究适用于基岩裂隙地区新的水文地质试验方法是提高地下水数值模型仿真性的基础;（2）不同尺度模型融合是解决深地质处置地下水模拟的有效技术方法,区域尺度多采用等效连续介质法,场地尺度使用等效连续多孔介质和离散裂隙网络耦合模型,处置库尺度使用离散裂隙网络方法,其次需重点关注未来大时间尺度下放射性核素在地质体中的迁移转化规律,模拟预测场址区域地下水环境长期循环演变对核素迁移的潜在影响;（3）考虑到不同的处置层主岩岩性以及在多介质中发生的THMC（温度场—渗流场—应力场—化学场）过程,目前国内外常用的地下水模拟软件有:Porflow、Modflow、GMS及MT3DMS等用于模拟孔隙或等效连续介质,Connectflow、Feflow及FracMan等用于模拟地下水和核素在结晶岩、花岗岩等裂隙中的迁移,TOUGH系列软件主要应用于双重介质的水流、溶质及热运移模拟;（4）指导开展有针对性的模型和参数的不确定性分析工作,减少投入工作量,提高模型精度,并可针对处置库长期演变、废物罐失效、极端降雨等多情景预测模拟,为处置库安全评价及设计提供基础数据支撑;（5）针对我国深地质处置地下水数值模拟研究现状,下一步应加强区域地质、水文地质、裂隙测量以及现场试验等相关的调查及监测工作,多介质耦合、多场耦合模拟及不确定性分析研究将会是未来的研究重点。 相似文献
18.
W. M. Davis E. R. Cespedes L. T. Lee J. F. Powell R. A. Goodson 《Environmental Geology》1997,29(3-4):228-237
The Site Characterization and Analysis Penetrometer System (SCAPS) was used to investigate subsurface petroleum contamination
at Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland. The SCAPS is a rapid site-screening tool developed by the Tri-Services (U.S. Army, Navy,
and Air Force) to reduce the cost of installation restoration activities. The system, consisting of a geophysical cone penetrometer
fitted with a laser-induced fluorescence petroleum sensor, is capable of simultaneous, real-time delineation of subsurface
stratigraphy and petroleum contamination. Onsite processing of the SCAPS data allows three-dimensional visualization of both
subsurface stratigraphy and petroleum contaminant distribution. The site investigation described herein successfully identified
three distinct areas of subsurface petroleum contamination caused by leaking underground storage tanks containing No. 2 healing
oil. The SCAPS petroleum sensor response was verified by obtaining 20 soil samples and performing onsite and conventional
laboratory analyses for petroleum contaminants. Verification sample results indicate a strong correlation between the SCAPS
fluorescence data and conventional measures of petroleum contamination. This investigation illustrates the capabilities of
the SCAPS for rapid site characterization.
Received: 27 November 1995 · Accepted: 11 December 1995 相似文献
19.
The selection of the disposal site is probably the most important step in the development of solid waste management. In site selection, geology plays a determining role. This study evaluates the characteristics of the environment on the basis of the geological, hydrogeological and geo-engineering properties of the solid waste site of the Sivas city, Turkey. The area is underlain by the Oligocene-Miocene rocks which have limited aquifer properties. Thin Quaternary alluvium and soil cover overlie the Oligo-Miocene rocks, which are represented as well graded sand and inorganic silt of low plasticity. The Quaternary alluvium and soil cover are classified as inorganic clays having a low plasticity and the permeability varies from 1.2×10−6 to 3.11×10−6 m/s. These values are much higher than 1×10−8 m/s, which is accepted for waste disposal standards. Seepage waters have a potential to pollute the ground water and the Kızılırmak River, which is 500 m to the southwest of the waste disposal area and because the disposal site is close to the river, the potential for flash flooding poses a high pollution risk. The waste disposal area must be covered by clay layers or an impervious artificial membrane. In addition, seepage must be controlled and removed from the site. 相似文献
20.
M. Langer 《Engineering Geology》1993,34(3-4):159-167
The problem of waste disposal in Germany has been solved by using a combination of above-ground and underground disposal. Site selection criteria and precise criteria for the performance assessment of various types of waste disposal are available. In view of long-term safety of disposal, it is necessary to include geological and hydrogeological viewpoints in addition to purely engineering viewpoints.
In particular, the geotechnical site-specific safety assessment is described, as defined by the government in “Technical Regulations on Wastes” (TA-Abfall) in the section “Underground Disposal”. This safety assessment must cover the entire system comprising waste, cavern/mine and surrounding rock. For this purpose geo-mechanical models have to be developed.
According to the multi-barrier principle, the geological setting must be able to contribute significantly to isolation of the waste over longer periods. The assessment of the integrity of the geological barrier can only be performed by making calculations with validated geomechanical models.
Various engineering geological data are required for the selection of a site, for the design and construction of a repository, and for a safety analysis for the post-operational phase. These data can only be attained by the execution of a comprehensive site-specific geomechanical exploration and investigation program. The planning and design of an underground repository in rock salt layers are described, as an example for the various steps of this type of safety assessment. 相似文献