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1.
为支撑雄安新区土地资源科学管理,完善中国土壤污染评价体系,文章以雄安新区某废旧金属冶炼区为研究区开展地质调查,采集541件表层土壤样品,测定了土壤中的Cd、Hg、Pb、As、Cu、Zn、Cr、Ni八种重金属元素的含量和pH,采用主成分分析法研究重金属元素的组合及分布特征,通过单因子指数法、内梅罗综合指数法、地质累积指数法、潜在生态风险评价法和人体健康风险评价法对土壤重金属的污染程度及风险进行评价。结果显示：研究区土壤中Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb元素超标主要受冶炼活动影响,As、Hg元素高值异常主要由受唐河污染的地下水灌溉引起;单因子污染指数超标比例大小顺序为Cd>As>Cu>Zn>Pb>Hg>Cr=Ni;内梅罗综合指数评价结果显示54%的样品达到了污染水平;地质累积指数超标比例大小为Cd>Cu>Pb>As>Zn>Hg>Ni>Cr,Cu、Cd、Zn、Pb、As极重污染比例分别为13.5%、10.2%、9.1%、10.9%、17.2%;Cd和Hg是主要的生态危害元素,Cd中等-强生态危害比例为65.2%,Hg中等-强生态危害比例为71.3%;非致癌风险因子主要为As、Cr、Pb,95.2%样品对儿童的非致癌风险超过了1,29件样品中As对儿童的致癌风险超过10-4,研究区土壤重金属对儿童具有较高的健康风险。 相似文献
2.
以江汉平原典型场区周边农田土壤为研究对象,分析了土壤重金属元素Cd、Pb、As、Hg的总量和赋存形态特征,选用修正单项污染指数法、潜在生态风险指数法、风险评估编码法(RAC)和次生相与原生相比值法(RSP)四种评价方法开展了土壤重金属的污染风险评价,并对评价结果进行了对比讨论。分析结果表明:（1）基于总量的两种方法对比,潜在生态风险指数法优于修正单项污染指数法。（2）基于形态的两种方法对比,RAC法的评价结果比RSP法更为合理。（3）基于总量和形态方法对比,潜在生态风险指数法和RAC法各有其优缺点,潜在生态风险指数法能直观反映重金属在土壤中的富集信息和环境危害性,而RAC法则可以利用形态来阐明重金属在土壤环境中的行为特性和生态活性。因此,在进行土壤重金属污染风险评价时,综合考虑重金属种类、累积程度、生物毒性和生物可利用性等参数指标,才能更加科学准确地评估重金属在土壤中的环境风险。综合上述评价结果,江汉平原典型场区周边农田土壤重金属元素Pb、As污染程度较低,对周边环境无影响;重金属元素Hg累积程度不高,但由于其具有较高的生物毒性,对周边环境存在潜在威胁;重金属元素Cd是研究区最主要的污染因子,对周边环境影响大,亟需采取相应措施减轻Cd带来的风险。 相似文献
3.
唐山—秦皇岛地区是河北省重要的农业经济区,土壤质量的安全评价具有十分重要的现实意义。笔者利用唐山—秦皇岛地区表层土壤中重金属元素分析结果,在考虑土壤pH值对重金属元素含量影响的前提下,采用单因子指数法和尼梅罗综合指数法对区内土壤质量进行了评价。结果表明,区内主要的重金属污染元素是Ni、Cr、Cu、Cd4种元素。其中Ni、Cr、Cu3种重金属元素污染区域主要集中在卢龙、抚宁、昌黎3个县交界处及北部的局部区域。Cd元素污染主要集中在唐海县西部和西北部。综合评价表明,唐山—秦皇岛地区绝大部分区域处于无污染的水平,土壤的地球化学质量是较好的。 相似文献
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5.
矿山开采及冶炼所产生的废渣是矿区土壤重金属污染的主要因素。为了准确掌握遵义锰矿区土地的污染程度,以表观污染程度作为标准,分别采集土壤样品进行分析测试,采用地累积指数法及生态危害指数法分别评价不同区域的污染程度及生态危害程度。研究结果表明：遵义锰矿区农用地土壤中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Mn、Ni、Pb、Zn等9种元素背景值略高于贵州全省背景值,除Mn元素外,其他元素未发现明显聚集现象,而矿渣堆、尾矿库附近土壤中存在重金属元素聚集,且Mn、Cd存在明显聚集;地累积指数评价结果：农用地土壤样品中极少量的As、Cd达中度至重度污染程度,矿渣堆、尾矿库附近土壤20%样品Cd达到了中度至重度污染水平;生态危害指数评价结果为农用地中主要由于Cd、Hg、As元素残留导致生态环境风险,风险等级为较强风险;废渣堆、尾矿库附近土壤则主要由于Cd、Hg元素残留导致生态环境风险,风险等级为极强风险。 相似文献
6.
为探讨废铅蓄电池暂存地周边土壤环境质量现状,以长三角地区4家典型废铅蓄电池回收暂存企业为研究对象,对其周边土壤进行布点取样,分析了铅、砷、镉、六价铬、铜、汞、镍、锑8种元素含量,并以单因子污染指数法、内梅罗综合污染指数法及潜在生态风险指数法对土壤重金属污染状况进行了评价。单因子污染指数及内梅罗综合污染指数评价结果表明,本次调查企业周边土壤污染等级均为安全;潜在生态风险指数评价结果表明,企业周边土壤中Cd的单项潜在生态风险等级较高,各企业场地周边土壤综合潜在生态风险程度为轻微至中等范畴。分析结果可为开展专门性的监测工作提供决策依据和技术支持。 相似文献
7.
青海民和—海石湾一带土壤重金属异常生态效应评价 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用单因子污染指数法、内梅罗污染综合指数法和Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法,定量评价了青海民和—海石湾一带土壤重金属异常元素的污染现状和异常区的潜在生态风险危害性,同时对研究区土壤重金属异常的生态效应进行了初步评价。结果表明:土壤重金属污染因子的高低顺序为Hg>Cd>Pb=Cr;主要异常元素的生物有效性排序为Cd>Hg>Pb;异常元素的潜在生态危害性排列为Hg>Cd>Pb>Cr;在小麦、玉米等农作物样品中,尽管异常元素的含量远低于国家规定的粮食安全限制,但Hg的较高潜在生态危害性和Cd的高生物有效性,导致异常区内Hg、Cd的污染防治形势最为严峻。 相似文献
8.
攀枝花钒钛磁铁矿区土壤重金属地球化学特征及污染评价 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
为了解攀枝花钒钛磁铁矿区土壤重金属的特征及污染程度,采集了矿区表层土壤样品和两个土壤剖面,用多种分析方法有针对性地分析了Cu、Pb、Zn、Ti、V、Co、Ni、As、Cd、Cr、Hg、Mn十二种元素。在分析分布特征基础上,对重金属进行了污染物负荷指数评价,结果发现:1)攀枝花钒钛磁铁矿矿区表层土壤大部分属于中等污染,少数属于强污染,个别达到了极强污染;2)Co、V、Cu、Cd、Ti几种元素的最高污染系数大,Zn、Mn、Ni、Cr四种元素的最高污染系数次之,Hg、Pb两种元素的最高污染系数较小,As的最高污染系数最小;3)从各区域的污染物负荷指数来看,排土场周围和朱矿采矿场下游附近污染程度较大,远离矿区以及矿区上游污染较小。 相似文献
9.
选取扬州邵伯地区作为研究区,根据评价标准（GB 15618—2018）对其农田土壤环境质量及生态风险进行评价。研究区农田土壤中8种重金属元素平均含量均低于农用地污染风险筛选值,除Ni外其余7种重金属元素的平均含量均超过江苏土壤平均背景值,其中Hg含量均值为江苏土壤平均背景值的2.16倍;通过对比内梅罗指数法和综合指数法评价结果,认为综合指数法能更客观准确地反映研究区农田土壤环境质量状况,结果显示研究区农田土壤轻度污染以上样本占总样本的2.35%;研究区农田土壤属中度生态风险,综合潜在风险指数平均值为200.56,主要贡献因子是Hg。 相似文献
10.
北京城区表层土壤多元素分布特征及重金属元素污染评价 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
采用地统计学和GIS相结合的方法,对北京城区表层土壤样品54项指标的地球化学背景值进行了详细研究,认为微量元素中Ni、Cr和As含量值存在极高值点,具有点源污染特征;Hg、Cd、Zn、Pb和Cu具有面状污染特点。对这5种重金属元素开展研究,统计北京城区五环内每个区域的数据并结合元素含量空间分布特征,指出元素含量平均值由市中心向周边地区逐渐降低。采用内梅罗指数法对表层土壤重金属元素污染进行评价,认为北京市城区表层土壤大部分已经被重金属元素所污染。分析了造成土壤重金属元素污染的可能影响因素,主要包括工业活动、化石燃料燃烧、建筑涂料、机动车尾气等,并提出了污染防控的建议。 相似文献
11.
An Evaluation of the Effects of Primary and Cross‐Contamination during the Preparation of Rock Powders for Chemical Determinations 
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下载免费PDF全文 José P. Sertek Sandra Andrade Horstpeter H. Ulbrich 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》2015,39(3):381-397
Quartz crystals from the Batatal site, Minas Gerais, southern Brazil, were used to determine quantitatively primary contamination when submitting the samples to milling processes. Crushing devices used were a primary steel jaw crusher (br1), a secondary tungsten carbide (WC) crusher (br2) and a hydraulic press with stainless steel plates (pr). Fragments with suitable sizes were then ground in different Fritsch planetary mills, equipped with agate, WC and chromium‐steel rings for 7, 4 and 3 min, respectively. Solutions of the powders were analysed initially with the TotalQuant? method in a quadrupole ICP‐MS instrument, providing semi‐quantitative results for seventy‐five elements. Contamination from crushers and mills was visible in major and minor elements such as Fe, Mn and Ti, and noticeable in trace elements such as Cr, Co, Ni, Cu and also V, Zr, Sc; significant contamination was observed from W, Mo, Co, Ta and Nb (mainly by use of the WC devices). Little or no contamination was observed for Pb, REE, Sr and Rb, elements that are important in routine isotopic determinations. Cross‐contamination was tested by grinding either a granite or a basalt sample, followed by conventional cleaning with mica‐free quartz sand, before the working quartz powder was prepared. 相似文献
12.
Groundwater quality in parts of Central Ganga Basin, India 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This paper deals with the drinking water quality of the Ganga-Kali sub-basin which occupies 1300 km2 over parts of Aligarh and Etah districts. Water samples were collected from shallow and deep aquifers and were analyzed for
major ions and trace elements. The analytical data were interpreted according to published guidelines. Chemical analysis shows
that the groundwater in the basin is alkali bicarbonate type. Trace element studies of water from the shallow aquifer show
that the concentration of toxic metals Fe, Mn, Cd, Pb, and Cr+6 are above permissible limits which may present a health hazard. The water from the deep aquifer is comparatively free from
contamination. The aquifers are subject to contamination due to sewage effluents and excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides
in agriculture.
Received: 7 December 1998 · Accepted: 2 March 1999 相似文献
13.
《Journal of South American Earth Sciences》1999,12(2):135-155
Chemical and isotopic data from 12 volcanic centers of the southern Central Volcanic Zone (CVZ) in Chile, whose ages of 20, 16, 11, 8, 5, 2 and <1 Ma bracket the peak of shortening and crustal thickening in the mid-Miocene, show systematic differences with age. The composition of andesites erupted before and after crustal thickening are similar in terms of most major and trace elements, but the post-Miocene andesites show enrichments in Th, U, Cs and Rb, as well as high 87Sr/86Sr and 206Pb/204Pb ratios coupled with low εNd values which indicate greater crustal contamination compared with the older equivalents. Comparison of contamination indicators with age shows that contamination was low from 20 Ma to 8 Ma, increased sharply between 8 and 5 Ma, and remained at a high level into the Quaternary. Constant ratios of fluid-mobile vs immobile elements (Cs/Th or Ba/Zr) in even the most contaminated rocks indicate that fluid interaction was negligible. The contaminated andesites display disequilibrium textures and contain phenocrysts with a mixed population of melt inclusions. We suggest that the main process of crustal contamination was mixing with crustal melts. This is supported by geophysical evidence for a zone of partial melting in the mid and lower crust under the magmatic arc and by the presence of late Miocene to Pliocene crustal-derived felsic ignimbrites in the CVZ. 相似文献
14.
Bed sediment-associated trace metals in an urban stream, Oahu, Hawaii 总被引：78，自引：0，他引：78
R. A. Sutherland 《Environmental Geology》2000,39(6):611-627
Of the 117 stream and lake systems sampled nationwide, fish from Manoa Stream on Oahu, Hawaii, have consistently shown the
highest Pb concentrations. Therefore a detailed study was conducted to examine total metal contents in bed sediments from
a 5.8-km stretch of Manoa Stream. A total of 123 samples (<63 μm) were examined for 18 elements and 14 samples for 21 elements.
Selected samples were also examined using different leach solutions to examine metal phase associations. All trace metal data,
computations of enrichment ratios and the modified index of geoaccumulation point to mineralogical control for Cr and Ni;
minor anthropogenic contamination for Ba, Cd, Cu, Hg and Zn; and a very strong contamination signal for Pb. Maximum Pb contents
(up to 1080 mg kg−1) were associated with anthropogenic material dumping in minor tributaries, storm sewer sediments and sediments in the “lower”
section of the basin. Proportionally Pb had the highest non-residual component of elements examined; dominantly in the reducible
phase associated with Mn and amorphous Fe oxyhydroxides. The contamination signal was typically lowest in the “undisturbed”
headwater reach of the basin (above 5.1 km) with significant increases throughout the “residential” and “commercial-institutional”
zones of the mid-basin. The spatial pattern of bed sediment contamination and evidence from storm sewer-outlet sediments strongly
indicates that Pb, and to a lesser degree some other metals, is still being transported to the stream and the primary agent
is soil erosion and transport of metals sorbed to sediments. The primary source of sediment-associated metals is considered
to be the automobile, though other minor sources can not be ruled out.
Received: 3 November 1998 · Accepted: 26 January 1999 相似文献
15.
Philip R. Kyle 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1980,73(1):89-104
Tholeiitic lava flows (Kirkpatrick Basalts) and dolerite sills and dikes (Ferrar Dolerites) of the Jurassic Ferrar Group from Antarctica and dolerite sills from Tasmania, Australia are characterised by initial strontium isotope ratios ranging from 0.7089 to 0.7153. The mean and standard deviation of 85 analyses is 0.7115±0.0012. Some of the scatter in the initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios can be attributed to sample inhomogeneity, analytical uncertainties and sample alteration. The published major element data show well-defined trends that are consistent with an evolution by fractional crystallization. Recognition of a parental magma is difficult due to the fractionated nature of the rocks. Trace element analyses, particularly the rare earth elements (REE) support a differentiation model. Compared to mid-ocean ridge basalts, Ferrar Group rocks are enriched in light REE. Kirkpatrick Basalts from the central Transantarctic Mountains show significant correlations between initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios and major elements only for SiO2 and CaO. The general lack of strong correlation is the basis for rejecting the possibility of wholesale contamination by sialic material as a possible cause of the high 87Sr/86Sr ratios. Selective contamination of the basaltic magmas is a possibility and cannot be completely discounted. It would probably involve a fluid phase in order to transport and mix the light REE, Rb, 87Sr, and other elements. By analogy with selective contamination of ocean ridge basalts by sea water it is difficult to envisage a similar process acting on magma emplaced in a non-marine environment. Because of the elevated values of the initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios, their similar average value over 2,500 km and the large volume of magma involved (4× 105 km3) a mantle origin for the high Sr ratios is preferred. Models to account for the enrichment of Rb and light REE in the Antarctic mantle during or prior to the Jurassic include:
- addition of continental material from a Palezoic Mesozoic subduction zone;
- metasomatism of volatile elements from the lower mantle; and
- evolution of a mantle with a high Rb/Sr ratio.
16.
《Journal of Geochemical Exploration》1997,59(1):11-26
Four overbank sediment profiles in the Inari area of northern Finnish Lapland were studied in detail by the collection of samples at one-centimetre intervals. The sample sites are situated along a line from northeast to southwest away from the industrial centre at Nikel in the Kola Peninsula. Total, aqua regia and ammonium acetate leachable concentrations were determined for more than 30 elements to study their vertical distribution, and to evaluate the results of the three analytical methods in environmental studies. Radioisotopes of 137Cs and 134Cs were measured on 34 samples to assess radioactive fallout. Radiometrie 14C-dating was determined in one profile to estimate the rate of sedimentation. Grain-size analysis was carried out for calculating the field weight to produce a minimum of 500 g of minus 125 μm material, required for analysis and storage, and to estimate the clay content, which affects leachable element concentrations, when partial or near-total analytical methods are used.It was found that the concentration of studied elements varies with depth. Airborne Ni and S contamination from the smelting plants in the Kola Peninsula was weakly detectable by ammonium acetate leachable contents.137Cs and 134 Cs isotope concentrations, originating from the nuclear weapon tests on the island of Novaya Zemlya and/or from the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident, were clearly detectable in the topmost layer of overbank sediments. 14C dating has given a time-lag of 5000 years for the deposition of an overbank sediment sequence of 120 cm thickness. Thus, a very slow deposition rate of overbank sediments in northern Finnish Lapland is indicated.It is concluded that grain-size analysis and radiometric dating are necessary for a full interpretation of the geochemistry of overbank sediment sequences, and the selection of leaching methods should be done according to the character of the assumed contamination. 相似文献
17.
对2006年春季南京地区一次“泥雨”形式的湿降尘特征进行了系统分析,并在此基础上对泥雨粉尘来源及泥雨降尘形成机制进行了探讨。结果表明： 1)本次泥雨降尘通量为3.77g/m2,在南京全境的降尘总量达到2.49×104t; 2)泥雨粉尘的质量磁化率值为174×10-8m3/kg,略高于黄土磁化率值; 3)泥雨粉尘中<16μm的细粒组分占绝对优势(含量为91.91％),平均粒径6.05μm,众数粒径7.68μm; 粒度参数及分布曲线显示泥雨粉尘具有比黄土和现代干降尘更好的分选性和更对称的峰态; 4)XRD和SEM分析表明,泥雨粉尘以絮状矿物颗粒为主,其中粘土矿物含量最高,占57.7％,其他矿物有石英(15.5％),钠长石(12.0％)和微量的白云石(1.0％); 5)泥雨粉尘的常量元素组成与黄土、现代干降尘以及上陆壳(UCC)大体相似,显示其主要为地壳源; 而微量元素中Zn,Co,Ni,Ba,Cr,V,Cu,Zr,Cd和Pb等重金属元素含量较黄土及UCC偏高,其中Zn,Cu,Cd和Pb等含量显著偏高,显示了地壳源之外的人为污染源的影响; 相比本地的下蜀黄土,南京泥雨粉尘样品的REE组成特征与北方黄土之间的相似程度更高,显示了更为密切的亲缘关系; 6)根据泥雨降尘的特征,结合天气活动过程,可以判定此次南京泥雨降尘并非本地扬尘所致,而主要来源于北方尘暴活动所产生的细粒粉尘; 寒潮冷锋的南侵提供了长距离输送动力,而长江下游海洋性暖湿气流对细粒粉尘的清除过程则最终导致了泥雨的形成; 南京春季泥雨降尘事件实质上是长江下游地区对西北内陆干旱区沙尘暴活动的一种区域响应。 相似文献
18.
C. Candeias E. Ferreira da Silva A. R. Salgueiro H. G. Pereira A. P. Reis C. Patinha J. X. Matos P. H. Ávila 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2011,62(7):1461-1479
Aljustrel mine is located in SW Portugal, in the western sector of the Iberian Pyrite Belt. The Aljustrel village was developed around the exploitations of massive polymetallic sulphides that occur in the area (4 orebodies mined, 2 in exploration phase). The pyrite ore was extensively exploited from 1850 to 1993, when production was discontinued. A mining restart occurred in 2008, only during a few months. The objectives of the study were to assess the levels of soil contamination, to determine associations between the different chemical elements and their spatial distribution, as well as to identify possible sources of contamination that can explain the spatial patterns of soil pollution in the area. Principal component analysis combined with spatial interpretation successfully grouped the elements according to their sources and provided evidence about their geogenic or anthropogenic origin. From this study, it is possible to conclude that soils around Algares/Feitais tailing deposits, Estéreis and Águas Claras mine dams and S. João mine show severe contamination. The highest concentrations of As (up to 3,936 mg kg?1) and certain heavy metals (up to 321.7 mg kg?1 for Bi, 5,414 mg kg?1 for Cu, 20,000 mg kg?1 for Pb, 980.6 mg kg?1 for Sb, and 22 mg kg?1 Cd) were obtained near Algares area while the highest concentration of Cd (up to 61.6 mg kg?1) and Zn (up to 20,000 mg kg?1) were registered in samples collected in the S. João area. The highest pollution load index (>4.0) was recorded at the Algares area where the metal concentrations exceed typical soil background levels by as much as two orders of magnitude. 相似文献
19.
Marthe-Lise SøvikThorjørn Larssen Rolf D. VogtGrethe Wibetoe Xinbin Feng 《Applied Geochemistry》2011,26(2):167-173
Levels of the chalcophile metals Hg, Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn and the metalloid As in soils from rice paddy fields were assessed in two regions impacted by different industrial activities in Guizhou province, China. The two study areas (Wanshan and Qingzhen) have previously received attention in the international literature due to heavy Hg pollution, though levels of other potentially harmful elements have not previously been reported. The regions were selected as representing two important, but categorically different metal(loid) contaminated areas in China: Wanshan has been a major region for Hg production while Qingzhen is an important region for a large range of various heavy industries based on coal as an energy source.Within a limited distance of the Hg mine tailings in Wanshan the rice paddy fields are heavily contaminated by Hg (median concentration 25 μg g−1, maximum 119 μg g−1) and moderately contaminated by Zn and Cd (median concentrations of 86 and 0.9 μg g−1, respectively). Zinc and Cd levels correlate well with Hg contamination, which indicates a similar source and mechanism of transport and accumulation. Other studies have concluded that the main sources of Hg contamination in Wanshan are the numerous Hg mine tailings. This is likely as these metals are all geochemically associated with the mineral cinnabar (HgS). The other chalcophile elements (Pb, Cu and As) are nevertheless found at background levels only. In Qingzhen the soils were found to contain elevated levels of As and Hg (median concentrations of 38 and 0.3 μg g−1, respectively). These are elements that are known to be more associated with coal and released during coal combustion. 相似文献
20.
Julio Cesar Wasserman Ana Maria G Figueiredo Fabio Pellegatti Emmanoel V Silva-Filho 《Journal of Geochemical Exploration》2001,72(2):1013
The geochemistry of Sepetiba Bay was studied in four sediment cores using a multi-element approach. Two cores were sampled in the more contaminated eastern part of the bay and two cores were sampled in the western region. The aim was to determine whether less common elements like the rare earths or the actinides are associated with contaminant metals like zinc in the Bay. Samples were analysed by instrumental neutron activation analysis that permits the quantification of total concentrations of metals (Ba, Co, Cr, Cs, Fe, Hf, Rb, Sc, Zn), rare earth elements (Ce, Eu, La, Lu, Sm and Yb), actinides (Th, U), non-metals and semi-metals (As, Br). Organic carbon and total sulphur were also analysed. The results show very strong zinc contamination in the top layers (more than 1000 μg g−1) and background concentrations in the bottom (15 μg g−1). Elements like chromium which would be expected to be released by the heavy industries of Sepetiba Bay, did not show a contamination profile, and concentrations remained close to those of natural environments. No evidence of any association between the zinc and other potential contaminant elements could be identified in this work. 相似文献