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1.
It is demonstrated that the long term variation in cosmic ray intensity I(t) can be described by an integral equation,
I(t)=I∞?∫0∞f(τ)S(t?τ) dτ
, which is derived from a generalization of Simpson's coasting solar wind model. A source function S(t?τ) is given by some appropriate solar activity index at a time t?τ(τ ? 0) and the characteristic functionf(τ)(?0 forτ ? 0) expresses the time dependence of the efficiency of the intensity depression due to solar disturbances represented by S(t ?τ) when the disturbances generated at the solar surface propagate through the modulating region with the solar wind. It is demonstrated further that the equation can be derived from the general diffusion-convection theory on some assumptions, and as a result, the source and characteristic functions can be related to diffusion coefficient and its transition in space. Assuming the sunspot number R (or two activity indices including R) as the source function, the characteristic function f(τ) [or f(τ)'s] is obtained with data of the cosmic ray intensity extended over several decades. Based on the theory, one can obtain from f(τ) the following physical quantities in space, such as the transition and life time of solar disturbances, the boundary of the modulating region, and the radial and time dependences of the diffusion coefficient, radial density gradient and modulated intensity of cosmic rays. Results deduced from the present analysis are consistent with those obtained directly or indirectly by space observations.  相似文献   

2.
Based on data from the SONG and SPR-N multichannel hard electromagnetic radiation detectors onboard the CORONAS-F space observatory and the X-ray monitors onboard GOES satellites, we have distinguished the thermal and nonthermal components in the X-ray spectrum of an extreme solar flare on January 20, 2005. In the impulsive flare phase determined from the time of the most efficient electron and proton acceleration, we have obtained parameters of the spectra for both components and their variations in the time interval 06:43–06:54 UT. The spectral index in the energy range 0.2–2 MeV for a single-power-law spectrum of accelerated electrons is shown to have been close to 3.4 for most of the time interval under consideration. We have determined the time dependence of the lower energy cutoff in the energy spectrum of nonthermal photons E γ0(t) at which the spectral flux densities of the thermal and nonthermal components become equal. The power deposited by accelerated electrons into the flare volume has been estimated using the thick-target model under two assumptions about the boundary energy E 0 of the electron spectrum: (i) E 0 is determined by E γ0(t) and (ii) E 0 is determined by the characteristic heated plasma energy (≈5kT (t)). The reality of the first assumption is proven by the fact that plasma cooling sets in at a time when the radiative losses begin to prevail over the power deposited by electrons only in this case. Comparison of the total energy deposited by electrons with a boundary energy E γ0(t) with the thermal energy of the emitting plasma in the time interval under consideration has shown that the total energy deposited by accelerated electrons at the beginning of the impulsive flare phase before 06:47 UT exceeds the thermal plasma energy by a factor of 1.5–2; subsequently, these energies become approximately equal and are ～(4–5) × 1030 erg under the assumption that the filling factor is 0.5–0.6.  相似文献   

3.
The correlation between the proton flux intensity I p with the energies E p > 1?100 MeV and radio burst parameters for 107 solar energetic events is considered using the observation data for 1989?C2005 obtained with GOES and Wind satellites, as well as the Radio Solar Telescope Network (RSTN). It has been revealed that 73 and 77% of the events were accompanied by type-II radio bursts in the meter (m II, 25?C299 MHz) and the decameter-hectometer (DH II, 20 kHz?C14 MHz) wavelength ranges, respectively. The correlation coefficient between I p and the frequency drift velocity of the type-II bursts V II did not exceed 0.40. As V II increased, the intensity of I p increased for the m-II bursts and decreased for the DH-II bursts. Coronal shock waves accelerate protons more efficiently than interplanetary waves, and their contribution to acceleration increases with an increase in the particle energy E p . The acceleration of solar energetic particles in the region of the flare energy release is predominant.  相似文献   

4.
Based on the reconnection theory of a flare and on recent observational and statistical findings, the problem of the initial acceleration of solar cosmic rays (SCR) is discussed. Simple estimates of the electric fields required to start the electron acceleration are obtained and the problem of proton ionization losses for overcoming the Coulomb barrier is considered. We take into account also the possible differences between proton and electron spectra from the very beginning of the acceleration process. Special attention is paid to the distribution functions of solar flare events in various parameters (peak fluxes and/or energy fluences in X-ray and radio wave bursts, in proton and electron emissions, etc.). It is shown that the distribution functions allow the interpretation of some scale and time flare parameters in terms of expected threshold effects. However, these functions are still insufficient to evaluate the relative share of different emissions in the global energy budget of a flare. In this context, a more promising approach is to derive the direct ratio between the number of accelerated protons,N p, and total flare energy,W f, within the frame of a certain acceleration model. It is argued that an absolute threshold for proton production (in Hudson's formulation) does not exist. Meanwhile, the flux and threshold energy of accelerated protons overcoming the Coulomb loss maximum, in fact, may depend heavily on the global output of flare energy.  相似文献   

5.
Quasi-periodic variations in the thermodynamic and hydrodynamic fine-structure properties of the granulation field along the photospheric surface are estimated quantitatively. The darkest vast intergranular lanes, called the intergranular knots, are the most important indicator of their physical properties. The formulated new definitions of “granule” and “intergranular lane” require a revision of the previous results. The definition of mesogranulation is given, and the method of its detection in the granulation field is described. The following important quantitative results, which established the extent and nature of the physical relationship between the granulation and mesogranulation fields, have been obtained for the first time: (1) the intensity amplitude of granules in mesogranules (ΔI(gr)/I 0)msgr = +10.3% is a factor of 1.4 larger than that of granules in intermesogranular regions [(ΔI(gr)/I 0)imsgr = +7.3%], whereas the intensity amplitude of intergranular lanes in mesogranules [(ΔI(igr)/I 0)msgr = ?6.0%] is a factor of 1.4 smaller than that of intergranular lanes in intermesogranular regions [(ΔI(igr)/I 0)imsgr = ?8.4%]; (2) the mean intensities of photospheric granules and intergranular lanes are (ΔI(gr)/I 0)phot = +9.2% and (ΔI(igr)/I 0)phot = ?7.5%, respectively; (3) granules cover 59% of the area of mesogranules, 45% of the area of the photosphere, and 31 % of the area of intermesogranular regions, while intergranular lanes cover 41, 55, and 69% of these areas, respectively; (4) intergranular knots and bright granules virtually never formed and do not exist in mesogranules and intermesogranular regions, respectively; (5) the amplitudes of intensity fluctuations in mesogranules and intermesogranular regions, as well as the areas occupied by them (49.4 and 50.6%, respectively), essentially level off, ΔI(msgr)/I 0 = +3.6% and ΔI(imsgr)/I 0 = ?3.5%, respectively.  相似文献   

6.
It is shown that by monitoring time variations of the solar wind-magnetosphere energy coupling function ?(t) upstream of the solar wind, one should be able to predict fairly accurately the growth and decay of individual magnetospheric substorms and storms.  相似文献   

7.
We extend the microscopic approach developed for proton energy deposition in N2 to the general case of proton bombardment of a polar atmosphere composed of N2, O2 and O. We calculate the volume emission rates of various N2+, O2, O2+ and OI emissions that would be encountered in a typical PCA event. Our results demonstrate that the ratios of I(5577)I(3914) and I(6300)I(3914) are strongly depe spectra considered.  相似文献   

8.
Observations of interplanetary relativistic electrons from several solar-flare events monitored through 1964 to mid-1967 are presented. These are the first direct spectral measurements and time histories, made outside the magnetosphere, of solar-flare electrons having relativistic velocities. The 3- to 12-MeV electrons detected have kinetic energies about two orders of magnitude higher than those solar electrons previously studied in space, and measurements of both the time histories and energy spectra for a number of events in the present solar cycle were carried out. These measurements of interplanetary electrons are also directly compared with solar X-ray data and with measurements of related interplanetary solar protons.The time histories of at least four electron events show fits to the typical diffusion picture. A demonstrated similarity between the electron and the medium-energy proton fits for the event of 7 July, in particular, indicates that at these electron energies, but over several orders of magnitude of rigidity, whatever diffusion does take place is very nearly on a velocity, rather than a rigidity or an energy, basis. Diffusion-fit time histories varied as a function of T 0 also indicate that the electrons in certain flare events originate at times near the X-ray and microwave burst, establishing their likely identity as the same electrons which cause the impulsive radiations. Also, the energy spectra and total numbers of the interplanetary electrons, compared with those of the flare-site electrons calculated from X-ray and microwave measurements, indicate that probably a small fraction of flare electrons escape into interplanetary space.  相似文献   

9.
By studying the data from the worldwide neutron monitor network the spectra of most of the solar proton events in cycles 19–20 have been determined. These spectra are best represented by a power law with an upper cutoff R m . This holds over a wide range in energy or rigidity. For the events examined R m had values between 3 GV and 20 GV. It is shown that there is no correlation between R m and the amplitude of the events.The equation describing continuous particle acceleration in a confining medium is solved in the non-stationary case. This solution shows the existence of a cutoff in the spectrum, and is compared with the experimental results in connection with the problem of particle acceleration time.Instituto de Astronomia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico.  相似文献   

10.
The contributions of any arbitrary photospheric velocity field to (macroturbulent) line displacement, and to (microturbulent) line broadening can be expressed by the macro- and micro-turbulent filters f M (k) and f t(k), where k is the wavenumber of the energy spectrum in which the line-of-sight component of the velocity field can be decomposed. As a correction to a previous computation of f M and f t we give in this Note improved values for the filter functions for weak lines in LTE. An example of the way to use the filter functions is given.  相似文献   

11.
A statistical analysis of the contemporary (1954-1975) solar flare particle events has been made for the parametersF (integrated, proton fluence in cm-2 in an event with kinetic energy above 10 MeV) andR 0 (the characteristic rigidity). These data are compared with the long-term averaged values determined from stable- and radio-nuclide measurements of lunar samples. The analysis shows that the ancient solar flare proton spectrum was harder (higher R0 values) compared to that observed in contemporary flares. A similar analysis can not be made for the mean long-term averaged flux (ˉJ, cm-2 S-1), since the contemporary averages suffer from an uncertainty due to the statistics of a single event. However, the average flux estimates for time durations 〈T〉 exceeding 103 yr, are free from such uncertainties. The long-term averaged ˉJ values obtained over different time scales (104 - 106 yr) suggest a possible periodic variation in solar flare activity, with enhanced flux level during the last 105 yr. The available data rule out the occurrence of giant flares, with proton fluence exceeding 1015 cm-2 during the last million years.  相似文献   

12.
Motivated by the possibility that the fundamental “constants” of nature could vary with time, this paper considers the long term evolution of white dwarf stars under the combined action of proton decay and variations in the gravitational constant. White dwarfs are thus used as a theoretical laboratory to study the effects of possible time variations, especially their implications for the future history of the universe. More specifically, we consider the gravitational constant G to vary according to the parametric relation G=G 0(1+t/t ? )?p , where the time scale t ? is the same order as the proton lifetime t P . We then study the long term fate and evolution of white dwarf stars. This treatment begins when proton decay dominates the stellar luminosity, and ends when the star becomes optically thin to its internal radiation.  相似文献   

13.
A study has been made of the relation of 19 GHz( = 1.58 cm) solar radio bursts to solar proton emission, with particular reference to the usefulness of relatively long duration bursts with intensities exceeding 50% of the quiet Sun flux (or exceeding 350 × 10–22 W m–2 Hz–1) as indicators of the occurrence of proton events during the four years from 1966–69. 76 to 88% of such bursts are directly associated with solar protons and 60 to 85% of the moderate to large proton events in the four year period could have been predicted from these bursts. The complete microwave spectra of the proton events have also been studied, and have been used to extend the results obtained at 19 GHz to other frequencies, particularly in the 5–20 GHz band. The widely used frequency of 2.8 GHz is not the optimum frequency for this purpose since proton events have a minimum of emission in this region. Most of the radio energy of proton events is at frequencies above 10 GHz. The radio spectra of proton events tend to peak at higher frequencies than most non-proton events, the overall range being 5 to 70 GHz, with a median of 10–12 GHz and a mean of 17 GHz.On leave from the Radio and Space Research Station, Slough, England, as 1969–1970 National Research Council-National Academy of Sciences Senior Post-Doctoral Research Associate at AFCRL.  相似文献   

14.
The differential flux and energy spectra of solar cosmic ray heavy ions of He, C, O, Ne, Mg, Si, and Fe were determined in the energy interval E = 3–30 MeV amu-1 for two large solar events of January 24, 1971 and September 1, 1971 in rocket flights made from Ft. Churchill. From these data the relative abundances and the abundance enhancement factors, ξ, relative to photospheric abundances were obtained for these elements. Similar results were obtained for a third event on August 4, 1972 from the available published data. Characteristic features of ξ vs nuclear charge dependences were deduced for five energy intervals. The energy dependence of ξ for He shows a moderate change by a factor of about 3, whereas for Fe, ξ shows a very dramatic decrease by a factor of 10–20 with increasing energy. It is inferred that these abundance enhancements of solar cosmic ray heavy ions at low energies seem to be related to their ionization states (Z *) and hence studies of Z * can give information on the important parameters such as temperature and density in the accelerating region in the Sun.  相似文献   

15.
Cosmic noise absorption pulsation events observed with fast response riometers at Macquarie Island in the southern auroral zone have almost always been accompanied by Pi 1 micropulsations. A cross-spectral analysis of fast response riometer data and vertical component induction magnetometer data for one such event showed that, after the low frequency components are removed, the absorption A(t) is better correlated with the absolute value of the field Z(t) than with the recorded quantity dZdt. The peaks in Z(t) lag those in A(t) by one second while A(t) lags dZdt by abou second. Furthermore, many of the pulsations in Z(t) show a similar time asymmetry to that commonly observed in c.n.a. pulsations, viz. a more rapid onset time than decay time.These results are taken as evidence that the Pi 1 micropulsations observed from the ground during the recovery phase of an auroral substorm are brought about by fluctuations in the ionospheric currents which give rise to the magnetic bay, these fluctuations being due to conductivity changes resulting from particle precipitation. The lag between A(t) and Z > (t) is attributed to the self-inductance of the electrojet.  相似文献   

16.
In this paper, we are primarily concerned with the solar neutron emission during the 1990 May 24 flare, utilizing the counting rate of the Climax neutron monitor and the time profiles of hard X-rays and γ-rays obtained with the GRANAT satellite (Pelaezet al., 1992; Talonet al., 1993; Terekhovet al., 1993). We compare the derived neutron injection function with macroscopic parameters of the flare region as obtained from theHα and microwave observations made at the Big Bear Solar Observatory and the Owens Valley Radio Observatory, respectively. Our results are summarized as follows: (1) to explain the neutron monitor counting rate and 57.5–110 MeV and 2.2 MeV γ-ray time profiles, we consider a two-component neutron injection function,Q(E, t), with the form $$Q(E,t) = N_f {\text{ exp[}} - E/E_f - t/T_f ] + N_s {\text{ exp[}} - E/E_s - t/T_s ],$$ whereN f(s),E f(s), andT f(s) denote number, energy, and decay time of the fast (slow) injection component, respectively. By comparing the calculated neutron counting rate with the observations from the Climax neutron monitor we derive the best-fit parameters asT f ≈ 20 s,E f ≈ 310 MeV,T s ≈ 260 s,E s ≈ 80 MeV, andN f (E > 100 MeV)/N s (E > 100 MeV) ≈ 0.2. (2) From the Hα observations, we find a relatively small loop of length ≈ 2 × 104 km, which may be regarded as the source for the fast-decaying component of γ-rays (57.5–110 MeV) and for the fast component of neutron emission. From microwave visibility and the microwave total power spectrum we postulate the presence of a rather big loop (≈ 2 × 105 km), which we regard as being responsible for the slow-decaying component of the high-energy emission. We show how the neutron and γ-ray emission data can be explained in terms of the macroscopic parameters derived from the Hα and microwave observations. (3) The Hα observations also reveal the presence of a fast mode MHD shock (the Moreton wave) which precedes the microwave peak by 20–30 s and the peak of γ-ray intensity by 40–50 s. From this relative timing and the single-pulsed time profiles of both radiations, we can attribute the whole event as due to a prompt acceleration of both electrons and protons by the shock and subsequent deceleration of the trapped particles while they propagate inside the magnetic loops.  相似文献   

17.
A summary of major solar proton events   总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9  
Solar proton events have been routinely detected by satellites since the 20th solar cycle; however, before that time only very major proton events were detected at the Earth. Even though the detection thresholds differed between the 19th and more recent cycles, more than 200 solar proton events with a flux of over 10 particles (cm2 s ster)–1 above 10 MeV have been recorded at the Earth in the last three solar cycles. At least 15% of these events had protons with energies greater than 450 MeV detected at the Earth. Other than an increase in solar proton event occurrence with increasing solar cycle, no recognizable pattern could be identified between the occurrence of solar proton events and the solar cycle. The knowledge we have gained from the data acquired over the past 40 years illustrates the difficulty in extrapolating back in time to infer the number and intensity of major solar proton events at the Earth.The U.S. Government retains a nonexclusive, royalty-free license to publish or reproduce the published form of this contribution, or allow others to do so, for U.S. Government purposes.  相似文献   

18.
Using data from ground-based observations of cosmic rays (CRs) on the worldwide network of stations and spacecraft, we have investigated the proton spectra and the CR anisotropy during the ground level enhancements of CRs on May 17, 2012 (GLE71) and January 6, 2014 (GLE72) occurred in solar cycle 24 by the spectrographic global survey method. We provide the CR rigidity spectra and the relative changes in the intensity of CRs with a rigidity of 2 GV in the solar–ecliptic geocentric coordinate system in specific periods of these events. We show that the proton acceleration during GLE71 and GLE72 occurred up to rigidities R ~ 2.3?2.5 GV, while the differential rigidity spectra of solar CRs are described neither by a power nor by an exponential function of particle rigidity. At the times of the events considered the Earth was in a loop-like structure of the interplanetary magnetic field.  相似文献   

19.
Concurrent interplanetary magnetic field and 0.7–7.6 MeV proton cosmic-ray anisotropy data obtained from instrumentation on Explorers 34 and 41 are examined for five cosmic-ray events in which we observe a persistent eastern-anisotropy phase late in the event (t ? 4 days). The direction of the anisotropy at such times shows remarkable invariance with respect to the direction of the magnetic field (which generally varies throughout the event) and it is also independent of particle species (electrons and protons) and particle speed over the range 0.06 ? β ? 0.56. The anisotropy is from the direction 38.3° ± 2.4° E of the solar radius vector, and is inferred to be orthogonal to the long term, mean interplanetary field direction. Both the amplitude of the anisotropy and the decay time constant show a strong dependence on the magnetic field azimuth. Detailed comparison of the anisotropy and the magnetic field data shows that the simple model of convection plus diffusion parallel to the magnetic field is applicable for this phase of the flare effect. It is demonstrated that contemporary theories do not predict the invariance of the direction as observed, even when the magnetic field is steady; these theories need extension to take into account the magnetic field direction ψ varying from its mean direction ψ o. It is shown that the late phase anisotropy vector is not expected to be everywhere perpendicular to the mean magnetic field. The suggestion that we are observing kinks in the magnetic field moving radially outwards from the Sun leads to the conclusion that the parallel diffusion coefficient varies as 1/cos2 (ψ ? ψ o). Density gradients in the late decay phase are estimated to be ≈ 700%∣AU for 0.7–7.6 MeV protons. A simple theory reproduces the dependence of the decay time constant on anisotropy; it also leads to a radial density gradient of about 1000%∣AU and diffusion coefficient of 1.3 × 1020 cm2 s?1.  相似文献   

20.
A survey of the main characteristics of solar microwave bursts in relation to their usefulness for indicating the intensity of associated solar proton emissions suggests that time parameters give much better results than intensity or spectrum parameters. In particular, best results are obtained by using the effective, or mean, burst duration defined by $$T_M = 1/P_{max} \int_0^T {P(t)dt} $$ where T is the overall burst duration, P is the power density at time T, and P max is the maximum power density. For proton energies > 10 MeV the proton flux N p is given approximately by N p = 0.034 T M 3 particles ster?1 cm?2 s?1, where T m is in minutes, with a correlation factor of 0.8. Corresponding coefficients have been derived for a number of energy ranges. Using this parameter solar proton warnings and intensity estimates can be made with observations at only one frequency, preferably in the range 5–20 GHz.  相似文献   

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