共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
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为更好地适应复杂构造的地震偏移成像,本文提出了一套快速射线追踪算法和一种高精度的走时外插计算方法.采用线性多步法的预测-校正公式求解射线追踪方程组,与传统的四阶Runge-Kutta法相比,提高了计算效率.在网格节点上的走时计算中,应用一种基于圆台的外插方法,该方法以射线的方向为轴确定圆台,将轴上的走时外插到圆台内的网格节点上.与传统的矩形体外插方法相比,圆台走时外插方法提高了计算精度,且具有更好的稳定性.另外,该方法利用稀疏分布的射线即可获得高精度的走时表,节省计算量,对复杂构造的偏移成像非常有利,尤其是三维偏移.最后通过逆散射偏移成像算例,验证了算法的有效性和适用性. 相似文献
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We present a new method of three-dimensional (3-D) seismic ray tracing, based on an improvement to the linear traveltime interpolation (LTI) ray tracing algorithm. This new technique involves two separate steps. The first involves a forward calculation based on the LTI method and the dynamic successive partitioning scheme, which is applied to calculate traveltimes on cell boundaries and assumes a wavefront that expands from the source to all grid nodes in the computational domain. We locate several dynamic successive partition points on a cell's surface, the traveltimes of which can be calculated by linear interpolation between the vertices of the cell's boundary. The second is a backward step that uses Fermat's principle and the fact that the ray path is always perpendicular to the wavefront and follows the negative traveltime gradient. In this process, the first-arriving ray path can be traced from the receiver to the source along the negative traveltime gradient, which can be calculated by reconstructing the continuous traveltime field with cubic B-spline interpolation. This new 3-D ray tracing method is compared with the LTI method and the shortest path method (SPM) through a number of numerical experiments. These comparisons show obvious improvements to computed traveltimes and ray paths, both in precision and computational efficiency. 相似文献
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Emil Blias 《Geophysical Prospecting》2013,61(3):574-581
I introduce a new explicit form of vertical seismic profile (VSP) traveltime approximation for a 2D model with non‐horizontal boundaries and anisotropic layers. The goal of the new approximation is to dramatically decrease the cost of time calculations by reducing the number of calculated rays in a complex multi‐layered anisotropic model for VSP walkaway data with many sources. This traveltime approximation extends the generalized moveout approximation proposed by Fomel and Stovas. The new equation is designed for borehole seismic geometry where the receivers are placed in a well while the sources are on the surface. For this, the time‐offset function is presented as a sum of odd and even functions. Coefficients in this approximation are determined by calculating the traveltime and its first‐ and second‐order derivatives at five specific rays. Once these coefficients are determined, the traveltimes at other rays are calculated by this approximation. Testing this new approximation on a 2D anisotropic model with dipping boundaries shows its very high accuracy for offsets three times the reflector depths. The new approximation can be used for 2D anisotropic models with tilted symmetry axes for practical VSP geometry calculations. The new explicit approximation eliminates the need of massive ray tracing in a complicated velocity model for multi‐source VSP surveys. This method is designed not for NMO correction but for replacing conventional ray tracing for time calculations. 相似文献
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A simple and accurate traveltime approximation is important in many applications in seismic data processing, inversion and modelling stages. Generalized moveout approximation is an explicit equation that approximates reflection traveltimes in general two-dimensional models. Definition of its five parameters can be done from properties of finite offset rays, for general models, or by explicit calculation from model properties, for specific models. Two versions of classical finite-offset parameterization for this approximation use traveltime and traveltime derivatives of two rays to define five parameters, which makes them asymmetrical. Using a third ray, we propose a balance between the number of rays and the order of traveltime derivatives. Our tests using different models also show the higher accuracy of the proposed method. For acoustic transversely isotropic media with a vertical symmetry axis, we calculate a new moveout approximation in the generalized moveout approximation functional form, which is explicitly defined by three independent parameters of zero-offset two-way time, normal moveout velocity and anellipticity parameter. Our test shows that the maximum error of the proposed transversely isotropic moveout approximation is about 1/6 to 1/8 of that of the moveout approximation that had been reported as the most accurate approximation in these media. The higher accuracy is the result of a novel parameterization that do not add any computational complexity. We show a simple example of its application on synthetic seismic data. 相似文献
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V.B. Piip 《Geophysical Prospecting》2001,49(4):461-482
A method using simple inversion of refraction traveltimes for the determination of 2D velocity and interface structure is presented. The method is applicable to data obtained from engineering seismics and from deep seismic investigations. The advantage of simple inversion, as opposed to ray‐tracing methods, is that it enables direct calculation of a 2D velocity distribution, including information about interfaces, thus eliminating the calculation of seismic rays at every step of the iteration process. The inversion method is based on a local approximation of the real velocity cross‐section by homogeneous functions of two coordinates. Homogeneous functions are very useful for the approximation of real geological media. Homogeneous velocity functions can include straight‐line seismic boundaries. The contour lines of homogeneous functions are arbitrary curves that are similar to one another. The traveltime curves recorded at the surface of media with homogeneous velocity functions are also similar to one another. This is true for both refraction and reflection traveltime curves. For two reverse traveltime curves, non‐linear transformations exist which continuously convert the direct traveltime curve to the reverse one and vice versa. This fact has enabled us to develop an automatic procedure for the identification of waves refracted at different seismic boundaries using reverse traveltime curves. Homogeneous functions of two coordinates can describe media where the velocity depends significantly on two coordinates. However, the rays and the traveltime fields corresponding to these velocity functions can be transformed to those for media where the velocity depends on one coordinate. The 2D inverse kinematic problem, i.e. the computation of an approximate homogeneous velocity function using the data from two reverse traveltime curves of the refracted first arrival, is thus resolved. Since the solution algorithm is stable, in the case of complex shooting geometry, the common‐velocity cross‐section can be constructed by applying a local approximation. This method enables the reconstruction of practically any arbitrary velocity function of two coordinates. The computer program, known as godograf , which is based on this theory, is a universal program for the interpretation of any system of refraction traveltime curves for any refraction method for both shallow and deep seismic studies of crust and mantle. Examples using synthetic data demonstrate the accuracy of the algorithm and its sensitivity to realistic noise levels. Inversions of the refraction traveltimes from the Salair ore deposit, the Moscow region and the Kamchatka volcano seismic profiles illustrate the methodology, practical considerations and capability of seismic imaging with the inversion method. 相似文献
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Traveltime computation by wavefront-orientated ray tracing 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
For multivalued traveltime computation on dense grids, we propose a wavefront‐orientated ray‐tracing (WRT) technique. At the source, we start with a few rays which are propagated stepwise through a smooth two‐dimensional (2D) velocity model. The ray field is examined at wavefronts and a new ray might be inserted between two adjacent rays if one of the following criteria is satisfied: (1) the distance between the two rays is larger than a predefined threshold; (2) the difference in wavefront curvature between the rays is larger than a predefined threshold; (3) the adjacent rays intersect. The last two criteria may lead to oversampling by rays in caustic regions. To avoid this oversampling, we do not insert a ray if the distance between adjacent rays is smaller than a predefined threshold. We insert the new ray by tracing it from the source. This approach leads to an improved accuracy compared with the insertion of a new ray by interpolation, which is the method usually applied in wavefront construction. The traveltimes computed along the rays are used for the estimation of traveltimes on a rectangular grid. This estimation is carried out within a region bounded by adjacent wavefronts and rays. As for the insertion criterion, we consider the wavefront curvature and extrapolate the traveltimes, up to the second order, from the intersection points between rays and wavefronts to a gridpoint. The extrapolated values are weighted with respect to the distances to wavefronts and rays. Because dynamic ray tracing is not applied, we approximate the wavefront curvature at a given point using the slowness vector at this point and an adjacent point on the same wavefront. The efficiency of the WRT technique is strongly dependent on the input parameters which control the wavefront and ray densities. On the basis of traveltimes computed in a smoothed Marmousi model, we analyse these dependences and suggest some rules for a correct choice of input parameters. With suitable input parameters, the WRT technique allows an accurate traveltime computation using a small number of rays and wavefronts. 相似文献
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Slowness domain offset and traveltime approximations in layered vertical transversely isotropic media 
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下载免费PDF全文 Considering horizontally layered transversely isotropic media with vertical symmetry axis and all types of pure‐mode and converted waves we present a new wide‐angle series approximation for the kinematical characteristics of reflected waves: horizontal offset, intercept time, and total reflection traveltime as functions of horizontal slowness. The method is based on combining (gluing) both zero‐offset and (large) finite‐offset series coefficients. The horizontal slowness is bounded by the critical value, characterised by nearly horizontal propagation within the layer with the highest horizontal velocity. The suggested approximation uses five parameters to approximate the offset, six parameters to approximate the intercept time or the traveltime, and seven parameters to approximate any two or all three kinematical characteristics. Overall, the method is very accurate for pure‐mode compressional waves and shear waves polarised in the horizontal plane and for converted waves. The application of the method to pure‐mode shear waves polarised in the vertical plane is limited due to cusps and triplications. To demonstrate the high accuracy of the method, we consider a synthetic, multi‐layer model, and we plot the normalised errors with respect to numerical ray tracing. 相似文献
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地震走时层析成像方法是解决复杂近地表模型速度建模问题的重要技术.该方法是一种迭代反演方法,在反演过程中需要反复计算地震射线走时.故而,高效高精度且能适应复杂模型的走时计算方法是地震走时层析成像实用化的关键技术之一.本文引入医学成像领域研究的MSFM(Multi-stencils Fast Marching Methods)用于地震层析反演中的走时计算.该方法在标准FMM(Fast Marching Methods)基础上利用坐标旋转生成新的FMM计算模板,使计算网格点对角方向邻点参与计算,改善了标准FMM存在对角方向误差大的缺陷.本文分析对比了MSFM和标准FMM的计算精度和计算效率;针对地震层析成像技术解决的起伏地表模型建模问题,研究了起伏地表模型地震走时计算的MSFM实现方法;采用炮点邻近区域局部细分网格技术只需增加很少的计算量即可大幅提高计算精度.理论分析和模型试算表明MSFM算法明显改善了FMM的计算精度,同时保持了FMM算法的高效性.文章通过对崎岖地表模型的正演和层析反演试算,验证了基于MSFM的地震走时计算方法对复杂模型有很强的适应能力.研究表明该方法作为地震走时层析反演中高效高精度的正演算法,有很好的应用价值. 相似文献
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地震射线追踪方法技术在地震学领域有着较为广泛的应用,然而大多数算法建立在直角坐标系或球坐标系下,实际地球并非完美的球体,而是两极略扁的椭球体,因此,球坐标系下计算结果与真实情况存在一定误差.传统的做法一般是在球坐标系下进行计算,而后进行椭球校正.本文提出了一种直接在椭球体模型中采用分区多步最短路径算法进行多震相地震射线追踪的方法技术,实现了椭球坐标系下多震相地震波射线路径追踪和走时计算.与解析解的对比表明:该算法具有较高的计算精度,适用于任意形状的椭球体,且不需要进行额外的走时校正.数值模拟结果表明,计算所得P波和PcP反射波的走时与AK135走时表的误差小于0.1 s.当震中距较大时,使用球对称模型和椭球体模型计算所得的走时差异显著,说明采用椭球坐标系的必要性. 相似文献
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Seismic amplitude variations with offset contain information about the elastic parameters. Prestack amplitude analysis seeks to extract this information by using the variations of the reflection coefficients as functions of angle of incidence. Normally, an approximate formula is used for the reflection coefficients, and variations with offset of the geometrical spreading and the anelastic attenuation are often ignored. Using angle of incidence as the dependent variable is also computationally inefficient since the data are recorded as a function of offset. Improved approximations have been derived for the elastic reflection and transmission coefficients, the geometrical spreading and the complex travel-time (including anelastic attenuation). For a 1 D medium, these approximations are combined to produce seismic reflection amplitudes (P-wave, S-wave or converted wave) as a Taylor series in the offset coordinate. The coefficients of the Taylor series are computed directly from the parameters of the medium, without using the ray parameter. For primary reflected P-waves, dynamic ray tracing has been used to compute the offset variations of the transmission coefficients, the reflection coefficient, the geometrical spreading and the anelastic attenuation. The offset variation of the transmission factor is small, while the variations in the geometrical spreading, absorption and reflection coefficient are all significant. The new approximations have been used for seismic modelling without ray tracing. The amplitude was approximated by a fourth-order polynomial in offset, the traveltime by the normal square-root approximation and the absorption factor by a similar expression. This approximate modelling was compared to dynamic ray tracing, and the results are the same for zero offset and very close for offsets less than the reflector depth. 相似文献
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全球造山带及中国大陆中西部普遍具有强烈起伏的地形条件.复杂地形条件下的地壳结构成像问题像一面旗帜引领了当前矿产资源勘探和地球动力学研究的一个重要方向.深地震测深记录中反射波的有效探测深度可达全地壳乃至上地幔顶部,而初至波通常仅能探测上地壳浅部.为克服和弥补初至波探测深度的不足,本文基于前人对复杂地形条件下初至波成像的已有研究成果,采用数学变换手段将笛卡尔坐标系的不规则模型映射到曲线坐标系的规则模型,并将快速扫描方法与分区多步技术相结合,发展了反射波走时计算和射线追踪的方法.进而利用反射波走时反演,实现起伏地形下高精度的速度结构成像,从而为起伏地形下利用反射波数据高精度重建全地壳速度结构提供了一种全新方案.数值算例从正演计算精度、反演中初始模型依赖性、反演精度、纵横向分辨率以及抗噪性等方面验证了算法的正确性和可靠性. 相似文献
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Amplitude versus offset information is a key feature to seismic reservoir characterization. Therefore amplitude preserving migration was developed to obtain this information from seismic reflection data. For complex 3-D media, however, this process is computationally expensive. In this paper we present an efficient traveltime based strategy for amplitude preserving migration of the Kirchhoff type. Its foundations are the generation of traveltime tables using a wavefront-oriented ray-tracing technique, and a generalized moveout relation for 3-D heterogeneous media. All required quantities for the amplitude preserving migration are computed from coarsely gridded traveltime tables. The migration includes the interpolation from the coarsely gridded input traveltimes onto the fine migration grid, the computation of amplitude preserving weight functions, and, optionally, the evaluation of an optimized migration aperture. Since ray tracing is employed for the traveltime computation the input velocity model needs to be smooth, i.e. velocity variations of spatial dimensions below the wavelength of the considered reflection signals are removed. Numerical examples on simple generic models validate the technique and an application to the Marmousi model demonstrates its potential to complex media. The major advantage of the traveltime based strategy consists of its computational efficiency by maintaining sufficient accuracy. Considerable savings in storage space (105 and more for 3-D data with respect to no interpolation at all) can be achieved. The computational time for the stack can be substantially reduced (up to 90% in 3-D) with the optimized migration aperture since only those traces are stacked which really contribute to the image point under consideration. 相似文献
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随机介质表征的地球介质自组织性,体现了地球内部复杂介质的统计性特征,对理解地球内部构造和动力学演化有重要的意义.波前愈合效应是自组织介质散射效应的体现,会导致高频近似射线理论的计算走时和真实波场到时有一定的差异.为了研究射线理论在自组织介质中的适应性范围,本文选取高斯型和指数型自相关函数来描述自组织介质,采用非均匀化多尺度方法进行大尺度地球模型的波场模拟.利用互相关方法求取背景速度场与附加自组织介质速度场之间的波场走时差,并与由射线理论得到的走时差进行比较.结果表明,非均匀化多尺度方法在节省计算时间的同时,又可保持计算精度.介质相关长度越小、波长越长且传播距离越远时,波前愈合效应越强.当相关长度a、波长λ以及传播距离L之间满足a/(λL)1/2≤0.5时,波前愈合效应显著,且随着比值减小两者差异增大,波前愈合效应在增加,在该范围内射线理论计算走时的误差较大. 相似文献
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TTI介质是石油地震勘探领域最常用的各向异性介质,快速计算TTI介质射线路径和走时信息有重要的研究意义.TTI介质传统运动学射线追踪方法一般基于任意弹性介质射线方程,利用Bond变换或者四阶张量变换来处理复杂的21个弹性参数,因而非常耗时.实际野外对称轴统一的TTI介质模型,一般可以看成VTI介质模型旋转一定角度获得.为此,本文推导了三维VTI介质射线追踪方程,提出先在本构坐标系中进行VTI介质射线追踪,再通过坐标旋转将射线路径旋转至观测坐标系中,获得TTI介质射线路径.数值模型计算表明该方法高效和精确,较传统方法效率提高了近4倍.在强各向异性等特殊情况下,体波波前面都与理论群速度面一致. 相似文献