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1.
河流-河口-近海连续体(简称连续体)是连接陆地和大洋的过渡地带,也是目前全球碳收支估算的薄弱环节。这个复杂的海陆交互生态系统不仅可以通过光合作用、溶解作用吸收大气中的CO2,陆地和流域光合作用或化学风化作用固定的碳也可以被横向输送到陆架和大洋中。本文以国际上著名的切萨皮克湾以及长江-长江口-东海等为例,综述了连续体碳循环研究的进展,并指出通过陆海统筹、海空一体、点线面结合的系统观测,结合动力-生态数值模拟、沉积记录开展多时空尺度过程机制分析研究,是阐明气候变化与人类活动双重压力下,河流-河口-近海连续体碳交换的演变规律及其对碳收支的影响的可行途径。 相似文献
2.
The results of permafrost and coastal dynamics investigations at four key sites on the shores of the Kara and Barents Seas are discussed. Three ACD key sites, Marre-Sale, Shpindler, and Kolguev, characterize areas with active thermal erosion; key site Cape Bolvansky is found on a relatively stable coast. It is found that the coastal retreat rate has spatial and temporal variability, which is typical of the entire Arctic coast. Coastal deposits on the Kara and Barents Seas have a low organic carbon content. Annual input of material into the Kara Sea resulting from coastal degradation reaches 35–40 million t, including about 7.5 million t of ice, 0.35 million t of organic carbon, and 0.3 million t of soluble salts.This revised version was published online January 2005 with corrections to the title of the article. 相似文献
3.
工业革命以来,近1/3人为排放的二氧化碳被海洋吸收,海洋负排放潜力巨大。海洋碱化技术被认为是最具有固碳潜力的海洋负排放技术之一。硅酸盐碱性矿物橄榄石风化速率高,在自然界中具有广泛的分布。海水增汇效率受到橄榄石的溶解速率、扩散速率等因素的影响。基于近海橄榄石海上反应平台,利用清洁能源将橄榄石破碎、研磨加速其溶解,再由海流将高碱度海水进行扩散促进毗邻海域对大气二氧化碳吸收的方法具有广阔的应用前景。随着我国近海油气资源的开发,基于海上油气平台发展橄榄石碱化增汇技术,降低海上碱化反应平台基建成本的同时,可捕集油气生产过程中的二氧化碳,随碱化后海水入海,进一步提高碱性矿物增汇技术的碳封存效能。 相似文献
4.
《Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography》2010,57(16):1486-1493
The ocean plays a major role in global biogeochemical carbon cycling; it holds an important reservoir of reduced organic carbon, mostly in the form of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and processes about one-half of the total primary production of the planet. Dissolved molecules present between living and assimilable size extremes (∼1000 nm-1 nm), constitute the most abundant form of remnant biochemicals in the ocean, outweighing the total living biomass by a factor of roughly 200. Because DOC is the fundamental substrate for marine microorganisms, and is primarily composed by small refractory biopolymers, this prompted the idea that the ocean might function as a huge repository of recalcitrant carbon. The missing link that elucidates this paradox and explains how the rich and vast stock of DOC becomes available to bacteria was the discovery that DOC throughout the water column remains in reversible assembly/dispersion equilibrium forming porous microscopic gels (Chin et al., Nature 391, 568-572, 1998). This abiotic DOC-POM shunt yields a microgel pool containing ∼70 gigatons of carbon forming discrete patches of high nutrient concentration that can be readily colonized by microorganisms. The presence of this huge gel mass in seawater extending far into the dark ocean has ramifications that might well scale nonlinearly through the microbial loop to the World Ocean and global climate system and it is fundamentally changing how oceanographers think about processes linking the microbial loop and biological pump to the rest of the biosphere and the geosphere. Even if a small fraction of DOC remains self-assembled, marine scientists will have to revise the rationale of established aquatic paradigms ranging from trace metal chelation, size–reactivity relationships, the microbial loop, the biological pump, colloid pumping, and humification. A ubiquitous, reversible DOC assembly/dispersion process implies a dynamic “patchiness” spanning from the molecular to the micron scale, where the assignment of static bulk features including dimension, concentration, functionalities and vertical fluxes can be open to question. This brief revision illustrates two case studies that show how simple methods and principles of polymer networks theory can be used to advance the understanding of one of the most intriguing and significant processes taking place in the ocean. Namely, the kinetics and thermodynamics of: (a) Ca-driven DOC self-assembly, and (b) hydrophobic bond-driven self assembly of DOC by amphiphilic exopolymers released by marine bacteria. 相似文献
5.
工业革命以来,人类活动导致的以二氧化碳为代表的温室气体持续排放,被认为与全球气候变化密切相关,引发诸多极端气候事件,导致海平面上升、海水酸化、海水暖化等一系列环境负面效应。海洋是地球最大的活跃碳库,增汇潜力巨大。为应对全球气候变化,人为干预海洋生态系统、促进其对大气二氧化碳额外吸收封存的海洋负排放技术体系成为国际研究热点。根据负排放技术的应用场景,目前海洋负排放技术体系涵盖侧重于生态保护和修复的滨海湿地蓝碳、侧重于环境友好型养殖产业的海水养殖环境碳汇和借助生态工程技术手段的负排放工程增汇。海洋负排放技术在实现人为增汇的同时,有望通过促进海洋生物的生长和繁殖、提高海洋生态系统的稳定性和抗干扰能力、促进海洋生态系统内部及其与陆地生态系统之间的资源循环利用,发挥其生态治理功能,从而应对海洋环流改变、海水酸化脱氧等全球海洋环境恶化以及人类活动污染的局部胁迫。 相似文献
6.
大河影响下的陆架边缘海沉积有机碳的再矿化作用 总被引：8，自引：5，他引：3
大河影响下的陆架边缘海(RiOMars)是陆源有机碳的主要沉积汇,是陆海相互作用最重要的区域,在全球碳的生物地球化学循环中发挥着重要作用。受到RiOMars系统内频繁的物理和生物等改造作用的影响,该区沉积的有机碳并没有得到很好地保存而被永久埋藏,而是发生了显著的再矿化分解。本文首先对目前常用的基于O2消耗速率和CO2产生速率的两类测定RiOMars系统沉积有机碳再矿化速率的方法进行了介绍,分析了各自的优缺点和适用性,进而从碳的形态转化、表层沉积物混合均匀、形成次氧化的氧化还原条件、有机碳保存效率低、发生反风化作用和微生物发挥着重要作用等几个方面对RiOMars系统沉积物发生再矿化作用时的主要过程和特征进行了剖析,以期深入认识边缘海的再矿化作用及其对边缘海碳汇的影响。 相似文献
7.
It was found in the experiments that the transfer of calcium from the solid phase to the dissolved state took place under the interaction of terrigenous matter (bottom sediments from the freshwater lake) with the solutions modeling the interstitial waters of the sediments of high-productive regions of the ocean. This calcium might later bind the autochthonous CO2 formed in the ocean under the oxidation of organic matter. According to the data of the three-week experiment, 1 g of the terrigenous matter evolved on average ～2.3 mg Ca2+ into interstitial solutions, which conforms to the involving of exclusively surface layers of the grains of the solid phase into the reaction. In view of the true rate of halmyrolysis of the grains of terrigenous silicates (a few μm/year), at the value of the continental runoff of solid matter being equal to 16 billion t/year, the amount of dissolved calcium supplied to the ocean as a result of the transformation of the terrigenous sedimentary matter at the stage of diagenesis amounts to 250–440 million t/year and over. These values are 3- to 5-fold higher that the amount of calcium in the continental runoff of dissolved matter supplied by the erosion of silicates and capable of forming carbonate sediments in the ocean under the interaction with autochthonous CO2, unlike the calcium that is product of the dissolution of carbonate rocks. 相似文献
8.
Chantal M. Swan David A. Siegel Norman B. Nelson Craig A. Carlson Elora Nasir 《Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers》2009,56(12):2175-2192
Recent in situ observations of chromophoric dissolved organic material (CDOM) in the Pacific Ocean reveal the biogeochemical controls on CDOM and indicate predictive potential for open-ocean CDOM in diagnosing particulate organic matter (POM) remineralization rates within ocean basins. Relationships between CDOM and concentrations of dissolved oxygen, nutrients and inorganic carbon in the subthermocline waters of the Pacific reflect the relative influences of water mass ventilation and water-column oxidative remineralization. Apparent in situ oxygen utilization (AOU) accounts for 86% and 61% of variance in CDOM abundance, respectively, in Antarctic Intermediate Water and North Pacific Intermediate Water. In the deep waters of the Pacific below the zone of remineralization, AOU explains 26% of CDOM variability. The AOU–CDOM relationship results from competing biogeochemical and advective processes within the ocean interior. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is not statistically linked to the CDOM or AOU distributions, indicating that the majority of CDOM production occurs during the remineralization of sinking POM and thus potentially provides key information about carbon export. Once formed in the ocean interior, CDOM is relatively stable until it reaches the surface ocean where it is destroyed by solar bleaching. Susceptibility to bleaching confers an additional tracer-like quality for CDOM in water masses with active convection, such as mode waters that appear as subsurface CDOM minima. In the surface ocean, atypically low CDOM abundance highlights a region of unusually extreme oligotrophy: the subtropical South Pacific gyre. For these hyper-oligotrophic waters, the present CDOM observations are consistent with analysis of in situ radiometric observations of light attenuation and reflectance, demonstrating the accuracy of the CDOM spectrophotometric observations. Overall, we illustrate how CDOM abundance in the ocean interior can potentially diagnose rates of thermohaline overturning as they affect regional biogeochemistry and export. We further show how relative surface ocean CDOM abundances are driven in large part by processes occurring in the deep layers of the ocean. This is particularly significant for the interpretation of the global surface distribution of CDOM using satellite remote sensing. 相似文献
9.
The first objective of this introductory paper is to summarize our present understanding of the quantities of total organic carbon produced in the ocean by photosynthesis and non-biotic photochemical reactions, and the amount entering the ocean from rivers, the atmosphere, and the sediments. In this overview it will become apparent that our knowledge of the primary mechanisms and processes involved with the input of organic matter to the ocean via rivers, the atmosphere, sediments, and in situ photochemical reactions is fragmentary and often completely lacking. This becomes critical when we attempt to estimate the input of certain naturally occurring organic compounds and some synthetic organic compounds, since their primary input to the sea is generally via the atmosphere, rivers, and dumping. Thus the second objective of this paper is to emphasize our need to understand the mechanisms involved in these other input processes and the necessity of developing field programs and mathematical models to evaluate the input of specific organic compounds via these pathways. Polychlorinated biphenyls are used as examples of how necessary it is to understand these other input routes in order to evaluate the cycling of pollutant substances in the ocean. 相似文献
10.
《Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography》2010,57(16):1557-1571
Metabolic activity in the water column below the euphotic zone is ultimately fuelled by the vertical flux of organic material from the surface. Over time, the deep ocean is presumably at steady state, with sources and sinks balanced. But recently compiled global budgets and intensive local field studies suggest that estimates of metabolic activity in the dark ocean exceed the influx of organic substrates. This imbalance indicates either the existence of unaccounted sources of organic carbon or that metabolic activity in the dark ocean is being over-estimated. Budgets of organic carbon flux and metabolic activity in the dark ocean have uncertainties associated with environmental variability, measurement capabilities, conversion parameters, and processes that are not well sampled. We present these issues and quantify associated uncertainties where possible, using a Monte Carlo analysis of a published data set to determine the probability that the imbalance can be explained purely by uncertainties in measurements and conversion factors. A sensitivity analysis demonstrates that the bacterial growth efficiencies and assumed cell carbon contents have the greatest effects on the magnitude of the carbon imbalance. Two poorly quantified sources, lateral advection of particles and a population of slowly settling particles, are discussed as providing a means of closing regional carbon budgets. Finally, we make recommendations concerning future research directions to reduce important uncertainties and allow a better determination of the magnitude and causes of the unbalanced carbon budgets. 相似文献
11.
透明胞外聚合颗粒物（TEP）是凝聚网的重要组成部分甚至核心,在微尺度范围上形成了水环境结构的重要梯度,对于元素地球化学生物循环、碳沉降以及食物网有着举足轻重的作用。本文研究了东海典型断面PN透明胞外聚合颗粒物的分布特征及来源。结果表明:东海典型断面PN透明胞外聚合颗粒物含量介于28~376 μg Xeq./L之间,平均值为（115±67）μg Xeq./L;呈现出明显的夏季 > 冬季 > 秋季 > 春季的季节变化特征以及近岸 > 外海和底层 > 表层的分布趋势。通过对比透明胞外聚合颗粒物分布趋势和硅藻、甲藻分布趋势以及统计分析得出,东海典型断面PN透明胞外聚合颗粒物主要来源于硅藻,甲藻贡献不大;而外海TEP的来源可能主要由超微型浮游植物贡献。 相似文献
12.
13.
海洋在全球气候变化及应对方面发挥了重要作用,国际上正在从增汇和减排两个技术体系层面探索实践海洋对碳中和的支撑作用.本文立足中国海洋碳汇资源扩增和海洋可再生能源开发,从滨海湿地、渔业碳汇、微生物碳汇、海底碳封存、海洋可再生能源、耦合优化及前瞻性技术方面,构建了海洋支撑碳中和的技术体系,并对未来技术发展进行展望.建议加强海... 相似文献
14.
《Marine Policy》2014
In recent years, the Chinese government has been increasingly supportive of the development of the ocean economy, implementing several national ocean-related strategies. For the first time, China's 12th five-year Plan for National and Social Development (2011—2015) includes “developing the ocean economy” as a key national development strategy for the country. Because of this, the demand for ocean economic statistics and indicators is growing rapidly. The aim of this paper is to define and quantify the value of the major ocean industries in China and to examine the growth in the major Chinese ocean industries in the period 2001 to 2010. The paper also outlines a methodology that provides a robust quantification of the marine sector over time. It finds that in 2010 the major ocean industries in China contributed $239.09 billion to the national economy and employed over 9 million individuals. 相似文献
15.
海洋雾状层的成因及其对海洋碳循环过程的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
海洋雾状层既是陆源物质进入海底的输送通道,又是海洋水体中沉降颗粒及底部再悬浮颗粒物的停留场所。雾状层物质来源主要有陆源、生源以及海底表层沉积物的再悬浮,不同海区、不同层位的雾状层的物质来源有所差异;雾状层的成因具有复杂性,既有物理作用,又有生物及化学作用,大量研究表明,海底洋流、内波(潮)等物理作用是雾状层形成的主要控制因素。雾状层中碳的存在形态主要有颗粒有机碳(POC)、溶解有机碳(DOC)、胶体有机碳(COC)以及无机碳,雾状层与其上下海水之间、雾状层与海底表层沉积物之间不同形态碳在生物-化学-物理动力系统作用下不断发生物质交换与迁移,对海洋碳循环生物地球化学过程起重要的控制作用,是整个海洋碳循环的一个不可忽视的环节。 相似文献
16.
The ocean captures a large part of the anthropogenic carbon dioxide emitted to the atmosphere. As a result of the increase in CO2 partial pressure the ocean pH is lowered as compared to pre-industrial times and a further decline is expected. Ocean acidification has been proposed to pose a major threat for marine organisms, particularly shell-forming and calcifying organisms. Here we show, on the basis of meta-analysis of available experimental assessments, differences in organism responses to elevated pCO2 and propose that marine biota may be more resistant to ocean acidification than expected. Calcification is most sensitive to ocean acidification while it is questionable if marine functional diversity is impacted significantly along the ranges of acidification predicted for the 21st century. Active biological processes and small-scale temporal and spatial variability in ocean pH may render marine biota far more resistant to ocean acidification than hitherto believed. 相似文献
17.
造成全球暖化的主要原因是温室气体的过量排放,其中CO2的贡献率达60 %,贝类养殖具有碳沉积作用。依据农业部渔业局编制的《中国渔业统计年签》,以2001年到2010年的年平均产量计算贝类捕获和养殖的碳沉积能力,并评估其碳沉积潜力;计算牡蛎、蛤、扇贝与贻贝四种贝壳单位面积的碳沉积能力并与森林、珊瑚礁的碳沉积能力进行比较分析。本文对我国浅海贝类养殖所具有的碳沉积能力进行评估,以了解贝类养殖对海洋碳循环的贡献,可为争取国家碳份额的合法权益提供基础数据。分析表明我国近十年贝类总产量稳定在1100万吨以上,并有增加的趋势,其中海水养殖贝类约占87.34 %。贝类养殖和捕获总产量的碳沉积和海水养殖产量的碳沉积量分别为58.57、51.15万吨/年,碳沉积能力分别相当于122.28、106.78万公顷的造林,可分别减少大气CO2增加量的0.0125 %、0.0109 %。牡蛎、蛤、扇贝与贻贝的单位面积碳沉积速率分别为1.573、0.388、0.301、1.039吨碳/(公顷?年);牡蛎和贻贝高于森林的碳沉积能力0.479吨碳/(公顷?年);但低于珊瑚礁的碳沉积能力1.8吨碳/(公顷?年)。我国贝类淡、海水养殖产量可分别创造约268.4万元/年、12,711.2万元/年的碳权商机。 相似文献
18.
海洋是一个巨大的碳库,通过吸收大气中的二氧化碳减缓了全球变暖的局势。海洋同时也是蕴含丰富资源的宝库,过量二氧化碳的吸收造成海水pH值发生变化,海洋酸化对这个资源宝库的影响不容忽视。文章通过文献计量与统计分析的方法,从宏观角度研究了海洋酸化研究的整体发展现状、主要研究力量与研究主题分布,分析了未来的发展趋势,并结合现有问题给出了讨论建议,以期为未来的海洋酸化研究提供一定的参考借鉴。研究结果表明：海洋酸化研究经历了探索、成型、快速增长与稳步增长4个时期,澳大利亚、美国、加拿大和英国是主要研究国家,美国国家海洋与大气管理局、美国伍兹霍尔海洋研究所、美国加州大学、澳大利亚昆士兰大学和詹姆斯库克大学是主要研究机构。海洋酸化过程与成因、敏感性生物与生命过程影响、生态系统影响与生态效应、珊瑚礁与藻类典型研究等内容则是该领域的主要研究主题。未来的海洋酸化研究还应该拓展广度和深度、提升方法和技术,并注意制定综合研究计划、慎重定性与量化研究结果、考虑多方面差异耦合因子并加强基础研究与国际合作。 相似文献
19.
自然资源部第一海洋研究所地球系统模式FIO-ESM是自主研发的、以耦合海浪模式为特色的地球系统模式,包括物理气候模式和全球碳循环模式。该模式从第一代版本FIO-ESM v1.0发展到第二代版本FIO-ESM v2.0,其物理气候模式和全球碳循环模式都取得了改进与提升。FIO-ESM v2.0全球碳循环模式的海洋碳循环模式由v1.0的营养盐驱动模型升级为NPZD（Nutrient-Phytoplankton-Zooplankton-Detritus）型的海洋生态动力学碳循环模型,陆地碳循环模型由v1.0的简单的光能利用率模型升级为考虑碳氮相互作用的碳氮（CN）耦合模型;大气碳循环模型仍为CO2的传输过程,考虑了化石燃料排放、土地利用排放等人为CO2排放量。在物理过程参数化方案方面,FIO-ESM v2.0全球碳循环过程在考虑浪致混合作用对生物地球化学参数的作用的基础上,增加了海表面温度的日变化过程对海-气CO2通量的影响。已有数值模拟试验结果表明,FIO-ESM v2.0在考虑了更加复杂的碳循环过程后仍具有较好的全球碳循环模拟能力,为进一步开展海洋与全球碳循环研究提供了更有力的支撑工具,从而更好地服务于国家的双碳目标。 相似文献
20.
The pattern and magnitude of the global ocean overturning circulation is believed to be strongly controlled by the distribution
of diapycnal diffusivity below 1000 m depth. Although wind stress fluctuation is a candidate for the major energy sources
of diapycnal mixing processes, the global distribution of wind-induced diapycnal diffusivity is still uncertain. It has been
believed that internal waves generated by wind stress fluctuations at middle and high latitudes propagate equatorward until
their frequency is twice the local inertial frequency and break down via parametric subharmonic instabilities, causing diapycnal
mixing. In order to check the proposed scenario, we use a vertically two-dimensional primitive equation model to examine the
spatial distribution of “mixing hotspots” caused by wind stress fluctuations. It is shown that most of the wind-induced energy
fed into the ocean interior is dissipated within the top 1000 m depth in the wind-forced area and the energy dissipation rate
at low latitudes is very small. Consequently, the energy supplied to diapycnal mixing processes below 1000 m depth falls short
of the level required to sustain the global ocean overturning circulation. 相似文献