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1.
利用NCEP气候预报系统再分析资料(CFSR)和日本JRA-25再分析资料,对2010年西太平洋第5号热带风暴“蒲公英”的形成过程进行诊断,揭示南海海气相互作用对其初始涡旋生成的影响。分析表明,“蒲公英”的初始涡旋最早于8月20日00时出现在吕宋岛以东的对流层低层。西太平洋偏东风受到吕宋岛地形强迫可能是初始扰动形成的原因之一。在初始涡旋生成阶段,南海海域盛行较强的东南风,因风应力造成的Ekman输送导致南海中东部较暖海水流向吕宋岛附近,使得局地海温升高,自海洋向大气输送的感热通量增大。异常感热加热使其上空低层气压下降,近地层出现上升运动。但根据热力适应理论,感热加热随高度减小制造的低层负涡度不利于初始涡旋在异常感热加热区上空向高空进一步发展,可是在感热加热区东侧因涡度平流随高度增加,强迫出上升运动。该上升运动引起的凝结潜热释放,使得最大加热中心出现在对流层中层。于是,在对流层中低层非绝热加热随高度增加,制造正的相对涡度,使得初始涡旋在感热加热区的东侧生成,继而在对流层中低层增强。因此在初始涡旋增强阶段,凝结潜热加热及其对涡度的制造起主要作用。   相似文献   

2.
利用位涡方程和热力适应原理,讨论了因非绝热加热的空间不均匀性导致的大气 动力特征的变化,进一步阐明了副热带地区的深对流凝结潜热加热的垂直非均匀性使副热带高压在中低空出现在热源区以东,在高空出现在热源区以西。在此基础上,深入研究了水平非均匀加热对大气环流的影响。结果表明加热区以北,虽然非绝热加热消失,但存在加热的水平梯度在西风环流的背景下在高低层造成深厚的负涡度强迫。因而高层热源北部边界附近的西风向南偏转进入加热区,造成加热区北部边界及其以北发生次级辐散;低层热源区的南风发生反气旋偏转,汇入加热区外的西风气流中,造成低层加热区北部边界及其以北发生次级辐合。结果该区域产生了垂直上升运动及负的涡度强迫源,对应着异常强烈的反气旋环流。该负涡度强迫源还通过能量频散,在西风带中以Rossby波的形式向中高纬传播,影响中高纬地区的异常环流型。  相似文献   

3.
冬季西伯利亚高压动力结构的研究   总被引:16,自引:1,他引:16  
本文研究了冬季西伯利亚高压建立时期的动力结构。研究得到,在高压建立前期,对流层中以正涡度为主。低层和高层有弱的辐合,中层是辐散;相应在700hPa以下是上升,以上是下沉。但当反气旋发展时,高层为正涡度和辐合气流,低层为负涡度和辐散气流,整层为下沉运动。这表明对流层中、上层的强质量辐合是导致西伯利亚高压发展的一个重要因子。涡度方程的诊断表明,西伯利亚高压区负涡度的出现和加强是对流层中、上层负涡度平流和低层散度项的作用。 另外,西伯利亚高压热平衡计算表明,对流层有深厚的冷却层(热汇)。这种非绝热冷却将在对流层中导致深厚的下沉运动,从而引起中高层的辐合,低层的辐散,有利于高压的加强。因而西伯利亚高压是在动力和热力因子共同作用下形成的。  相似文献   

4.
利用位涡方程和热力适应原理,讨论了因非绝热加热的空间不均匀性导致的大气动力特征的变化,进一步阐明了副热带地区的深对流凝结潜热加热的垂直非均匀性使副热带高压中低空出现在低源区以东,在高空出现在热源区以西。在此基础上,深入研究了水平非均匀加热对大气环流的影响。结果表明加热区以北,虽然非绝热加热消失,但存在加热的水平梯度在西风环流的背景下在高低层造成深厚的负涡度强迫。因而高层热源北部边界附近的西风向南偏转进入加热区,造成加热区北部边界及其以北发生次级辐散;低层热源区的南风发生反气旋偏转,汇入加热区外的西风气流中,造成低层加热区北部边界及其以北发生次级辐合。结果该区域产生了垂直上升运动及负的涡度强迫源,对应着异常强烈的反气旋环流。该负涡强度迫源还通过能量散射,在西风带中以Rossby波的形式向中高纬传播,影响中高纬地区的异常环流型。  相似文献   

5.
利用NCEP-FNL大气边界层高度资料和NCEP/DOE(NECP2)的地面感热、潜热通量再分析格点资料,分析了2000-2016年夏季青藏高原(下称高原)地区的大气边界层高度及感热、潜热的基本气候特征、年际变化及空间分布,地表能量输送对大气边界层高度的影响机理,并分析了影响大气边界层高度与地表能量输送的主要影响因子。结果表明:夏季高原整体呈大气边界层高度显著下降,潜热通量显著上升,感热通量先增后降的变化趋势。2009年是高原大气边界层高度的气候突变时间点,其他物理量的变化趋势也在2009年发生了转折变化。大气边界层高度和地表能量输送的线性变化趋势分布具有明显的区域差异,以91°E为界将高原分为东、西两部分,东部与西部地区的变化特征明显不同;东部、西部地区的变化特征2009年前后也有很大差异。影响西部地区大气边界层高度和地表热通量的主要因子是0~10 cm土壤含水率和10 m风速;影响东部地区大气边界层高度和地表热通量的主要因子则是云量。在2009年气候突变时间前、后,各影响因子的影响程度有很大变化。夏季高原低层热低压辐合、高层南亚高压辐散的环流形式,为地表能量输送影响高原大气边界层发展提供了动力条件,有利于上升运动。上升运动的气流能将水汽相变中释放的凝结潜热输送至对流层上层,有利于形成潜热通量和南亚高压的正反馈。  相似文献   

6.
青藏高原抬升加热气候效应研究的新进展   总被引:30,自引:4,他引:26  
对近4年来关于青藏高原加热影响气候的研究进行回顾.首先介绍利用位涡方程和热力适应理论,揭示;夏季高原上空低层气旋式及高层反气旋式环流结构稳定维持的动力学机理.结果表明高原加热作用造成的低层正涡源是低层气旋式环流得以稳定维持的重要原因.而边界层摩擦产生的负位涡是平衡正位涡的主要因素.高原加热还在高原上空形成负位涡,它影响着盛夏的大气环流,是青藏高原上空强大而稳定的反气旋环流得以维持的重要因素.在春夏过渡季节青藏高原非绝热加热对大气环流季节变化以及亚洲季风爆发的影响力方面,进一步确认了感热加热在过渡季节早期(5月中旬以前)环:流演变中的重要作用.青藏高原非绝热加热的时间演变引起了海陆热力差异对比的变化,使副热带高压带首先在孟加拉湾东部断裂,亚洲季风因而在孟加拉湾爆发.结果还表明,用纬向风垂直差异的时空分布能更准确地表示季节变化的区域差异.在青藏高原非绝热加热与北半球环流系统年际变化的联系方面,发现夏季青藏高原的加热强(弱)的年份,高原感热加热气泵(SHAP)高(低)效工作,使高原加热对周边地区低层暖湿空气的抽吸效应和对高层大气向周边地区的排放作用加强(减弱),高原及邻近地区的上升运动,下层辐合和上层辐散均增强(减弱),从而影响着高原和周边地区的环流以及亚洲季风区大尺度环流系统.而且高原的加热强迫还能够激发产生一支沿亚欧大陆东部海岸向东北方向传播的Rossby波列,其频散效应可影响到更远的东太平洋以至北美地区的大气环流.研究还表明,盛夏的南亚高压存在"青藏高压型"和"伊朗高压型"的双模态,它们与高原加热状态有关,且显著地与亚洲季风区的气候分布密切联系.  相似文献   

7.
热力适应、过流、频散和副高 I.热力适应和过流   总被引:45,自引:16,他引:29  
吴国雄  刘屹岷 《大气科学》2000,24(4):433-446
利用位涡性质,讨论了因非绝热加热导致的大气动力特征的变化,阐明了大气动力过程向外加热强迫适应的原理。证明在热力适应过程中,沿着加热区的侧边界斜压位涡为负,且大于正压位涡,那里的大气出现对称不稳定。在加热区的上空尽管非绝热加热为零,仍然存在上升、辐散、反气旋环流及冷中心,证明这是由于“过流”引起的。通过总位涡的收支分析证明,由于边界层的摩擦作用,加热区上空多余的负位涡向外排放而成为大气中负涡度的源地。  相似文献   

8.
利用NCEP资料分析得出,夏季我国干旱,半干旱区在整个欧亚大陆上是陆面感热通量最强的地方,与此对应的陆面潜热通量则最弱.陆面所接收的太阳短波辐射主要以感热和长波辐射的能量形式释放.该区降水量很少,降水量的年际变率也很弱;因此,该区的陆面热量通量都显出很弱的年际变率;然而,这些通量的年代际变率信号则比较显著.我国干旱、半干旱区大气环流的热力过程与其陆面过程特征密切相关.该区对流层大气的辐射冷却很强,达-3 K d-1.由于缺乏水汽和上升运动,大尺度凝结加热率、深对流加热率、浅对流加热率都非常弱.因此,600hPa以上的大气以绝热下沉加热来平衡辐射冷却;600hPa以下,陆面感热引起的垂直扩散加热率非常强,多达8 K d-1,它除了平衡辐射冷却以外还制造对流层低层的对流运动,以绝热上升冷却来平衡多余的垂直扩散加热.总之,我国干旱、半干旱区的陆面过程特征决定了该区大气运动的特殊垂直结构,即对流层低层对流上升运动及其上层的下沉运动.我国干旱、半干旱区陆面能量平衡及其局地大气环流的年代际变率,是全球气候系统年代际变率的必然结果.  相似文献   

9.
"03.7"江苏大暴雨凝结潜热的数值模拟   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
运用美国中尺度数值模式(MM5)对2003年7月4~5日江苏省中部的大暴雨过程进行了有无降水凝结潜热加热的数值模拟研究。模拟结果表明,凝结潜热释放能使高层负涡度和低层正涡度强烈发展,形成地面至500 hPa深厚的正涡度柱;使高层辐散、低层辐合和垂直上升运动显著增大一个量级;能诱发低空中尺度涡旋发生发展;使降水量增幅一个量级。凝结潜热释放是暴雨发生和雨量增幅的一种重要物理机制。  相似文献   

10.
分析了春夏转换季节中亚洲季风区北半球副热带高压断裂的气候学特征及其可能机制。分析表明,北半球副高断裂最先发生在孟加拉湾中南半岛一带。孟加拉湾和中南半岛地区经圈环流的季节转换在高低层存在差异。在3~5月的经圈环流演变中,孟加拉湾地区经圈环流表现为对流层低层首先发生改变,呈高、低层正、反Hadley环流配置,大气加热以感热为主,因而高度场表现出的副高在孟加拉湾首先断裂只是对流层低层的表现。中南半岛则表现为从低到高的整层上升运动增强,经圈环流的减弱、消失是地表感热和潜热共同作用的结果,因而整个对流层副高的断裂应在中南半岛地区。中纬度亚洲大陆积雪季节溶化以高原为中心表现出东快西慢特征,导致105 E以东的东亚中纬度感热首先增加,地表感热加热大气的结果有利于大气经圈环流下沉气流减弱,从而加剧了中南半岛地区经圈环流减弱进程,为北半球副高在孟加拉湾中南半岛地区断裂提供了大尺度气候变化背景。  相似文献   

11.
    
Utilizing data from NCEP/ NCAR reanalysis, the summertime atmospheric diabatic heating due to different physical processes is investigated over the Sahara desert, the Tibetan Plateau, and the Bay of Bengal. Atmospheric circulation systems in summer over these three areas are also studied. Thermal adaptation theory is employed to explain the relationship between the circulation and the atmospheric diabatic heating. Over the Sahara desert, heating resulting from the surface sensible heat flux dominates the near-surface layer, while radiative cooling is dominant upward from the boundary layer. There is positive vorticity in the shallow boundary layer and negative vorticity in the middle and upper troposphere. Downward motion prevails over the Sahara desert, except in the shallow near—surface layer where weak ascent exists in summer. Over the Tibetan Plateau, strong vertical diffusion resulting from intense surface sensible heat flux to the overlying atmosphere contributes most to the boundary layer heating, condensation associated with large—scale ascent is another contributor to the lower layer heating. Latent heat release accompanying deep convection is critical in offsetting longwave radiative cooling in the middle and upper troposphere. The overall diabatic heating is positive in the whole troposphere in summer, with the most intense heating located in the boundary layer. Convergence and positive vorticity occur in the shallow near—surface layer and divergence and negative vorticity exist deeply in the middle and upper troposphere. Accordingly, upward motion prevails over the Plateau in summer, with the most intense rising occurring near the ground surface. Over the Bay of Bengal, summertime latent heat release associated with deep convection exceeds longwave radiative cooling, resulting in intense heating in almost the whole troposphere. The strongest heating over the Bay of Bengal is located around 400 hPa, resulting in the most intense rising occurring between 300 hPa and 400 hPa, and producing positive vorticity in the lower troposphere and negative vorticity in the upper troposphere. It is also shown that the divergent circulation is from a heat source region to a sink region in the upper troposphere and vice versa in lower layers. This work was jointly supported by “ National Key Program for Developing Basic Sciences” G1998040904 by NSFC projects 49805003, 49635170, 49823002, and 49825504.  相似文献   

12.
The impermeability of isentropic surfaces by the potential vorticity substance (PVS) has often been used to help understand the generation of potential vorticity in the presence of diabatic heating and friction.In this study,we examined singularities of isentropic surfaces that may develop in the presence of diabatic heating and the fictitious movements of the isentropic surfaces that are involved in deriving the PVS impermeability theorem.Our results show that such singularities could occur in the upper troposphere as a result of intense convective-scale motion,at the cloud top due to radiative cooling,or within the well-mixed boundary layer.These locally ill-defined conditions allow PVS to penetrate across an isentropic surface.We conclude that the PVS impermeability theorem is generally valid for the stably stratified atmosphere in the absence of diabatic heating.  相似文献   

13.
In correspondence with the establishment of the "upper high and lower high" pressure pattern due to the activities of 500 hPa high over the Tibetan Plateau in summer,a series of changes of the East Asia atmospheric circulation will take place.In this paper,the distributions of divergence and vertical velocity of 500 hPa high,the evolutions of atmospheric heat source,the variations of vorticity and zonal wind at 100 hPa level and vertical meridional cell over the Tibetan Plateau etc.are statistically analyzed.Thus,we can see that the ascending motion and the convective heating over the Tibetan Plateau,the South Asia high and the westerly jet on the north of the Plateau at 100 hPa level are weakned.The northern branch and the southern branch of the easterly jet on the south of the Plateau merge into a single whole and situate on the south of the former northern branch.In the meantime,thermodynamic land-sea discrepancy in South Asia and the convective heating over the Bay of Bengal is enhanced.It will play an important role in the maintenance of the easterly jet and the South Asia monsoon.  相似文献   

14.
Summary A spectral analysis of the domain averaged height field at 1000 hPa surface over the Sahara using ECMWF data reveals a major oscillation of about five days. A composite analysis technique has then been developed which permits to emphasize the major characteristics of the evolution of the thermal low over the Sahara during a five day period in the summer season. This analysis shows that the composite structure of the termal field reveals a well mixed layer with an almost constant potential temperature and specific humidity from the surface up to about 650 hPa.The computation of the vertical velocity and the horizontal divergence reveals a presence of a two cell vertical circulation over the thermal low region. Although the heat low over the Saharan desert appears as a shallow low pressure area confined into the mixed layer, the entire troposphere seems to be dynamically active.In the surface layer, the response of the height field to the temperature field has a lag time of about one day.Adjustment of the theoretical net radiative heating rate have been applied assuming dust to have an effect on both shortwave and longwave irradiances. The results compare reasonably well with measurements obtained from the literature, and provide an improvement for the surface heat fluxes as compared to those deduced from conventional radiative transfer model.The thermodynamic budget over the desert region reveals that the contribution of the advective terms is to stabilize the mixed layer by removing the excess of heat from the surface layer. Furthermore, the destabilization of the mixed layer seems to result from a thermal unbalance between the net radiative heating and the convergence of the eddy sensible heat flux during the formative stage of the thermal low.Downward motion developing above the mixed layer during the occurrence of the heat low seems to be responsible for the cooling of the surface layer and a decrease of the surface temperature, which marks the decaying phase of the thermal wave.A qualitative inference of the top of the dust layer from the large scale variables has been attempted, and a simple scheme for the parameterization of the net solar radiation as a function of the large scale apparent heating is proposed. The results appear to be a reasonable approach for the definition of the net radiative heating.The moisture budget reveals that water vapor is supplied to the domain via horizontal advection from the region of the West African monsoon. Furthermore, its vertical distribution appears to be controlled by the complex vertical eddy motions in the dry thermals which develop over the warm Saharan desert during the afternoon hours.With 27 Figures  相似文献   

15.
段廷扬 《气象学报》1994,52(2):194-200
由于青藏高原500hPa层出现高压系统的活动,使高原大气产生"上高下高"的气压场结构,从而东亚大气环流也发生某些相应的变化。本文统计分析了高原500hPa高压的散度与垂直速度分布、高原大气热源的演变和100hPa层涡度、纬向风以及经圈环流的变化等。结果认为,由于夏季高原500hPa高压的活动,使高原上空垂直上升运动和对流加热受到抑制,100hPa南亚高压强度减弱、位置北抬、有向西部型过渡的特征.高原北侧西风急流减弱,东风急流南支与北支合并后位于原北文东风急流位置以南,侵入高原南麓的西南季风减弱。与此同时,孟加拉湾上空上升运动有所增强,其对流加热对维持东风急流乃至南亚季风将起重要作用。  相似文献   

16.
陈斌  徐祥德  卞建春 《大气科学》2010,34(3):495-505
基于NCEP/NCAR分析资料和拉格朗日轨迹输送模式FLEXPART, 通过气块轨迹计算, 对2005年夏季亚洲季风区对流层向平流层输送 (Troposphere to Stratosphere Transport, 简称TST) 的近地层源区、 输送路径及其时间尺度问题进行了一些初步探讨。结果表明: (1) 夏季亚洲季风区TST两个主要的边界层源区, 一个是热带西太平洋地区; 另一个是青藏高原南部、 孟加拉湾以及印度半岛中北部等地区, 上述两个区域与夏季强对流的分布相一致。在对流层顶高度附近 (约16 km高度), 两个近地层源区的垂直输送贡献相当。但进一步分析发现, 穿越对流层顶高度的质量输送只有约10%能够进入20~22 km高度的平流层中, 且主要源于以青藏高原南侧为代表的南亚季风区 (约贡献75%), 这进一步强调了青藏高原及其周边区域在全球TST过程中的重要地位。 (2) 轨迹分析显示, 夏季亚洲季风区对流层进入平流层的 “入口区” 主要在 (25°N~35°N, 90°E~110°E) 区域的青藏高原及其周边区域。TST路径受对流层上层南亚高压闭合环流、 北半球副热带西风急流和赤道东风急流的共同控制。 (3) 亚洲季风区TST两个主要的过程, 一个是和夏季湿对流抬升直接联系的快速输送过程, 它可以使近地层大气在1~2天内输送到平流层中, 贡献了整个TST的10%~30%; 另一个是大气辐射加热所致的大尺度垂直输送, 该输送是一个相对的慢过程, 时间尺度一般为5~30天。此结果意味着, 源于地表的短生命周期的大气污染物可通过光化学反应过程对该区域平流层臭氧及其他大气痕量成分平衡产生重要影响。  相似文献   

17.
The current progresses in the study of impacts of the Tibetan Plateau on Asian summer climate in the last decade are reviewed. By analyzing evolution of the transitional zone between westerly to the north and easterly to the south (WEB), it is shown that due to the strong heating over the Tibetan Plateau in spring, the overturning in the prevailing wind direction from easterly in winter to westerly in summer occurs firstly over the eastern Bay of Bengal (BOB), accompanied with vigorous convective precipitation to its east. The area between eastern BOB and western Indo-China Peninsula thus becomes the area with the earliest onset of Asian monsoon, which may be referred as BOB monsoon in short. It is shown that the summertime circulations triggered by the thermal forcing of the Iranian Plateau and the Tibetan Plateau are embedded in phase with the continental-scale circulation forced by the diabatic heating over the Eurasian Continent. As a result, the East Asian summer monsoon is intensified and the drought climate over the western and central Asian areas is enhanced. Together with perturbations triggered by the Tibetan Plateau, the above scenarios and the associated heating have important influences on the climate patterns over Asia. Furthermore, the characteristics of the Tibetan mode of the summertime South Asian high are compared with those of Iranian mode. Results demonstrate that corresponding to each of the bimodality of the South Asian high, the rainfall anomaly distributions over Asia exhibit different patterns.  相似文献   

18.
利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料及NOAA的OLR资料,研究了春季南亚高压在中南半岛上空建立与500hPa副高在孟加拉湾上空断裂的关系。结果表明,南亚高压建立之前,对流从“海洋大陆”向北推进,首先在中南半岛建立;而孟加拉湾地区由于青藏高原感热作用在对流层中低层形成一个反Hadley环流型的局地经圈环流,15°N附近500—700hPa有下沉运动中心,它抑制了孟加拉湾对流的建立,也不利于500hPa副高带断裂。南亚高压在中南半岛建立之后,位于高压中心西南侧的孟加拉湾上空出现一个强的辐散中心,孟加拉湾地区15°N附近的下沉运动消失,对流发展起来,降水量增加并释放大量潜热,非绝热加热中心位于500hPa,此时副高脊线断裂。因此,高层南亚高压建立所产生的辐散运动很可能对孟加拉湾上空500hPa副高带断裂及对流建立起到了触发作用。  相似文献   

19.
非绝热过程对热带副热带环流和天气影响的数值预报试验   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
本文用p—σ混合坐标系原始方程模式,对1982年5月8日至10日的一次天气过程进行了数值预报试验。试验方案有两类,一类是湿绝热预报方案,另一类是非绝热预极方案,即模式中除考虑水汽凝结所产生的潜热外,还包含了海陆分布、地形以及不同的土壤下垫面物理特征所引起的各种非绝热物理过程。文中着重比较和讨论了非绝热加热过程对于北半球热带副热带地区环流和天气现象的影响。结果指出,非绝热物理过程对于高空温压场形势的短期影响不明显,对于低层气压形势以及风场的影响较大,对孟加拉湾及高原东部影响甚大,两种方案的风矢差变率可达到100%。忽略非绝热过程,会使青藏高原热低压大为减弱,风场的气旋性环流和辐合均大为减小,西南气流也被削弱。对于降水分布和降水量来说,忽略非绝热物理过程可使孟加拉湾地区不出现降水区,我国东南部沿海地区以及西太平洋中的降水也被减少甚至消失。   相似文献   

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