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1.
Fulu Men 《地震工程与工程振动(英文版)》2002,1(2):281-291
In this paper, mantle circulation flow, continental drift, earthquake origin and other mechanical principles are examined
as they apply to earthquake engineering, seismology and dynamics of fluid saturated porous medium. The relationship of mantle
flow to earthquakes is examined and clarified, and a new model, different from Haskell’s, is proposed for the earthquake mechanism.
The proposed new model is based on the discovery that two pairs of jump stress and jump velocity will start to act from the
fault plane. Records obtained directly from recent earthquakes nearby and right on the fault break show a very large velocity
impulse, which verify, indirectly, the new mechanism proposed by the author. Further, at least two physical parameters that
characterize the seismic intensity must be specified, because according to the discontinuous (jump) wave theory, at the earthquake
source, the stress jump and the velocity jump of particle motion should act simultaneously when a sudden break occurs. The
third key parameter is shown to be the break (fracture) propagation speed together with the break plane area. This parameter
influences the form of the unloading time function at the source. The maximum seismic stress in and displacement of a building
are estimated for two unfavorable combinations of the building and its base ground in terms of their relative rigidity. Finally,
it is shown that Biot’s theory of wave propagation in fluid saturated porous media is valid only when fluid flow cannot occur. 相似文献
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监测地下介质物性动态变化对于研究地震的孕育发生过程具有重要意义. 汶川地震发生后, 在汶川地震主断裂带东北端的陕西省宁强县, 建立了一套主动震源观测系统,利用电动落锤作震源对断裂带开展了近一个月的连续监测实验. 利用主动震源激发波形的高度可重复性, 用谱比法计算了浅层地下介质衰减参数t*随时间的变化, 并与波速和大气压变化进行了对比分析. 结果显示, 由未固结的沉积层和破碎岩石组成的断裂带地震波衰减强,品质因子为10左右;衰减参数t*与大气压的变化有很好的相关性, 并与波速随大气压的变化趋势一致, 可能是由于大气压变化导致浅层介质的裂隙密度变化引起的;强余震引起显著的t*的同震变化及震后各接收台站的不同变化趋势. 野外实验表明, 主动震源是一种监测地下介质物性变化的有效方法. 相似文献
4.
A. V. Guglielmi 《Izvestiya Physics of the Solid Earth》2016,52(5):785-786
The well-known Omori law is represented in the form of the differential equation describing the evolution of the aftershock activity. The interpretation of the evolution equation is suggested. It is based on the idea of deactivation of the faults in the vicinity of the main shock of the earthquake. The generalization of the Omori law with the allowance for the nonstationarity of the medium in the source, which is cooling after the main shock, is presented. 相似文献
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根据以往研究的地震孕育和发生的３个模式提出了地震成因的综合模式、地震前兆指标和预报方法。综合模式由７个单元组成：震源、震源端部的２个调整单元、震源顶部和底部的２个软弱层（这些单元均位于上岩石圈）以及下岩石圈的两个深部剪切蠕滑断层（一个与震源断层面垂直立交，另一个与震源断层面同面立接）。这７个单元组成了导致强震后果的结构。在构造力源作用下每一个单元围绕震源运动。最终使震源区破裂和发生强震。根据这个模式各种地震前兆异常区的演化与模式中震源与其它各个单元之间的差异性有关，与调整单元、调整层、深部剪切蠕滑断层之间的差异性有关。这种差异性使不同时间或同一时段多个异常区、带边界的交汇点或连接区预示未来强震位置。在孕震后期，震源系统某些单元之间的相互作用增强，并形成正反馈，前兆异常随时间的变化出现起伏加剧。根据总结，强震大多发生在第３次起伏加剧的峰值处和峰值后并得到Ｍ＝４．２９＋０．１１ｔ式中ｔ为起伏加剧的异常时间，以月为单位。由上述指标可以作出强震的中短期预报。在文章最后我们以唐山地震为例展示了综合模式在地震预报中的应用 相似文献
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针对安徽中西部地区近年来出现多项测震学指标异常情况。利用震主介质参数方法进行也跟踪分析,结果认为该区域,尤其是两条小震活动带交汇区域,存在着发生中等地震的震源与介质背景。 相似文献
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On the basis of previous study of the 1679 Sanhe-Pinggu(M8.0) earthquake,the biggest event in history ever recorded in Beijing and its adjacent area,we made a 3-D strong ground motion simulation utilizing the staggered-grid finite differences method to study the distributions of peak ground velocity with different earthquake source models in the Beijing region.In the paper,earthquake source models and a transmission medium velocity model are established and the corresponding parameters are given in accordance to the results from a related previous study.Then,using a three-dimensional finite difference computing program of near-fault strong ground motion developed by Graves,the peak ground velocity caused by a destructive earthquake in the Beijing area is simulated.In our computation model,the earthquake source is 3km in depth,and a total number of 21,679 observation points on the ground surface are figured out.The transmission medium velocity model is composed of four stratums which are the Quaternary deposit,the upper crust,the upper part of the middle crust and the lower part of the middle crust.With the minimum grid spacing of 0.15km,a total of 2.28×106 grids are generated.Using a time step of 0.02 seconds we calculated the peak ground velocity for a duration of 8 seconds.After the analysis of the simulation results,we observed some basic characteristics of near-fault strong ground motion such as the concentration effect of near-fault peak ground velocity,rupture directivity effect,hanging wall effect,and basin effect.The results from our simulation and analysis suggest that the source and transmitting medium parameters in our model are suitable and the finite difference method is applicable to estimate the distribution of strong ground motion in the study region. 相似文献
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在地震预报的实践过程中，我们深深的体会到地震前兆场源关系的深入了解是十分必要的。虽然地震预报是世界性的难题，但是，只要我们在实践的基础上，能从理论上对这一演化物理问题有逐渐深入的认识，在一定的条件下，对某些地震做出中期和短临预报是很有可能的。本文以共和地震为例，对地震前兆场源关系的复杂性进行了初步的分析研究。其结果认为，正确的认识场源关系，以场求源，以源推场，场源结合，跟踪短临异常是实现短临地震预报的前提和基础。 相似文献
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加卸载响应比(LURR)是根据岩石应力-应变关系的动态演化规律提出的地震预测方法。以Benioff应变为响应量,分析青海玛多M_S7.4地震前震中及其周边400 km内的LURR异常的演化特征发现,在震前一个月LURR值达到最高值,半个月之后出现高值回落的现象,说明此时孕震区岩石介质已进入屈服阶段的末端。在此基础上,利用NOAA卫星地面长波辐射(OLR)数据,分析高值回落后(5月14—25日)地面长波辐射值的短临异常演化规律。结果显示:震前在空间上仅仅在震中北部出现OLR显著且连续的短临异常变化并呈现向震中扩展的趋势,在时间上整个演化过程经历了初始增温-异常扩展-达到峰值-异常减弱-地震发生-异常消失等6个阶段。LURR和OLR震前短临异常特征说明,回落前的LURR高值反映了岩石介质屈服阶段的结束,OLR在一定程度上可以表征处于临界状态的活动断层的构造应力累积状态,综合研究两种物理参量震前异常演化特征,有助于更准确评估地震活动趋势。 相似文献
11.
山西大同—阳高6．1级地震形变异常的再研究 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3
在对山西大同－阳高1989年6．1地震的震例总结中，共收集了23项形变异常，经过对资料的整理研究，又发现了13项。经过进一步总结形变异常的演化特征及物理机制，表明形变异常在震前具有多样性，震源区出现了闭锁现象。中期趋势异常主要受区域应力场的控制，短临异常反映了震源应力场的变化，异常的空间分布是震源应力场和区域应力场相互作用的结果。 相似文献
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A probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) utilizes, in the conventional Cornell–McGuire approach, a quantitative model of the earthquake activity implying major simplifications which are important to assess in terms of their contributions to uncertainty. The goal is one of the basic principles in science, namely to establish a minimum parameter model that depicts nature with the optimum representativity (Occam's razor). All too often, underlying seismological issues remain obscure in PSHA analyses. On the basis of a specific analysis conducted in Norway we highlight how a combined seismicity analysis using both modern network data and historical data can be utilized in order to provide realistic insights into location precision and to establish magnitude homogeneity. All of this is aimed at improving the reliability of the seismic source models (i.e. the activity parameters), and to improve, without over-interpretation the earthquake catalog data, the spatial differentiation of the seismogenic zones. 相似文献
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Epistemic uncertainties can be classified into two major categories: parameter and model. While the first one stems from the difficulties in estimating the values of input model parameters, the second comes from the difficulties in selecting the appropriate type of model. Investigating their combined effects and ranking each of them in terms of their influence on the predicted losses can be useful in guiding future investigations. In this context, we propose a strategy relying on variance-based global sensitivity analysis, which is demonstrated using an earthquake loss assessment for Pointe-à-Pitre (Guadeloupe, France). For the considered assumptions, we show: that uncertainty of losses would be greatly reduced if all the models could be unambiguously selected; and that the most influential source of uncertainty (whether of parameter or model type) corresponds to the seismic activity group. Finally, a sampling strategy was proposed to test the influence of the experts’ weights on models and on the assumed coefficients of variation of parameter uncertainty. The former influenced the sensitivity measures of the model uncertainties, whereas the latter could completely change the importance rank of the uncertainties associated to the vulnerability assessment step. 相似文献
14.
Stress drop assessment of the August 8, 2017, Jiuzhaigou earthquake sequence and its tectonic implications* 
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下载免费PDF全文 By using a broadband Lg attenuation model developed for the Tibetan Plateau, we isolate source terms by removing attenuation and site effects from the observed Lg-wave displacement spectra of the M7.0 earthquake that occurred on August 8, 2017, in Jiuzhaigou, China, and its aftershock sequence. Thus, the source parameters, including the scalar seismic moment, corner frequency and stress drop, of these events can be further estimated. The estimated stress drops vary from 47.1 kPa to 7149.6 kPa, with a median value of 59.4 kPa and most values falling between 50 kPa and 75 kPa. The estimated stress drops show significant spatial variations. Lower stress drops were mainly found close to the mainshock and on the seismogenic fault plane with large coseismic slip. In contrast, the highest stress drop was 7.1 MPa for the mainshock, and relatively large stress drops were also found for aftershocks away from the major seismogenic fault and at depths deeper than the zone with large coseismic slip. By using a statistical method, we found self-similarity among some of the aftershocks with a nearly constant stress drop. In contrast, the stress drop increased with the seismic moment for other aftershocks. The amount of stress released during earthquakes is a fundamental characteristic of the earthquake rupture process. As such, the stress drop represents a key parameter for improving our understanding of earthquake source physics. 相似文献
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强烈地震震源区和其周边地域的介质,在力源作用下开始破裂,即微破裂,而当其在应力不断积累、逐渐发展并形成具有一定规模的“破裂链”时,即应力集中达到临界状态时,震源介质所积累的巨大能量以波动的形式瞬间释放,并冲出地表发生地震,且在地表产生一系列的破坏和大型断裂.在强烈地震发生后依据设定的初始模型和远、近地震台网记录,通过震源机制解计算,可求得震源介质的破裂长度和破裂过程.事实表明,一系列大地震的“孕育”、发生和发展,由震源深处到地表均呈现出强烈的破裂效应,其破裂长度可由几公里、几十公里、乃至千余公里长.有的地震在发生前确亦存在着破裂响应和迹象.为此,若在地表和深井中能进行破裂效应的观测,以捕捉初始微破裂和其形成“破裂链”的动力过程,这对于短临地震预测可能是一个十分重要的途径. 相似文献
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Based on a simplified media model of Gonghe area, the precursor characteristics of Gonghe M7.0 earthquake in 1990 are simulated in this paper by using the constitutive relationship of binary medium (solid and water).
The results show that the simulated state distribution and extension variation of media are identical with the spatial and
temporal distribution of reliable anomalies before Gonghe earthquake. The study also suggests that the development of the
Gonghe earthquake has experienced a series of processes such as elastic deformation of large scale, early nonelastic dilatation,
strain softening and elastic recovery in the neighbour region of Xining, nonelastic dilatation of high dense block near seismic
source and earthquake occurrence. Therefore, it can be concluded that this earthquake development is neither a simple process
for fissures developing and linking up with one another, nor a process of nonelastic volume expansion and water flowing into
medium around seismic source, contrary, it is a complicated medium state changing process, and the style of such changing
depends on geological structure environment of seismic source and its neighbour region. It is considered that different earthquakes
are accompanied by different geological conditions, the spatial and temporal behavior of their precursors are certainly different. 相似文献
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As a deterministic numerical approach for simulation of earthquake ground motions, the spectral element method (SEM) is applied to generate a broadband acceleration array for dam-canyons instead of the traditional empirical or stochastic methods. Specifically, the SEM analysis model with an extra fine mesh is used for the Pacoima Canyon to simulate the entire path starting from earthquake source rupture via the propagation medium to the local site. The source and the 3D earth model (velocity structure) are validated through the modeling of the Newhall earthquake on 28 October 2012 at a frequency of up to 8 Hz. Subsequently, the San Fernando earthquake records on 13 January 2001 are further used to study the effects of propagation path in simulation. Finally, the spatially varying ground motions at the Pacoima Canyon are obtained for different source mechanisms. The results show that the source mechanism and the local site topography significantly affect the distribution of the peak accelerations along the canyon. 相似文献
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The study of seismic attenuation property is a major subject in seismology. Seismic waves recorded by seismic stations （seismographs） contain source effect, seismic wave propagation effect, site response of seismic stations and instrumental response. The path effect of seismic wave propagation, site response of seismic stations and instrumental response must be taken out in the study of source property with seismic data. The path effect of seismic wave propagation （seismic attenuation） involves an important influential factor, the anelastic attenuation of medium, which is measured with quality factor Q, apart from geometric attenuation with the distance. As a basic physical parameter of the Earth medium, Q value is essential for quantitative study of earthquakes and source property （e.g. determination of source parameters）, which is widely used in earthquake source physics and engineering seismology. 相似文献
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本文综合了哈斯克尔（N.A.Haskell）的有限长度的运动断层模型和安艺敬一（K.Aki）的所谓ω2模型（他的模型用了一个指数衰减函数作为位错速度的自相关函数）,略去了一些次要的因素和项,考虑了与烈度的联系,建立了一个计算烈度分布的模型。用此模型和震源机制工作给出的震源参数,计算了四个典型地震的理论烈度分布。同实际观测的烈度分布比较,两者基本一致。说明我们建立的模型,不仅可以解释许多实际的烈度分布（而有些是从地质构造角度无法解释的）,而且可以用于计算大面积的烈度分布。 相似文献