共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 167 毫秒
1.
《高原气象》2020,(3)
利用激光测风雷达2017年12月1日至2018年2月28日在兰州城区获取的风场资料,分析了兰州冬季风场结构特征,并通过聚类分析得到了冬季影响兰州地区的天气形势,分析了不同天气形势下的风场特征,在此基础上分析了局地环流主导下的风场和污染物浓度日变化特征及两者之间的相关性。结果表明,兰州2017年冬季低空水平风速整体较小,平均风向以偏东风为主;风场日变化特征明显,午后至傍晚水平风速大于其他时刻,03:00(北京时,下同)-08:00 250～650m维持偏西风,650m以上偏南风增加,其余时刻各高度均以偏东风为主。兰州地区受弱高压控制时,局地环流占主导,城区污染严重。各高度污染系数最大值对应的风向存在差异,200 m以上污染系数迅速减小,增加污染物的排放高度至200 m以上可有效减少近地面污染物浓度。 相似文献
2.
城市湍流边界层内汽车尾气扩散规律数值模拟研究 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
以纳维斯托克斯方程组、大气平流扩散方程、湍流动能及湍流动能耗散率方程组为基础．采用伪不定常方法,建立了一个数值模式．利用该模式列城市湍流边界层内流场结构及汽车排放污染物扩散规律进行了研究。结果表明：街谷内会形成一个涡旋型流场．汽车排放污染物浓度在地面及建筑物背风面产生堆积,且其沿高度方向的梯度变化在背风面大．迎风而小。随着街谷两侧建筑物屋顶风速的增大,峡谷内形成的涡旋流场的强度增大,污染物扩散速率增大：当屋顶来流与街道之间的夹角逐渐增大时．涡旋中心位置由街道中心偏向于背风面及更高层且污染物扩散速度加快。 相似文献
3.
本文通过分析"神舟六号"飞船着陆时期WRF模式对主着陆场区的风场及其影响系统的模拟结果, 发现WRF模式对主着陆场区的地面风速、风向的预报,WRF模式输出的850 hPa 模拟风场对100 m高度以下浅层风的最大风速及其风向的预报,结果均比较理想;WRF模式输出的300 hPa 高度风速、风向的模拟结果和急流轴的强度、位置模拟结果,与高空7～12 km最大风速及其风向的相关性较好,可作为预报指标;模式对风场的主要影响系统东北低压加深东移和蒙古高压的演变模拟基本准确.本模式能够作为未来客观预报主着陆场区地面和高空风场一种新的技术手段和工具. 相似文献
4.
山谷风环流控制下的大气污染物输送和扩散过程:二维数值模拟研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
本文以兰州地区的实际地形为背景,建立了一个二维小尺度数值模式,并用它对山谷之间热力差异造成的山谷风环流及其控制下山谷中高架源排放的污染物输送和扩散过程进行了模拟研究。结果表明,在山谷风环流控制下,造成山谷内高污染浓度的主要因素有两个:一是日出前和日落后山谷风的转换;二是在白天由于山谷风环流所造成的山谷上空较强的下沉气流。 相似文献
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6.
上海市气象场与SO2浓度数值模拟 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：2
采用地形坐标系下适合于复杂地形且满足地－气耦合的静力学三维中－β尺度气象预报模式，使用08时的实测流场经变分法初始化后得到的初始流场，模拟研究了上海地区的局地流场时空演变特征，模式较细致地考虑了湍流，长短波辐射，凝结，蒸发，地表热力平衡等因子，在此基础上，使用有限元法数值求解一阶闭合的三维区拉平流扩散方程，模拟了上海地区的SO2浓度分布，结果表明：上海的局地流场具有明显的日变化特征，受海陆温差的影响明显，日间风速较夜间风速大，风向呈顺时针旋转，在不同稳定层结情况下，高架点源排放的高空污染物对地面的污染物浓度有贡献，会千成地面污染物浓度升高。 相似文献
7.
本文将农田微气象模式与冬小麦冠层光合模式进行耦合，建立了一个具有较强机理的冬小麦冠层CO2分布廓线模式，冠层光合模式中考虑了气孔对叶片光合的调节作用，具有明确的生物学意义，实测资料验证表明，模式可以较准确地模拟拔节期冬小麦冠层CO2分布状况，平均相对误差为6．47％，数值分析表明：当冬小麦冠层风速为1m/s时，CO2廓线弯曲最为明显，随着风速加大，CO2廓线弯曲程度变小，CO2浓度升高后风速对廓线影响的基本规律没有发生改变，但是冠层中CO2浓度差将进一步加大。 相似文献
8.
一、前言在“杭州齿轮箱厂大气环境质量评价”工作中,我们根据《国家标准》规定,讨论了常年频率最大风向(NE风和SW风)、平均风速(2.8米/秒)情况及静风情况下该厂周围地区大气扩散规律及CO地面浓度分布。然而,由大气扩散理论知,微风(风速为0.5～1.5米/秒)情况对大气污染物的输送、扩散和稀释是极为不利的,而且微风条件又常常与大气层结状态的比较稳定相伴随。因此,在这种气象条件下,污染源所排放的污染物在大气中造成的污染危害 相似文献
9.
对 2019 年 1 月发生在西安市的一次持续重污染过程气象条件进行研究，对污染清除阶段进行对比分析，研究冷锋活动对西安市污染物的输送和清除作用。结果表明：7 日白天西风累积风速更大，污染清除速率较快，14 日夜间—15 日东风累积风速更大，持续半个月的污染状况消除。两次污染清除过程的不同是由冷高压的位置和移动路径不同所造成。关中盆地内的主导风向不同则是风场与地形相互作用的结果。小时加密风场表明污染清除可分为偏西路径和偏东路径。偏东风将汾渭平原的污染物输送至关中盆地，对本地污染状况是先加重再清除的效果。污染持续期间逆温层维持，上午地面风加强导致近地面污染物浓度降低，午后晴空加热效应明显，贴地逆温减弱或消失，近地层大气垂直混合加强，污染物向上扩散稀释，地面污染物浓度迅速下降。 相似文献
10.
采用地形坐标系下适合于复杂地形且满足地-气耦合的静力学三维中-β尺度气象预报模式,使用08时的实测流场经变分法初始化后得到的初始流场,模拟研究了上海地区的局地流场时空演变特征。模式较细致地考虑了湍流、长短波辐射、凝结、蒸发、地表热力平衡等因子,在此基础上,使用有限元法数值求解一阶闭合的三维欧拉平流扩散方程,模拟了上海地区的SO2浓度分布。结果表明:上海的局地流场具有明显的日变化特征,受海陆温差的影响明显,日间风速较夜间风速大,风向呈顺时针旋转;在不稳定层结情况下,高架点源排放的高空污染物对地面的污染物浓度有贡献,会造成地面污染物浓度升高。 相似文献
11.
Pollutant Concentrations in Street Canyons of Different Aspect Ratio with Avenues of Trees for Various Wind Directions 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
This study summarizes the effects of avenues of trees in urban street canyons on traffic pollutant dispersion. We describe various wind-tunnel experiments with different tree-avenue models in combination with variations in street-canyon aspect ratio W/H (with W the street-canyon width and H the building height) and approaching wind direction. Compared to tree-free street canyons, in general, higher pollutant concentrations are found. Avenues of trees do not suppress canyon vortices, although the air ventilation in canyons is hindered significantly. For a perpendicular wind direction, increases in wall-average and wall-maximum concentrations at the leeward canyon wall and decreases in wall-average concentrations at the windward wall are found. For oblique and perpendicular wind directions, increases at both canyon walls are obtained. The strongest effects of avenues of trees on traffic pollutant dispersion are observed for oblique wind directions for which also the largest concentrations at the canyon walls are found. Thus, the prevailing assumption that attributes the most harmful dispersion conditions to a perpendicular wind direction does not hold for street canyons with avenues of trees. Furthermore, following dimensional analysis, an estimate of the normalized wall-maximum traffic pollutant concentration in street canyons with avenues of trees is derived. 相似文献
12.
Ken-ichi Narita 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2007,122(2):293-320
A major problem in urban climate modelling is determining how the heat fluxes from various canyon surfaces are affected by
canyon flow. To address this problem, we developed a water evaporation method involving filter paper to study the distribution
of the convective transfer velocity in urban street canyons. In this method, filter paper is pasted onto a building model
and the evaporation rate from the paper is measured with an electric balance. The method was tested on 2D (two-dimensional)
street canyon models and 3D model arrangements. Moreover, in this technique, it is easy to restrict the flux within an arbitrary
surface in question. That is, the evaporation distribution on a surface can be studied by using several small pieces of filter
paper. In the 2D case, the wall transfer velocity was strongly dependent on the canyon aspect ratio for perpendicular wind
directions and it varied widely with height within both windward and leeward wall surfaces. For 3D cubic arrays, the relation
to canyon aspect ratio was largely different from that of the 2D canyon. And, as a case study, the variation of wind direction
was investigated for a city-like setting. The area-averaged transfer velocity was insensitive to wind direction but its local
deviation was significant. Finally, we measured the transfer velocity for a clustered block array surrounded by relatively
wide streets. The effect of spatial heterogeneity on the transfer velocity was significant. Moreover, for a fixed total building
volume, the transfer velocity was considerably larger when the building height varied than when it was uniform. Therefore,
the water evaporation method with filter paper is expected to be useful for studying the transfer velocity and ventilation
rates in urban areas with various canyon shapes. 相似文献
13.
Marcin Idczak Patrice Mestayer Jean-Michel Rosant Jean-Francois Sini Michel Violleau 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2007,124(1):25-41
In order to investigate the microclimatic conditions in a street canyon, a physical model was used to conduct the Joint ATREUS-PICADA
Experiment (JAPEX) in situ experimental campaign. Four lines of buildings simulated by steel containers were installed to
form three parallel street canyons at 1:5 scale, with width/height aspect ratio approximately 0.40. The reference wind and
atmospheric conditions were measured, as well as the flow velocity and direction in the street. Preliminary results concern
street canyon ventilation and thermal effects on in-canyon airflow, and show that vortical motions appear for reference wind
directions perpendicular to the street axis. The presence of adjacent rows of buildings did not appear to significantly influence
the flow character within the canyon for the case of a low aspect ratio corresponding to a skimming flow regime. The flow
structure was not significantly affected by the thermal effects although some slight interference occurred in the lower part
of the canyon. An analysis of horizontal temperature gradients indicated that a thin boundary layer develops near the heated
facade. These facts imply that the thermal effects are considerable only very close to the wall. 相似文献
14.
Scalar Fluxes from Urban Street Canyons Part II: Model 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
A practical model is developed for the vertical flux of a scalar, such as heat, from an urban street canyon that accounts for variations of the flow and turbulence with canyon geometry. The model gives the magnitude and geometric dependence of the flux from each facet of the urban street canyon, and is shown to agree well with wind-tunnel measurements described in Part I. The geometric dependence of the flux from an urban street canyon is shown to be determined by two physical processes. Firstly, as the height-to-width ratio of the street canyon increases, so does the roughness length and displacement height of the surface. This increase leads to a reduction in the wind speed in the inertial sublayer above the street canyons. Since the speed of the circulations in the street are proportional to this inertial sublayer wind speed, the flux then reduces with the inertial sublayer wind speed. This process is dominant at low height-to-width ratios. Secondly, the character of the circulations within the street canyon also varies as the height-to-width ratio increases. The flow in the street is partitioned into a recirculation region and a ventilated region. When the street canyon has high height-to-width ratios the recirculation region occupies the whole street canyon and the wind speeds within the street are low. This tendency decreases the flux at high height-to-width ratios. These processes tend to reduce the flux density from the individual facets of the street canyon, when compared to the flux density from a horizontal surface of the same material. But the street canyon has an increased total surface area, which means that the total flux from the street canyon is larger than from a horizontal surface. The variations in scalar flux from an urban street canyon with geometry is over a factor of two, which means that the physical mechanisms responsible should be incorporated into energy balance models for urban areas. 相似文献
15.
Kyung-Hwan Kwak Jong-Jin Baik Sang-Hyun Lee Young-Hee Ryu 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2011,141(1):77-92
Urban surface and radiation processes are incorporated into a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model to investigate the
diurnal variation of flow in a street canyon with an aspect ratio of 1. The developed CFD model predicts surface and substrate
temperatures of the roof, walls, and road. One-day simulations are performed with various ambient wind speeds of 2, 3, 4,
5, and 6 ms−1, with the ambient wind perpendicular to the north–south oriented canyon. During the day, the largest maximum surface temperature
for all surfaces is found at the road surface for an ambient wind speed of 3 ms−1 (56.0°C). Two flow regimes are identified by the vortex configuration in the street canyon. Flow regime I is characterized
by a primary vortex. Flow regime II is characterized by two counter-rotating vortices, which appears in the presence of strong
downwind building-wall heating. Air temperature is relatively low near the downwind building wall in flow regime I and inside
the upper vortex in flow regime II. In flow regime II, the upper vortex expands with increasing ambient wind speed, thus enlarging
the extent of cool air within the canyon. The canyon wind speed in flow regime II is proportional to the ambient wind speed,
but that in flow regime I is not. For weak ambient winds, the dependency of surface sensible heat flux on the ambient wind
speed is found to play an essential role in determining the relationship between canyon wind speed and ambient wind speed. 相似文献
16.
为研究机动车辆排出的污染物在大气中的扩散规律，在北京做了小风条件下的街谷示踪试验。当楼顶风速u接近或大于1米/秒时，街谷内可形成一稳定的原生涡；u＜0.6米/秒时原生涡将消失。对于楼之间空间较小的街谷，背风面和迎风面的示踪剂浓度平均比值可达8。浓度值沿楼层高度无明显变化；由于快车路旁松墙的阻挡和抬升作用，可能造成沿高度方向楼层中段的浓度偏高。在街谷外，除下风方路面上有一按下风距离的负幂指数衰减的浓度分布外，上风方路面上也有一按较大负幂指数衰减的分布。根据上述试验，给出了用以预测街谷中机动车辆排出的惰性气体污染物的扩散模式；模式中，对原生涡和小尺度湍流，做了分别处理。 相似文献
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18.
A box model to simulate mass transfer inside deep street canyons and with atmospheric flow above is introduced and discussed.
Two ideal deep street canyons with aspect ratios of 3 and 5 (the aspect ratio being the ratio between building height and
street width H/W) are considered. This range of aspect ratios, found in many densely populated historical centres in Mediterranean cities
as well as in other cities around the world, potentially creates high air pollutant concentration levels. Our model is based
on a combination of analytical solutions and computation fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations using carbon monoxide (CO) as a
tracer pollutant. The analytical part of the model is based on mass transfer velocity concepts while CFD simulations are used
both for a preliminary validation of the physical hypothesis underlying the model (steady-state simulations) and to evaluate
the concentration pattern with time (transient or wash-out simulations). Wash-out simulation curves were fitted by model curves,
and mass transfer velocities were evaluated through a best-fitting procedure. Upon introducing into the model the contribution
of traffic-produced turbulence, the modelled CO concentration levels became comparable with those obtained in real-world monitoring
campaigns. The mass transfer rate between the canyon and the above atmosphere was then expressed in terms of an overall mass
transfer velocity, which directly allows the evaluation of the mass transfer rate between the bottom volume of the canyon
(pedestrian level) with the above atmosphere. Overall mass transfer velocities are reported as a function of the operating
conditions studied (H/W = 3–5 and wind speeds = 2–8 ms−1). Finally, a simple expression is reported for determining pollutant concentrations at the pedestrian level based on the
overall mass transfer velocity defined. 相似文献
19.
应用雷诺应力湍流模型,模拟了不同高度比的城市街道峡谷的气流场。结果表明:峡谷的对称性对其内部气流场有显著影响。前高后低型峡谷下部为逆时针旋涡,上部为顺时针旋涡,峡谷越深,流场发展的越充分;峡谷内部墙面存在明显的驻点。前低后高型峡谷只存在一个大的顺时针旋涡,随着峡谷的加深,内部气流速率有减小的趋势;峡谷达到一定深度后出现驻点。对称型峡谷内部形成了顺时针旋涡,强度不大;随着峡谷的加深,内部流场转为一顺一反2个旋涡的二元结构;仅当峡谷很深时才出现明显驻点。前低后高型峡谷的气流场形式更有利于污染物的迁移、扩散,在城市规划中应尽量结合主导风向设计这类建筑布局。 相似文献