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1.
The concentrations of 16 trace elements (Ag, Al, As, B, Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, Ti, U, and Zn) in drinking water from Najran City, Saudi Arabia, were determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and compared with local, regional, and international guidelines. Water samples from 22 water treatment plants and 13 commercial bottled water brands were analyzed. Except for B and U, the trace element concentrations were below the permitted limits defined in SASO, GSO, and WHO drinking water quality guidelines. The B concentrations in three brands of bottled water were 533.19, 602.29, and 1471.96 μg/L, which were all higher than the GSO and SASO limit (500 μg/L). The U concentrations were higher than the SASO limits for drinking water in two samples; one in treatment plant (2.39 μg/L) and another in foreign bottled water (2.17 μg/L). The median As, Ba, Cu, Ni, U, and Zn concentrations were statistically significantly higher in the treatment plant water samples than those in the bottled water samples, and conversely, the B concentrations were higher in the bottled water samples. The Cd, Hg, and Ti concentrations were below the detection limits of ICP-MS in all of the water samples. Apart from few exceptions, trace element concentrations in drinking water of Najran City were all within limits permitted in the national, regional, and international drinking water quality guideline values.  相似文献   

2.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) and nitrated PAH (NPAH) products are toxic. Thus, determination of their concentrations is of great interest to researchers of soil and water pollution control. In this work, soil samples, surface water samples, and groundwater samples were collected, and the concentrations of 16 priority PAHs and 15 NPAHs were determined using an HPLC-ultraviolet detector. Results showed that the total PAH concentrations ranged within 489.69–1,670.11 ng/g (average = 905.89 ng/g) in soil samples, 4.00–23.4 μg/l (average = 9.84 μg/l) in surface water samples, and 2.14–22.3 μg/l (average = 8.37 μg/l) in groundwater samples. The NPAH concentrations were one to two orders of magnitude lower than the PAH concentrations and ranged within 22.72–128.70 ng/g (average = 63.88 ng/g) in soil samples. 2-Nitropyrene and 6-nitrochrysene were the most abundant compounds, accounting for about 14.3 and 26.5 %, respectively. Source analysis revealed that most PAHs originated from coal combustion around the study area, whereas NPAH studies suggested that the primary emission of gasoline engines and daytime OH reactions were the dominant sources of these compounds.  相似文献   

3.
The organic composition of produced water samples from coalbed natural gas (CBNG) wells in the Powder River Basin, WY, sampled in 2001 and 2002 are reported as part of a larger study of the potential health and environmental effects of organic compounds derived from coal. The quality of CBNG produced waters is a potential environmental concern and disposal problem for CBNG producers, and no previous studies of organic compounds in CBNG produced water have been published. Organic compounds identified in the produced water samples included: phenols, biphenyls, N-, O-, and S-containing heterocyclic compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), aromatic amines, various non-aromatic compounds, and phthalates. Many of the identified organic compounds (phenols, heterocyclic compounds, PAHs) are probably coal-derived. PAHs represented the group of organic compounds most commonly observed. Concentrations of total PAHs ranged up to 23 μg/L. Concentrations of individual compounds ranged from about 18 to <0.01 μg/L. Temporal variability of organic compound concentrations was documented, as two wells with relatively high organic compound contents in produced water in 2001 had much lower concentrations in 2002.  相似文献   

4.
We collected a total of 50 water samples comprising tap water, ground water, and bottled water, from various areas of Jeddah City. We collected tap water samples from 25 districts, groundwater samples from 10 wells, and 15 different brands of bottled water. The levels of 28 elements were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Water certified reference material (CWW-TM-B) was used to ensure quality assurance. Recoveries ranged from 92 to 104.8% for all measured elements. Levels of major and trace elements in groundwater samples were higher than those in both bottled and tap drinking water. Only four elements (Al, Cs, U, and Zn) were shown to be higher in tap water samples than other samples type. However, their values were far below the guideline values. All mean concentrations of Na, K, Mg, and Ca in well water samples were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than those in both bottled and tap drinking water. In addition, only Al and Zn in tap water samples were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than those in both bottled and well drinking water. Most of the other elements were higher in well water samples compared to other sources. The results from this study will be used to increase public awareness about the safety of drinking water. It will also be useful for increasing awareness of health issues related to drinking water and to water used for other purposes.  相似文献   

5.
This is a conducted study of the physicochemical and the bacteriological characteristics of groundwater from 24 wells in the six departments of Algeria: Mostaganem, Mecheria, Naama, Tiaret, Bechar, and Adrar. The six departments and surrounding areas depend heavily on water from wells as a resource for drinking water, as well as domestic, industrial, and agricultural uses. Understanding the groundwater chemistry provides insight into the interactions of water with the environment and contributes to better resource management. In total, 24 water samples from wells have been analyzed for major physical–chemical elements and metals. The results show that the water have pH values ranging between 7.1 and 8.2, salinity between 213 and 1,273 mg/L, and nitrate concentrations between 30 and 48.7 mg/L. The high concentration of nitrates is explained by the utilization of chemical fertilizers in agriculture. Almost all the samples are of type Na–SO4 and Na–HCO3, and the trace metal concentrations are within the admissible standard ranges. The bacteriological analysis of 24 samples analyzed showed that nine samples (nos. 3, 5, 8, 12, 14, 16, 17, 22, and 23) are contaminated. We conclude that the groundwater samples may safely be used for drinking, domestic, agricultural, and industrial purposes with the exception of the following samples: nos. 3, 5, 8, 12, 14, 16, 17, 22, and 23.  相似文献   

6.
Sedimentary rocks of Jurassic age (Ferozabad group) and igneous rocks (Bela Ophiolite) of Cretaceous age are widely exposed in the east of Winder Town, Balochistan. Representative 48 water and soil samples were collected and analyzed for Cd and other elements. The present study showed that water samples were contaminated by the Cd ion and most of the samples have higher concentration than prescribed WHO standards (3 μg/l) for drinking purpose. The concentration of Cd ions ranged between 1 and 30 with mean values of 10 μg/l and was found high in the vicinity of outcrops. The alkaline pH (av. 7.42) was mainly responsible for elevated Cd content in the water, having near equal molar proportions of Ca and HCO3 ions. Computed relative mobility values appeared as 0.23, indicating poor leaching from rocks and metal load in the groundwater is also measured low. The estimated values of mobility reflect fairly high mobility of Cd in the study area, decreases with distance from outcrops. The health hazard indices of drinking water was high (av. 1.33) with respect to safe average daily intake of Cd. The consumption of high Cd-bearing water may induce many disorders in the human health.  相似文献   

7.
River waters play a significant role in supplying naturally- and anthropogenically-derived materials to Lake Qinghai, northeastern Tibetan Plateau. To define the sources and controlling processes for river water chemistry within the Lake Qinghai catchment, high precision ICP-MS trace element concentrations were measured in water samples collected from the Buha River weekly in 2007, and from other major rivers in the post-monsoon (late October 2006) and monsoon (late July 2007) seasons. The distributions of trace elements vary in time and space with distinct seasonal patterns. The primary flux in the Buha River is higher TDS and dissolved Al, B, Cr, Li, Mo, Rb, Sr and U during springtime than those during other seasons and is attributed to the inputs derived from both rock weathering and atmospheric processes. Among these elements, the fluxes of dissolved Cr, B and Rb are strongly influenced by eolian dust input. The fluxes of dissolved Li, Mo, Sr and U are also influenced by weathering processes, reflecting the sensitivity of chemical weathering to monsoon conditions. The anthropogenic sources appear to be the dominant contribution to potentially harmful metals (Ni, Cu, Co, Zn and Pb), with high fluxes at onset of the main discharge pulses due, at least partially, to a runoff washout effect. For other major rivers, except for Ba, concentrations of trace elements are higher in the monsoon than in the post-monsoon season. A total of 38.5 ± 3.1 tons of potentially harmful elements are transported into the lake annually, despite human activities within the catchment being limited. Nearly all river water samples contain dissolved trace elements below the World Health Organization guidelines for drinking water, with the exception of As and B in the Daotang River water samples collected in late July probably mobilized from underlying lacustrine sediments.  相似文献   

8.
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9.
2013年1月在贡嘎山海螺沟3个不同采样点共收集了多个雪样,利用GC-MS分析了雪样中16种优控多环芳烃的含量,探讨了多环芳烃的短周期分布特征与来源,估算了采样点与排放源的直线距离。结果显示,海螺沟各采样点雪样中多环芳烃的总含量在163.7 ng/L~281.4 ng/L之间,其中菲的含量最高。雪样中2~4环多环芳烃占多环芳烃总量的百分比为92.0%~93.7%,表明污染来自较远距离传输,但主要排放源离海螺沟的直线距离不超过357 km。将雪层与气象资料的降雪期对应,结果表明从2012年11月到2013年1月这个短周期内,海螺沟雪样受多环芳烃污染的程度没有太大变化。对海螺沟雪样中的多环芳烃进行了来源分析,结果表明海螺沟雪样中的多环芳烃主要来自煤燃烧,不排除少部分木材燃烧,这一源解析结果与海螺沟及其周边地区主要以煤炭作为燃料的能源特征相吻合。  相似文献   

10.
Sewage effluent is often rich in toxic constituents leading to environmental hazard. Continuous discharge of sewage effluents into an agricultural training farm in University of Ibadan is polluting groundwater used for cultivation of vegetables and cereals, as also for drinking, thus posing risk to human health. The study area is underlain by Precambrian banded gneisses. The study is based on seven groundwater samples and twenty-three soil samples collected from seven trial pits. The samples have been analysed using AtomicAbsorption Spectrophotometric and Inductively Coupled Plasma- Emission Spectroscopy respectively.Water analyses data show that the concentrations of Fe, Pb and Cd have exceeded the WHO (2006) drinking-water quality guidelines. Correlation coefficient of water shows that the coefficient corresponding to zero has a percentage of 29, whereas 71 % of correlation is either from the same source or from different source of enrichment. The correlation analysis of soil samples shows that 92.9% of the elements have the same source. The enrichment factor and geo-accumulation analyses confirm enrichment of Cu, Cd, Fe, Pb, Zn, Sr, Ba, Mn, Ni and La concentrations contributing to the pollution. All the metals analysed in the soil sample from the farm have anthropogenic influence.  相似文献   

11.
Systematic investigations on seasonal variations in arsenic (As) concentrations in groundwater in both space and time are scarce for most parts of West Bengal (India). Hence, this study has been undertaken to investigate the extent of As pollution and its temporal variability in parts of Murshidabad district (West Bengal, India). Water samples from 35 wells were collected during pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons and analyzed for various elements. Based on the Indian permissible limit for As (50 μg/L) in the drinking water, water samples were classified into contaminated and uncontaminated category. 18 wells were reported as uncontaminated (on average 12 μg/L As) and 12 wells were found contaminated (129 μg/L As) throughout the year, while 5 wells could be classified as either contaminated or uncontaminated depending on when they were sampled. Although the number of wells that alternate between the contaminated and uncontaminated classification is relatively small (14%), distinct seasonal variation in As concentrations occur in all wells. This suggests that investigations conducted within the study area for the purpose of assessing the health risk posed by As in groundwater should not rely on a single round of water samples. In comparison to other areas, As is mainly released to the groundwater due to reductive dissolution of Fe-oxyhydroxides, a process, which is probably enhanced by anthropogenic input of organic carbon. The seasonal variation in As concentrations appear to be caused mainly by dilution effects during monsoon and post-monsoon. The relatively high concentrations of Mn (mean 0.9 mg/L), well above the WHO limit (0.4 mg/L), also cause great concern and necessitate further investigations.  相似文献   

12.
The market for mineral water has been growing steadily over the last few years. Germany is the country with the highest number of bottled mineral water brands (908 bottled water samples from 502 wells/brands were analyzed). The per capita consumption of mineral water in Germany in 2003 was 129 L. A wide range of values of one to seven orders of magnitude was determined for 71 elements in the bottled water samples analyzed by ICP-QMS, ICP-AES, IC, titration, photometric, conductometric and potentiometric methods. A comparison of the element concentrations and the legal limits for both bottled and tap water (EU, Germany, US EPA, WHO) shows that only 70% of the 908 mineral water samples fulfill the German and EU drinking water (i.e., tap water) regulations for all parameters (not including pH) for which action levels are defined. Nearly 5% of the bottled water samples not fulfill the German and EU regulations for mineral and table water. Comparison of our results with the current German and European action levels for mineral and table water shows that only 42 of the bottled water samples exceed the limits for one or more of the following elements: arsenic, nitrate, nitrite, manganese, nickel and barium concentrations. Ten of the bottled water samples contain uranium concentrations above the 10 μg/L recommended limit.  相似文献   

13.
Twenty-two bottled mineral and spring waters from Norway, Sweden, Finland and Iceland have been analysed for 71 inorganic chemical parameters with low detection limits as a subset of a large European survey of bottled groundwater chemistry (N = 884). The Nordic bottled groundwaters comprise mainly Ca–Na–HCO3–Cl water types, but more distinct Ca–HCO3, Na HCO3 and Na–Cl water types are also offered. The distributions for most elements fall between groundwater from Fennoscandian Quaternary unconsolidated aquifers and groundwater from Norwegian crystalline bedrock boreholes. Treated tap waters have slightly lower median values for many parameters, but elements associated with plumbing have significantly higher concentrations in tap waters than in bottled waters. The small dataset is able to show that excessive fluoride and uranium contents are potential drinking water problems in Fennoscandia. Nitrate and arsenic displayed low to moderate concentrations, but the number of samples from Finland and Northern Sweden was too low to detect that elevated concentrations of arsenic occur in bedrock boreholes in some regions. The data shows clearly that water sold in plastic bottles is contaminated with antimony. Antimony is toxic and suspected to be carcinogenic, but the levels are well below the EU drinking water limit. The study does not provide any health-based arguments for buying bottled mineral and spring waters for those who are served with drinking water from public waterworks. Drinking water from crystalline bedrock aquifers should be analysed. In case of elevated concentrations of fluoride, uranium or arsenic, most bottled waters, but not all, will be better alternatives when treatment of the well water is not practicable.  相似文献   

14.
A study has been conducted in the heavily populated coastal areas of the Puri district (Odisha, India) with the aim to: (1) identify the factors that influence the major ion composition and concentrations of trace elements in groundwater; (2) determine the spatial distribution of the water-quality parameters and how they vary on a seasonal basis. To do this, groundwater samples were collected from 60 shallow tube wells located along the Puri coast during the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Based on their TDS content, 52% of the collected groundwater samples were identified as being brackish-to-saline and unsuitable for drinking purposes in both the pre- and post-monsoon seasons. Significant concentrations of trace elements including Ba, Br, F, Fe, Mn, and Sr were detected in most of the samples. Iron concentrations were found to be higher than the WHO drinking water guideline value (0.3 mg/l) in 92% of the samples irrespective of seasons. Elevated Mn concentrations were observed in 37% and 40% of samples during the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons, respectively. In addition, fluoride concentrations in excess of the WHO limit (1.5 mg/l) were found in 15% of samples during the pre-monsoon and 23% of samples during the post-monsoon season. The concentrations of major and trace elements show wide spatial and minor temporal variations. Large spatial and limited temporal variations in Cl and Na concentrations along with considerable Br and Sr concentrations in groundwater suggest that saltwater intrusion is the dominant process controlling groundwater quality in the study area, although other processes including ion exchange, the precipitation and dissolution of minerals, microbial activity, and the weathering of aquifer material also play roles to some extent in determining the spatial and seasonal distribution of the major and trace elements in coastal groundwater. Grouping of various water-quality parameters related to these processes by principal component analysis and their linking to one cluster in the hierarchical cluster analysis further supports the view that these processes control the groundwater chemistry in the coastal aquifer.  相似文献   

15.
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16.
The concentrations of total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (??PAHs) and 16 individual PAH compounds in 6 surface water and 44 soil samples collected from the vicinity of spilled fuel from a pipeline which carries fuel from a jetty to the tank farm were analyzed. The ??PAHs concentrations in surface water ranged from 0.37 to 99.30?mg/l with a mean concentration of 57.83?mg/l. The ??PAHs concentrations in water are of several orders of magnitude higher than in unpolluted water and some national and international standards including in some surface water in other parts of the world. This suggests that the surface water of the area were heavily polluted by anthropogenic PAHs possibly from the spills. The total PAH concentrations in soil ranged from 16.06 to 25,547.75???g/kg with a mean concentration of 2,906.36???g/kg. ??PAH concentrations of the seven carcinogenic PAH compounds in soil varied between 0.02 and 97,954???g/kg. In terms of composition of patterns in surface water and soil, the PAHs were dominated by four and three rings. The distribution pattern showed marked predominance by low molecular weight compounds. In comparison with ??PAHs concentrations in other part of the world, the total PAH concentrations of this area were higher than those reported for some urban soils in some regions of the world. The ratios of Phe/Ant, Flu/Pyr, Flu/(Flu?+?Pyr), and BaA/(BaA?+?Chyr) in both water and soil indicated various sources of PAH in the area. These sources include fuel spills, burning of motor tyres and vegetation, vehicle repairs and washing, motor exhaust and fire wood burning from cooking.  相似文献   

17.
南黄海中部海水中多环芳烃的分布特征   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
2007年9月进行了2007南黄海海洋环境调查,并采集各个调查站位的表层、中层、底层海水及表层沉积物。利用液-液萃取法对采集到的样品进行前处理,并用气相色谱-质谱法检测海水中的多环芳烃。结果显示,监测站位中表层海水中总多环芳烃的含量范围是15.76~233.39ng/L,南黄海中部海水中多环芳烃的组成以2环的萘为优势组分;各种多环芳烃的含量与国际生物学组织或国家制定的评价水生生物暴露于水体的安全食用标准相比虽未超标,但个别组分如荧蒽的含量已达到生态毒理评价标准。  相似文献   

18.
孔祥胜  苗迎 《地球学报》2014,35(2):239-247
为证实大气干湿沉降物是岩溶地下河中多环芳烃(PAHs)的来源,研究选择了某城市典型的岩溶地下河水源地作为研究地点,采用大气干湿采样器、聚氨酯泡沫(PUF)大气被动采样器分别采集大气及其干湿沉降物样品,同时采集地下河水样和分层采集流域土壤,利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)测定了16种PAHs优先控制污染物。结果表明,地下河流域大气干湿沉降中PAHs的干湿沉降通量为147.26 ng·(m2·d)-1,流域PAHs沉降量为1943.8 g;大气中的PAHs浓度为45.33 ng·m-3;地下河水中PAHs浓度平均值为220.98 ng·L-1;土壤中PAHs浓度为38.72 ng·g-1;大气、降雨和土壤中PAHs组成以2~3环的萘、芴、菲、荧蒽、芘5种为主,地下河水中以芴、菲、荧蒽、芘、苯并[a]蒽、苯并[a]芘6种为主。利用地下河多介质中的16种PAHs成分谱、特征比值结合它们的物理化学性质进行PAHs的源解析,研究显示大气干湿沉降是岩溶地下河水中多环芳烃的主要污染源之一,这归因于岩溶地区防污性能的脆弱性。  相似文献   

19.
The interaction of contaminated rocks (loam and clay recovered from depths of 1 and 4 m by a borehole drilled in the territory of a metallurgical plant in Ryazan oblast) was examined experimentally, and the concentrations (C) of twenty elements in solutions after the experiments were analyzed. The concentrations lie within ranges typical of the upper aquifer in the contaminated area, with the Al, As, Mo, Na, S, and W concentrations exceeding the maximum permissible concentration values (MPC). The experiments with clay yielded less stable and unambiguous results because a certain portion of clay particles passed through the filter (0.05 μm) when the rock and water were separated after the experiments and thus may contribute to the concentrations of certain elements in the solutions. The experiments led us to derive two types of dependences for each element: (1) C-t (time) dependences within the range of 1–36 days and (2) C-n (number of acts of rock treatment with fresh water portions) dependences. The both types are presented by various mass ratios of rock and water (r/w = 0.5 and 0.1). The character of the dependences led us to classify the elements into two groups. The concentrations of elements of one of the groups (As, Si, and V) shows no systematic dependences of C on t, n, and r/w, and this corresponds to equilibrium reached by fast adsorption-desorption reactions. These dependences in the other group of elements (almost all other elements) testify that the slow dissolution-precipitation reactions proceed away from equilibrium. The C-n dependences were utilized to evaluate the recovery ratios of elements and to identify easily soluble species of Ca, Mg, Mo, Na, S, and Sr. A fraction of ooliths (goethite + SiO2) separated from the clay contains elevated concentrations of certain trace elements. Microprobe analyses of the ooliths show that elements whose concentrations are comparable with the detection limits of microprobe analysis are evenly distributed, with elevated concentrations detected only in two instances: (i) Ce and La (in monazite) and (ii) Co and Ni (in MnO). Having a high isomorphic capacity with respect to several elements, goethite can act as a geochemical barrier and thus constrain the migration of these elements. The correlation dependences of elemental concentrations in rock fractions were utilized to derive further information on the speciation of the elements related to common sources in various rocks and the number of concentrator minerals.  相似文献   

20.
Mostaganem City, located in the northwestern part of Algeria, has grown and has been urbanized rapidly. The city and surrounding areas depend heavily on groundwater as a resource for drinking water, as well as domestic, industrial, and agricultural uses. Understanding the groundwater chemistry provides insight into the interactions of water with the environment and contributes to better resource management. In total, 12 groundwater samples from wells in Mostaganem City have been analyzed for major physical–chemical elements and metals. The results show that the waters have pH values ranging between 7.1 and 8.1, salinity between 226 and 1,073 mg/L, and nitrate concentrations between 15 and 47.7 mg/L. The high concentration of nitrates is explained by the utilization of chemical fertilizers in agriculture. Almost all samples are of type Na–SO4 and Na–HCO3, and the trace metal concentrations are within the admissible standard ranges. We conclude that the groundwater in Mostaganem may safely be used for drinking, domestic, agricultural, and industrial purposes.  相似文献   

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