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1.
The resistance of bacteria to 12 different antibiotics was investigated in shrimp farms on Donghai Island, China. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria were found to be widespread in shrimp farms, indicating a high environmental risk. Further, significant differences were found in bacterial strains among farms (ANOVA, p < 0.05), showing resistance to antibiotics such as ampicillin, trimethoprim, compound sinomi, tetracycline, chloramphenicol and cefazolin. No significant differences in antibiotic resistance were found among 6 hatcheries evaluated in this study (ANOVA, p > 0.05), between exalted and traditional shrimp ponds (ANOVA, p > 0.05), and between cultural ponds and corresponding control water source sites (T-test, p > 0.05). In cultural ponds, no significant difference in bacterial resistance to antibiotics was found between water and sediment (T-test, p > 0.05), and antibiotic resistance of bacteria from water showed a significant positive correlation with that from sediment (p < 0.05). Therefore, our study indicates that bacterial multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) is more widespread in shrimp hatcheries than ponds.  相似文献   

2.
In this study, an investigation was carried out into the occurrence of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and trimethoprim (TMP) in the effluent of the university hospital (HUSM) of the UFSM. The degradation of these antimicrobials by the electrocoagulation (EC) process was also examined, in both the aqueous solution and hospital effluent, and a study was conducted in order to identify the subproducts formed. The experiments were optimized through factorial planning and, also, checked by response surface methodology. The best conditions for EC (achieving 58.0% of chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction) were obtained by using 13 mA cm?2, 500 mg L?1 of NaCl, and 30 mm of interelectrode distance. The quantification of SMX (27.8 µg L?1) and TMP (6.65 µg L?1) in the hospital effluent, and the identification of the degradation products were carried out through liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry quadrupole linear and ion trapping with electrospray ionization (LC‐ESI‐MS/MS_QTrap). Removals of 88.0% (degradation only) and 33.0% (adsorption only) were achieved for aqueous solutions of SMX and TMP, respectively, under optimized conditions. In hospital effluent samples, fortified with additions of SMX and TMP, corresponding removals of 16.0% (degradation) and 28.0% (adsorption) were achieved. This suggests that the EC process is efficient in degrading SMX in aqueous solution, although the same was not the case with TMP. The degradation products of SMX were identified (m/z 256.0 and 288.5); however, only the latter is mentioned in the literature. Toxicological aspects were not considered in this study.  相似文献   

3.
为探讨城市湖泊中抗生素的污染分布特征和生态风险,以宁波月湖为研究对象,利用固相萃取、超高效液相色谱串联质谱法（HPLC-MS/MS）对月湖水体抗生素进行分析,并采用生态风险熵值法（RQ）和混合抗生素的风险法（MRQ）评价磺胺类、大环内酯类、喹诺酮类、β-内酰胺类、林可霉素（LIN）等10种抗生素的生态风险情况.结果表明：氨苄西林（AMS）的检出浓度最高,浓度变化范围在ND~382.0 ng/L;其次为头孢氨苄（LEX）、诺氟沙星（NOR）、磺胺间甲氧嘧啶（SMM）、LIN、阿奇霉素（AZM）、磺胺噻唑（STZ）、磺胺甲恶唑（SMX）、泰乐菌素（TYL）和磺胺嘧啶（SDZ）,浓度范围分别为ND~283.0、ND~267.0、ND~219.0、31.50~209.0、ND~147.0、7.34~109.0、ND~104.0、ND~80.50和20.40~57.30 ng/L.月湖水体中10种目标抗生素的水平总体上高于自然湖泊,尤其β-内酰胺类和LIN在城市湖泊中广泛存在.生态风险评估的结果表明,LIN、TYL、SMX、NOR、AMS的生态风险值（RQ）值均大于1,具有高的生态风险;其余5种抗生素处于中或低的生态风险水平.本研究为城市湖泊抗生素生态风险问题的深入研究提供了一定的科学依据和基础.  相似文献   

4.
The present study aimed to quantify the water and sediment quality and growth and production parameters and to establish nutrient budgets for an average of five selected semi-intensive shrimp ponds in Bangladesh over a growing cycle. Physico-chemical parameters of water and sediments were measured and analyzed by standard methods. Gross yield (kg ha-1) of shrimp was calculated from the stocking and harvesting data. Finally, a partial nutrient mass budget for N and P was calculated. Most of the parameters of water and sediments correlated significantly with each other suggesting a high degree of interactions between different parameters in the system. Significantly higher concentrations of all species of nitrogenous nutrients were recorded in the effluent waters than that entering into the ponds. Therefore, a high loading and net output of nitrogenous nutrients in effluent waters was documented. The study also indicated a net discharge of solids and minerals through effluent loading. However, significantly lower concentrations of phosphorus in the effluent water indicated a net retention and trapping of phosphatic nutrients in the environment. Total production ranged between 532.0 and 697.0 kg ha-1 cycle-1 and P. monodon production between 484.0 and 562.0 kg ha-1 cycle-1. Ponds gained nitrogen primarily from intake water (55%) and fertilizers (29%), and nitrogen was lost primarily from water exchange (78%) and harvested shrimp (12%). Phosphorus gain occurred mostly from intake water (52%) and fertilizers (25%), and phosphorus was lost primarily from water exchange (52%) and harvested shrimp (3.3%). About 10% of input nitrogen and 44% of phosphorus were not accounted for in measured losses, and presumably were fixed or metabolized in the system. On average, 78 g N was discharged to and 25 g P was removed from the surrounding water by the system for each kilogram of shrimp produced. Mean conversion of feed nitrogen and phosphorus to shrimp flesh averaged 74% and 40%, respectively. It was concluded that semi-intensive systems serve as net supplier of N to and net remover of P from the surrounding water.  相似文献   

5.
《Marine pollution bulletin》2010,60(8-12):323-335
This study was carried out in shrimp ponds from New Caledonia, in order to determine the cause of the exceptional proportion of abnormal tests (FAI) (often >50%, sometimes >80%). FAI was positively correlated to the quantity of easily oxidized material (EOM) deposited on the bottom of the ponds and to the sediment oxygen demand, and negatively correlated to redox. These results suggest that a very high FAI is a potential indicator for great accumulations of native organic matter, leading to a high sediment oxygen demand. When studying ancient sediments in core samples, exceptional abundances of abnormal tests may indicate periods of high accumulation of EOM, and therefore of oxygen depletion. This finding should help in better management of aquaculture ponds, but should also allow new insight into the interpretation of sedimentary records, providing a useful proxy for paleoenvironmental reconstructions.  相似文献   

6.
Effluent from a land based shrimp farm was detected in a receiving creek as changes in physical, chemical and biological parameters. The extent and severity of these changes depended on farm operations. This assessment was conducted at three different stages of shrimp-pond maturity, including (1) when the ponds were empty, (2) full and (3) being harvested. Methods for assessing farm effluent in receiving waters included physical/chemical analyses of the water column, phytoplankton bioassays and nitrogen isotope signatures of marine flora. Comparisons were made with an adjacent creek that served as the farms intake creek and did not directly receive effluent. Physical/chemical parameters identified distinct changes in the receiving creek with respect to farm operations. Elevated water column NH(4)(+) (18.5+/-8.0 microM) and chlorophyll a concentrations (5.5+/-1.9 microg/l) were measured when the farm was in operation, in contrast to when the farm was inactive (1.3+/-0.3 microM and 1.2+/-0.6 microg/l, respectively). At all times, physical/chemical parameters at the mouth of the effluent creek, were equivalent to control values, indicating effluent was contained within the effluent-receiving creek. However, elevated delta(15)N signatures of mangroves (up to approximately 8 per thousand) and macroalgae (up to approximately 5 per thousand ) indicated a broader influence of shrimp farm effluent, extending to the lower regions of the farms intake creek. Bioassays at upstream sites close to the location of farm effluent discharge indicated that phytoplankton at these sites did not respond to further nutrient additions, however downstream sites showed large growth responses. This suggested that further nutrient loading from the shrimp farm, resulting in greater nutrient dispersal, will increase the extent of phytoplankton blooms downstream from the site of effluent discharge. When shrimp ponds were empty water quality in the effluent and intake creeks was comparable. This indicated that observed elevated nutrient and phytoplankton concentrations were directly attributable to farm operations.  相似文献   

7.
One of the key environmental concerns about shrimp farming is the discharge of waters with high levels of nutrients and suspended solids into adjacent waterways. In this paper we synthesize the results of our multidisciplinary research linking ecological processes in intensive shrimp ponds with their downstream impacts in tidal, mangrove-lined creeks. The incorporation of process measurements and bioindicators, in addition to water quality measurements, improved our understanding of the effect of shrimp farm discharges on the ecological health of the receiving water bodies. Changes in water quality parameters were an oversimplification of the ecological effects of water discharges, and use of key measures including primary production rates, phytoplankton responses to nutrients, community shifts in zooplankton and delta15N ratios in marine plants have the potential to provide more integrated and robust measures. Ultimately, reduction in nutrient discharges is most likely to ensure the future sustainability of the industry.  相似文献   

8.
The impact of human activities on watercourses has led to increased contamination, eutrophication, erosion and reduced biodiversity in streams and rivers. Increased urbanization is one of the factors that may influence the water quality. Wet stormwater ponds are a commonly used buffer structure to delay and treat the water before it reaches the recipient – often streams as studied in this paper. However, knowledge on how stormwater outlets from wet ponds may affect downstream recipients is still limited. We studied the impact of six outlets from wet stormwater ponds to streams in 2016 and 2017, by measurements in the streams upstream and downstream of the outlet. The aim was to study possible effects on physical conditions, sediment grain size and invertebrate community composition. The Fauna Index showed no significant differences between upstream and downstream stations. However, we found a significant decrease in biodiversity (Shannon-Wiener) and a significantly lower evenness downstream of the stormwater outlets, even though the water was delayed and treated in a pond first. The physical conditions were both positively and negatively affected depending on the specific outlet. Finally, the smallest particle fraction (<63 μm) in the stream sediments was reduced at downstream sites compared to upstream sites at four outlets indicating possible erosion effects. Our study shows that the stormwater outlets have an effect on the recipients, but whether it is measurable depends on the methods utilized.  相似文献   

9.
The variability in water chemistry of samples taken on a monthly basis (March 1999 to February 2000) from two shallow tropical ponds was studied. The effect of location and pond depth on water chemistry was also examined. The study demonstrated that intraannual variability in nutrient concentration is high. Thus, a high annual sampling frequency is required to provide representative annual mean water quality data. Routine monitoring during the monsoons is important for studies on dissolved oxygen and macrophyte growth. Significant differences were found between the topmost and bottommost points for samples of dissolved oxygen collected from the deepest part of both ponds. For nutrient analysis (nitrogen and phosphorus), sample from any location was found to be representative of the whole pond.  相似文献   

10.
低洼盐碱地鱼虾混养塘中的浮游生物   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  
1997年5～9月低洼盐碱地鱼虾混养塘中的浮游生物数量与生物量的月变化特点为：浮游植物中隐藻，裸藻与硅藻生物量在实验期间较高，蓝藻与绿藻在数量上占优势，进入秋季后蓝灌数量逐渐超过绿藻，浮游动物中原生动物，桡足类数量分别在5、6月份占优势；桡足类生物量这两个月占绝对优势，轮虫，原生动物的数量分别在7、8月份优势明显，结果表明实验期间小型浮游生物数量增加，分析表明，低洼盐碱地池塘水体浮游生物的变化与水体营养盐的含量，水产经济活动（鱼虾），水温等因素密切相关。  相似文献   

11.
In temporary ponds, reestablishment of zooplankton communities depends on recruitment from the egg bank, the arrival of dispersers from within the region, and on successful establishment of newly arrived species following interaction with local abiotic and biotic factors. When the ponds dry up, zooplankton species may survive as dormant eggs, and since not all eggs hatch in the next season, eggs will accumulate in the sediment over time, representing an archive of the pond's historical biodiversity.To study the effect of “restoration age” (the time since a water body was restored), we studied groups of ponds that were restored in different years (1998, 2003 and 2007). The restoration process involved extensive dredging of sediments which were used to bury the ponds in the 1960s. Our expectation was that the oldest ponds would have the richest zooplankton community, as they have been accumulating biodiversity over a longer time period. We took weekly quantitative samples of zooplankton during four consecutive weeks after flooding to compare taxon richness and zooplankton community composition between ponds of different restoration age during an early stage of zooplankton community re-establishment.Taxon richness was high and similar to regional levels in all the ponds under investigation, suggesting restoration success and unlimited dispersal. Although cumulative richness at the end of the period was not significantly different between ponds, we observed temporal changes within the study period and certain age-related trends in relation to differences in zooplankton composition. These results suggest a difference in the succession of zooplankton communities depending on restoration age (which could be due to historical or local factors) and that this effect becomes evident from the beginning of the pond hydroperiod.  相似文献   

12.
池塘养殖是农业源污染的重要来源之一,尤其在水网密布、渔业发达的太湖流域,控制池塘养殖过程中氮、磷、化学需氧量等污染物的排放,对于减轻水体富营养化程度、恢复水质健康、维持地区社会经济可持续发展具有重要意义.基于野外采样、入户调查、遥感解译等多种手段,结合GIS软件技术,对太湖流域池塘养殖污染物的排放进行了估算.结果表明,20142015年太湖流域总氮、硝态氮、铵态氮、总磷、可溶性磷、COD Cr的年排放量分别为6.1×10^6、1.1×10^6、1.7×10^6、1.3×10^5、1.1×10^5和8.0×10^7 kg.其中鱼类池塘养殖排放系数分别为69.5、12.4、20.1、1.6、1.3和919.8 kg/hm 2;虾类池塘排放系数分别为3.0、0.5、0.9、0.07、0.06和39.3 kg/hm^2;蟹类池塘排放系数分别为6.4、1.2、1.9、0.2、0.1和84.9 kg/hm^2.太湖流域池塘养殖各类污染物排放分布特征为位于太湖西北部、南部和东北部的大部分地区池塘养殖污染物排放较高,位于太湖东部和太湖西南部的池塘养殖污染物排放较低.池塘养殖业发达、饲料肥料投入高、养殖密度大等是造成该流域池塘养殖污染物排放较高的主要原因.针对太湖流域池塘养殖减排治理,建议推行合理的池塘污染治理管理政策与策略,综合考虑饲料利用率与投放量、养殖面积、养殖密度、养殖生物生态混养,以及一些科学养殖管理措施和净化养殖废水的技术措施等.  相似文献   

13.
Identification of organisms able to act as biological indicators of hypoxia exposure is important given the increasing frequency of hypoxic events worldwide. Grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio, are ubiquitous estuarine residents in the southeastern US, where they commonly experience cyclic hypoxia. We hypothesized that reproductive and gene expression patterns of grass shrimp in cyclic hypoxic field sites relative to normoxic sites would be similar to previous results from cyclic hypoxia laboratory experiments showing differential up- and down-regulation of hypoxia-responsive genes. There were few differences in gene expression of indigenous shrimp collected during summer from two Gulf of Mexico estuarine systems [East Bay, FL (EB) and Weeks Bay, AL (WB)], although down-regulation of the gene coding for vitellogenin-1 corresponded with a decreased relative fecundity and fewer ovigerous females at cyclic hypoxic field sites, suggesting an overall impact on reproduction. The gene expression profiles of grass shrimp caged for 7 days in field sites differed by estuary, but few hypoxia-responsive genes identified in laboratory studies were differentially expressed in field shrimp. Overall, genes coding for protein synthesis, protein degradation, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and electron transport were mostly up-regulated in EB caged shrimp but generally down-regulated in WB caged shrimp and laboratory shrimp. Thus, caged grass shrimp from different bay systems exhibited profoundly different gene expression profiles. Such profiles may serve as sensitive bioindicators of differences in water quality, habitat quality or food resources among estuaries but are not effective as indicators of hypoxia exposure.  相似文献   

14.
Beginning in the middle of the 1980s, the Gulf of California ecoregion experienced a boom in shrimp aquaculture and became the second largest producer in the western hemisphere. The moderated, but continual development of shrimp farming, in conjunction with municipal and agriculture effluents has been accompanied by concern about: (a) depletion of fishing stocks, (b) reduction of mangrove forest, (c) frequent harmful algal blooms in coastal waters and shrimp ponds, and (d) water quality deterioration. We demonstrate that environmental degradation resulted from a conjunction of factors including agriculture, untreated municipal effluents, shrimp aquaculture, increasing number of fishermen, and an absence of an effective regulatory program. We recommend the immediate implementation of an integrated coastal management program to protect the integrity of the coastal ecosystems and operate upon the principle of environmental sustainability for the different economic activities including shrimp aquaculture.  相似文献   

15.
In Mediterranean ponds, summer drought enhances seasonality whose intensity varies along topographic and climatic gradients. The alternation of wet and dry periods in rain dependent ponds affects their biogeochemistry and differentiates them from ponds fed by more stable water sources, such as groundwater springs. Superimposed onto this, land use is also a very strong factor of variability. In this study we compared nutrients and organic matter concentrations, in water and in sediment, among different types of Mediterranean ponds based on the source of water, hydroperiod and land use. Forty-three ponds were sampled in Eastern Spain corresponding to five pond types: (1) permanent spring ponds in lowlands, (2) permanent spring ponds in mountains, (3) semi-permanent rain ponds, (4) temporary rain ponds with long hydroperiod and (5) temporary rain ponds with short hydroperiod.The results of this study indicate relevant differences among these pond types. The temporary rain ponds with short hydroperiod are characterized by high turbidity due to suspension of sediment particles rich in phosphorous adsorbed onto them (argillotrophic aquatic systems). They are used for watering domestic sheep that enhance sediment suspension by trampling. Total phosphorous (TP) concentrations in the water are high (like those of hypertrophic lakes), but planktonic chlorophyll a is very low and not correlated with TP, because of the low P-bioavailavility in the water. At the other extreme, we have permanent ponds in lowlands fed by groundwater springs. They are heavily loaded with nitrates due to the surrounding intensive agriculture. In these and other permanent/semipermanent ponds chlorophyll is highly correlated with TP. Sediment characteristics provide a good indication of the hydroperiod, since desiccation has important effects on biogeochemical transformations. A threshold of 5% organic matter (OM) in the sediment separates temporary ponds with a short hydroperiod from those with a long hydroperiod, and a threshold of 8% separates the later from the semi-permanent and permanent ponds. Besides OM reduction, important loss of N occurs during desiccation through mineralization, ammonia volatization and the sequential nitrification/denitrification pathway. On the other hand, the increase of organic P mineralization in dry sediments does not represent a loss of P from the system, since o-P remains adsorbed or bound onto the soil. This leads to a low TN/TP ratio in sediments in temporary ponds with short hydroperiod. These characteristics have to be taken into account when establishing pond typologies and ecological thresholds to assess water quality in these unique aquatic habitats.  相似文献   

16.
A field survey of chemicals and biological products used in shrimp farming   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
This study documented the use of chemicals and biological products in marine and brackish water shrimp farming in Thailand, the world's top producer of farmed shrimp. Interviews were conducted with 76 shrimp farmers in three major shrimp producing regions, the eastern Gulf coast, the southern Gulf coast and the Andaman coast area. Farmers in the study used on average 13 different chemicals and biological products. The most commonly used products were soil and water treatment products, pesticides and disinfectants. Farmers in the southern Gulf coast area used a larger number of products than farmers in the other two areas. In the study, the use of more than 290 different chemicals and biological products was documented. Many of the pesticides, disinfectants and antibiotics used by the farmers could have negative effects on the cultured shrimps, cause a risk for food safety, occupational health, and/or have negative effects on adjacent ecosystems. Manufacturers and retailers of the products often neglected to provide farmers with necessary information regarding active ingredient and relevant instructions for safe and efficient use.  相似文献   

17.
Food waste was collected from local hotels and fish feed pellets were produced for a 6 months long field feeding trial. Three types of fish feed pellets (control diet: Jinfeng® 613 formulated feed, contains mainly fish meal, plant product and fish oil; Diet A: food waste based diet without meat and 53% cereal; Diet B: food waste based diet with 25% meat and 28% cereal) were used in polyculture fish ponds to investigate the growth of fish (grass carp, bighead and mud carp), changes in water quality and plankton density. No significant differences in the levels of nitrogen and phosphorous compounds of water body were observed between 3 fish ponds after the half-year feeding trial, while pond receiving Diet A had the highest density of plankton. The food waste combination of Diet B seems to be a better formulation in terms of the overall performance on fish growth.  相似文献   

18.
新疆北天山泥火山固体喷出物特征及成因机制初探   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文
北天山泥火山位于新疆天山北麓山前拗陷带内,均处在背斜褶皱的轴部。在了解泥火山的地质背景、活动现状的基础上,对该区泥火山进行了详细的野外考察,对所采样品进行粒度、显微形貌及成分分析。研究发现:该区域的泥火山样品粒径主要集中在0.3~100μm,平均值相近,分选较差,分布对称性呈极正偏。矿物颗粒以石英、长石为主,基质为黏土矿物,白杨沟和艾其沟样品中均含有铁矿物质。根据上述分析结果对北天山泥火山成因机制进行了初步探讨,认为该区域的泥火山物源相同,泥浆最深来源于下中侏罗统,地层压力以构造活动为主。目前泥火山处于弱活动期,短期内造成较大灾害的可能性很小。  相似文献   

19.
Metal mobility at contaminated sites can be assessed by soil water investigations or by leaching tests. Leaching tests are usually carried out in open contact with the atmosphere disregarding possible changes of redox conditions. This can affect the original metal speciation and distribution, particularly when anoxic samples are investigated. In this study, the applicability of common leaching tests (the German S4 test (S4), ammonium nitrate extraction (AmmN), and saturation soil extraction (SSE)) is tested for the assessment of zinc release from sulfide‐bearing flotation residues of a former ore mine. Results are compared to soil solution samples obtained by centrifugation and suction cups. The influence of sample storage on S4 leaching test results is investigated in a long‐term study to assess oxidation kinetics. Within the first 200 days the release of zinc increases with a slope of 0.1 mmol kg–1 d–1 or 6.0 mg kg–1 d–1, respectively. Since oxidation of the sulfide‐bearing samples leads to a significant overestimation of metal release, a feasible modification for the conduction of leaching tests for anoxic material is proposed where oxidation is prevented efficiently. The modified SSE is found to be the only of the tested leaching procedures, which can be recommended for the assessment of current soil water concentrations at anoxic sites if direct investigation of the soil water is impossible due to technical reasons.  相似文献   

20.
Expansion of impervious surface cover results in “flashy” hydrologic response, elevated flood risk, and degraded water quality in urban watersheds. Stormwater management ponds (SWMPs) are often engineered into stream networks to mitigate these issues. A clearer understanding of how water is stored and released from SWMPs and SWMP-treated catchments is required to better represent these engineered systems in hydrological and water quality models of urban and urbanizing watersheds. Stable water isotopes were used to compare water age in SWMPs and SWMP-treated catchments in an urbanizing watershed. We sampled water biweekly from two SWMPs and five stream sites with varying land cover and stormwater control in their catchments. Two inverse transit time proxies (damping ratio and young water fraction) were computed along with the mean transit time (MTT) by sine–wave fitting for each SWMP and stream site using the δ18O and δ2H data. Water entering the SWMPs was consistently older (224 and 177 days) than water in or exiting the ponds (ranging from 46 to 91 days and 39 to 67 days, respectively). This finding is likely due to a combination of groundwater infiltration into broken sewer pipes that transport water into the ponds and a bias toward baseflow sampling. At the catchment scale, detention provided by SWMPs was not found to be more significant than the interactive effects of impervious cover, surficial geology, land use proportions, and catchment size in determining MTT. Overall, surficial geology explained the most variation in MTT among the seven sites. This study illustrates the potential for isotope-based approaches of water age to provide information on individual SWMP functioning and the influence of SWMPs on catchment-scale water movement.  相似文献   

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