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1.
Magnetic field intensity study of the 1960 Kilauea lava flow, Hawaii, using the microwave palaeointensity technique 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
It is extremely valuable to study historic lava flows where the geomagnetic field at their time of extrusion is well known. In this study, two vertical sections, 16 m apart, have been sampled from the approximately 1 m thick 1960 Kilauea lava flow, Hawaii. Variations are seen in the rock-magnetic and palaeomagnetic properties between and within the two sections, indicating that there are small-scale lateral and vertical variations in the lava flow. The two sections showed different responses to microwave palaeointensity analysis. Section H6001 generally gave ideal linear behaviour on plots of natural remanent magnetization (NRM) lost against microwave-induced thermoremanent magnetization (TM RM) gained, whilst the majority of samples from H6002 showed anomalous two-slope behaviour. When all plots were interpreted by taking the best-fitting line through all points, the flow mean intensity for H6001 was 31.6 ± 3.6 μT and that for H6002 was 37.1 ± 6.4 μT, compared with the expected intensity of 36 μT. Additional historic flows need to be studied in order to ascertain whether this behaviour is typical of all lava, and whether it is best to always interpret NRM lost/TM RM gained plots by taking the line of best fit regardless of shape. 相似文献
2.
Masaru Kono 《Geophysical Journal International》1978,54(2):241-261
Summary. Using natural volcanic rocks which acquired thermoremanence (TRM) in known fields, reliability of various palaeointensity methods using alternating field (AF) demagnetization were evaluated. Natural remanence (NRM), TRM and anhysteretic remanences (ARM's) before and after heating were stepwisely AF demagnetized following Shaw's method.
It was found that the coercivity spectra of TRM and ARM in these samples are very similar, and that even when changes occurred during heating, the changes for two remanences are quite similar in many samples. Therefore, Shaw's method of palaeointensity determination, which incorporates ARM checks to the conventional comparison of NRM and TRM coercivity spectra, gives results as reliable as those obtained by the Thellier method. Many examples were demonstrated in which TRM and ARM intensities changed substantially by heating, but without changes in the shape of their coercivity spectra. Such changes cannot normally be detected and erroneous palaeointensities with apparent internal consistency would be obtained by usual AF demagnetization methods.
Although ARM is quite similar to TRM, the rate of acquisition of ARM and TRM in weak fields varies by a factor of five among the present samples. To determine palaeointensities from the linear relation between ARM and TRM, it is necessary to determine experimentally the relative acquisition rate of these remanences. Therefore, methods based only on NRM-ARM relations would not give palaeointensities with acceptable errors. 相似文献
It was found that the coercivity spectra of TRM and ARM in these samples are very similar, and that even when changes occurred during heating, the changes for two remanences are quite similar in many samples. Therefore, Shaw's method of palaeointensity determination, which incorporates ARM checks to the conventional comparison of NRM and TRM coercivity spectra, gives results as reliable as those obtained by the Thellier method. Many examples were demonstrated in which TRM and ARM intensities changed substantially by heating, but without changes in the shape of their coercivity spectra. Such changes cannot normally be detected and erroneous palaeointensities with apparent internal consistency would be obtained by usual AF demagnetization methods.
Although ARM is quite similar to TRM, the rate of acquisition of ARM and TRM in weak fields varies by a factor of five among the present samples. To determine palaeointensities from the linear relation between ARM and TRM, it is necessary to determine experimentally the relative acquisition rate of these remanences. Therefore, methods based only on NRM-ARM relations would not give palaeointensities with acceptable errors. 相似文献
3.
The microwave palaeointensity technique has been used to determine palaeointensity during the R3–N3 geomagnetic field reversal, using lavas from the Esja region of southwestern Iceland. The resulting intensity determinations have been compared to two previous studies which used the Shaw and Thellier techniques. Both reported low field intensities during the reversal except for four flows that produced high values (20.4–36.8 μT) using the Shaw technique compared to a single maximum intermediate value of 15.9 μT using the Thellier method. In this paper, an average microwave transitional palaeointensity of 6.95 ± 2.07 μT is found for samples used in the Shaw technique study, and of 7.80 ± 1.61 μT for samples used in the Thellier study, demonstrating that there is no evidence for strong fields during this reversal. 相似文献
4.
The bane of conventional Thellier-type palaeointensity experiments is the thermal alteration of the samples during experimentation. However, high-frequency microwaves can be used to stimulate the magnetic minerals directly, thus eliminating the need for the bulk sample to be heated ( Walton et al . 1993 ). The microwave technique has been successfully applied to ceramics ( Shaw et al . 1996 , 1999 ), and here we present results for historic lavas from Mt Etna, Sicily. 20 samples were randomly selected from 10 different historic flows dating from 1843 to 1983. Hysteresis parameters were monitored as a check for alteration during experimentation and minimal alteration was found. Rock-magnetic analysis and AF plus microwave demagnetizations were carried out on all samples, and microwave intensity analysis was carried out on those samples that were stable to microwave demagnetization (16 in total). With one exception, all samples gave high-quality intensity results. Two or three subsamples from each sample were investigated and a weighted average calculated to give a single estimate of the field. When the intensity values were compared with the SV model based on direct observatory measurements ( Bloxham & Gubbins 1985 ), it was found that those samples that contained a high multidomain (MD) component gave intensity values around 20 per cent lower than expected. This can be explained by the cooling rate effect ( Dodson & McClelland-Brown 1980 ) and/or the presence of an MD component ( McClelland et al. 1996 ). Those samples with the lowest numbers of MD grains gave field values which, within error, were the same as those for the model, or slightly too high: this is compatible with the cooling rate effect. 相似文献
5.
Summary. Titanomagnetites of composition Fe2.4-δ Alδ Ti0.6 O4 and Fe2.6-δ Alδ Ti0–4 O4 (δ=0, 0.1 and 0.2 in both cases) were prepared in the monodomain state by pulverization of sintered synthetic material. In low fields, the thermoremanence (TRM) was found to be linear with inducing field and of high enough intensity to account for typical natural remanent magnetizations of fresh submarine basalts. The higher field TRM acquisition curves follow the Néel model curve for an assemblage of non-interacting identical particles in a general way only, the differences being due to interactions, or the range of particle blocking temperatures and volumes or other features of the samples not included in the model. The unblocking temperatures of low field TRM lie in a narrow range below the Curie point. The low field TRM is very resistant to alternating field demagnetization and provides a very striking illustration of the strength of the TRM mechanism in preserving a stable record of a weak magnetic field. The result of a Lowrie-Fuller test on the material is consistent with the monodomain state. 相似文献
6.
Beer A 《The Australian geographer》1998,29(2):223-240
"This paper examines national immigration processes and demographic change in South Australia and Tasmania over the last four decades. Particular attention is paid to the inter-censal period 1986-1991.... The paper investigates the impact of the historic make-up of immigrant flows on settlement patterns, and examines the impact on policies intended to increase immigrant settlement in these states. It argues that the policies being pursued by state and federal governments are unlikely to add to the numbers settling in these states, because they pay too little attention to migration processes, and especially the attraction of others from the source country." 相似文献
7.
利用中国境内红河流域23个气象站点1960-2007年的逐日降水数据,分析流域强降水事件频次和强度的变化特征及其相关影响。结果表明:①强降水频次和强度在空间上表现出由东南向西北逐渐递减的趋势,流域下游的河口-金平-绿春-江城一带为高值区,上游的巍山-南涧-弥渡一带则为低值区。②强降水频次和强度的变化趋势存在空间差异,趋势增加的站点大多分布在李仙江上游、元江中上游和藤条江流域,趋势减少的站点大多分布在李仙江下游、元江下游和盘龙河流域。③从流域整体来看,在α=0.05的显著性水平下,近48年来强降水频次和强度没有明显的上升趋势,频次和强度的趋势变化幅度分别为0.26 days/10a和0.18 mm·day-1/10a;研究时段内频次和强度在时间变化上没有显著突变点。④基于相关统计数据分析强降水变化的影响,表明近20年间强降水频次和强度的增加,增大了局部地区滑坡泥石流、洪涝灾害的风险,河流泥沙含量也随之增加。 相似文献
8.
影响中国东北地区气候的关键区、关键时段和关键因子 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
使用东北地区近50多a(1956~2007年)气温和降水数据及相关研究成果,研究和总结并分析影响中国东北地区夏季气温、夏季降水、冬季气温的关键区、关键时段和关键因子。东北夏季较多降水主要发生在极涡偏心、东亚高纬阻塞高压盛行、副热带高压偏西偏北、青藏高原上空西风急流中心强度偏强的环流系统配置下;东北夏季低温主要出现于伊朗高压和南亚高压区域高度场为负距平、上一年10月极涡中心强度正常或偏强、夏季副热带高压强度偏弱位置偏东、偏南时;西伯利亚高压和阿留申低压均偏强(偏弱)、前期北大西洋海温偏低(偏高)对应东北地区的冷(暖)冬年。 相似文献
9.
Silvia Gonzalez Graham Sherwood Harald Böhnel Elisabeth Schnepp 《Geophysical Journal International》1997,130(1):201-219
13 lava flows of known age (ages from 14 C dating), which have been erupted in the last 30 000 years, have been studied to determine the palaeosecular variation of the geomagnetic field in Central Mexico. Samples were taken from two different monogenetic volcanic fields: the Michoacan-Guanajuato volcanic field (six sites) and the Chichinautzin Formation (seven sites), both part of the Transmexican Volcanic Belt. The lavas were studied in detail using rock magnetic methods (magnetic susceptibility at room temperature, low-temperature susceptibility behaviour, hysteresis loops, Curie temperatures), combined with reflected light microscopy, in order to deduce their magnetic mineralogy and the domain states of the magnetic minerals. The magnetic carriers are titanomagnetites, which show differing degrees of high-temperature deuteric oxidation, and seem to be predominantly pseudo-single domain (PSD), though in many cases are probably a mixture of domain states. Mean palaeomagnetic directions and palaeointensity values using Shaw and Thellier techniques were obtained using several specimens from each flow. Our data seem to indicate a sharp easterly swing in declination about 5000 years ago, which is also observed in lake sediments from Central Mexico. The calculated values of the virtual dipole moment (VDM) range from 3.1 to 14.9 × 1022 A m2 . Our data indicate that the virtual dipole moment seems to have increased gradually in magnitude over the last 30 kyr, with a peak at about 9000 years BP. These are features that have been observed in other parts of the globe and are probably caused by variations in the dipole part of the geomagnetic field. 相似文献
10.
We report on a detailed palaeomagnetic study of the Miocene Farellones volcanic formation in the Chilean Andes near Santiago (two sections, 37 sites, about 400 orientated cores). Petrological observations show evidence of low-grade metamorphism increasing downwards through the volcanic sequence. Optical observations of opaque minerals and magnetic experiments suggest that in many cases maghemitization is associated with hydrothermal alteration. However, thermal demagnetization data indicate that the low-grade metamorphism did not significantly modify the direction of the primary remanent magnetization recorded at the time of emplacement of the volcanic lava flows. Four intervals of polarity with two intermediate palaeodirections were observed in the ~650-m-thick composite section. According to the dispersion of flow average directions, palaeosecular variation was slightly larger than that observed in general during the Upper Cenozoic. The site mean directions obtained in this study differ significantly from the expected Miocene direction. Clockwise rotations of up to 20° of small blocks are probably associated with the deformation of the Andean Cordillera since middle Miocene times. Geomagnetic palaeointensity data were obtained, using the Thellier method, on 24 samples from eight distinct lava flows. The flow mean VDM varies from 1.4 to 4.0 × 1022 A m−2 . Altogether, our data seem to suggest the existence of a relatively low geomagnetic field undergoing large fluctuations. Although a linear relationship was observed between the natural remanent magnetization and the thermal remanent magnetization acquired during the Thellier–Thellier experiments, undetected chemical alteration of the magnetic minerals during hydrothermalism may also explain the unusually low palaeointensity obtained. 相似文献
11.
Michel Prévot 《Geophysical Journal International》1981,66(1):169-192
Summary. The magnetic viscosity of 334 Upper Tertiary and pre-Bruhnes Quaternary volcanic rocks from the Massif Central (France) and the Steens Mountain (Oregon), and of 40 basaltic cores from DSDP leg 37 has been investigated. Thellier's viscosity index follows a log normal distribution with mean values equal to 6 and 3.5 per cent for subaerial and submarine rocks respectively. For subaerial rocks, the average intensity of the viscous remanent magnetization (VRM) acquired in the Earth's field since the beginning of the Bruhnes polarity epoch ( t = 0.7 Myr) is estimated to be equal to one-quarter of the average intensity of the primary remanence. Alternating field demagnetization of VRMs acquired in low fields for acquisition times t ranging from 2 day to 32 month indicates the resistance to alternating fields is quite different from sample to sample and increases linearly with log t.
Néel's diagnostic parameter of domain structure of the grains involved in magnetic viscosity shows that hard VRM is carried by single-domain grains and soft VRM carried by multidomain particles. Single domain particles carrying hard VRM in subaerial volcanic rocks are almost equant magnetite intergrowths with size near the superparamagnetism threshold, resulting from high temperature oxidation of titanomagnetite. Soft VRM is carried by low Curie point homogeneous titanomagnetite. Unlike his single domain theory, Néel's multidomain theory of magnetic viscosity does not account quantitatively for the resistance of VRM to alternating fields. 相似文献
Néel's diagnostic parameter of domain structure of the grains involved in magnetic viscosity shows that hard VRM is carried by single-domain grains and soft VRM carried by multidomain particles. Single domain particles carrying hard VRM in subaerial volcanic rocks are almost equant magnetite intergrowths with size near the superparamagnetism threshold, resulting from high temperature oxidation of titanomagnetite. Soft VRM is carried by low Curie point homogeneous titanomagnetite. Unlike his single domain theory, Néel's multidomain theory of magnetic viscosity does not account quantitatively for the resistance of VRM to alternating fields. 相似文献
12.
城际交通流空间流场的甄别方法及实证——以中国铁路客流为例 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3
交通流是节点间的社会经济联系,具有流场的空间属性,反映了城市间的相互作用。基于流场研究的评述,本文介绍了空间流场的基本概念和理论要点,构筑了其空间识别模型,即因子分析R型和Q型模型,设计了其研究步骤、参数设置和软件操作。基于该模型,以1990和2006年铁路客流为例,对中国交通流的空间流场即集聚场和扩散场进行识别,重点是集散场的数量结构、场核和覆盖范围及变化特征;然后构筑指标体系对集散场的等级结构进行判断,认为中国交通流形成了四个层级的集散场;同时将集散场落到空间以剖析地域结构,发现集聚场和扩散场有明显的省会交流圈和省域限制的空间规律,两者有空间耦合性和空间稳定性,其中上海和广州集散场的地位日益提高。通过铁路客流的空间流场分析,揭示了中国城市间的相互作用,可为未来铁路建设和城镇体系规划提供相关借鉴。 相似文献
13.
河西走廊不同强度冷锋型沙尘暴环流和动力特征 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
利用常规气象观测资料、ECMWF ERA-Interim 逐6 h的0.75°×0.75°再分析资料,对河西走廊3次不同强度区域性典型冷锋型沙尘暴的大气环流形势和高低层水平螺旋度、uv分量场和垂直速度进行对比分析。结果表明：（1）影响沙尘暴强度和范围的主要因素有高空冷空气强度、高低空风速、地面热低压中心、冷锋前后变压梯度以及冷锋入侵河西走廊的时间;（2）700 hPa风速和冷锋入侵河西走廊的时间影响最明显,低空风速越大,沙尘暴往往越强,强沙尘暴一般出现在中午到傍晚。一般、强和特强沙尘暴700 hPa风速阈值分别为18、22 m·s-１和24 m·s-１;（3）高（低）层正（负）水平螺旋大值中心越大,配合越好,下游沙尘暴强度越强,一般、强和特强沙尘暴的高（低）层水平螺旋度正（负）值中心阈值分别为400（-200）m2·s-2、800（-1 000）m2·s-2和1 000（-1 000）m2·s-2;（4）高空强风动量下传到近地面的风速越大,沙尘暴强度越强,一般、强和特强沙尘暴下传到近地面的u、v分量风速阈值分别为8、10 m·s-１和12 m·s-１;（5）700 hPa以下上升运动越强,沙尘暴强度越强,一般、强和特强沙尘暴700 hPa以下垂直速度中心阈值分别为-0.4、-0.7 Pa·s-１和-1.40 Pa·s-１;（6）垂直风场表现为≥15 m·s-1大风下传高度越低,沙尘暴强度越强,一般、强和特强沙尘暴下传高度分别为600、500 m和50 m以下。 相似文献
14.
Working out the history of the Earth's magnetic field will require a better understanding than now exists of the ways that rocks in fact obtain and sometimes change their fossil magnetizations. The contribution in this paper consists of finding correlations between the petrology, Curie points, and polarities of natural magnetization of basalt lavas.
The evidence contradicts previous evidence on which was based the hypothesis of exsolution of ülvospinel and magnetite from a titano-magnetite solid solution. It suggests strongly that this exsolution does 相似文献
The evidence contradicts previous evidence on which was based the hypothesis of exsolution of ülvospinel and magnetite from a titano-magnetite solid solution. It suggests strongly that this exsolution does 相似文献
15.
16.
近50年怒江流域中上游枯季径流变化及其对气候变化的响应 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
利用长序列观测记录,分析怒江流域中上游1960~2009年枯季气温和降水的变化规律,探讨近50 a来该流域中上游枯季径流变化特征及其对气候变化的响应规律。结果表明：怒江流域中上游冬季和春季气温均有上升趋势; 怒江流域中上游春季和冬季降水量均有增加的趋势;怒江干流道街坝站冬季和春季平均流量都有显著的增加趋势;无论是年最小1、7、30及90 d流量等枯季极值流量,还是75%,90%,95%等不同保证率枯水径流特征值,1990 s和2000 s均远高于其他年代,说明20世纪90年代以来怒江流域枯水径流有较为明显的增长。 相似文献
17.
采用2010—2021年深秋初冬时节（11—12月）ECMWF细网格2 m温度预报资料,以及实况地面气压场、综合观测资料、卫星资料与NCEP/NCAR提供的FNL再分析资料,对滇黔静止锋减弱北抬期间贵州境内84个国家观测站72 h内逐日最高温、最低温进行检验评估。结果发现,滇黔静止锋活动期间相对于平均状态,其预报准确率均显著降低而平均均方根误差明显增加,其中2014年ECMWF预报准确率不足20%,几乎丧失预报能力。为此,以2014年发生的19次滇黔静止锋减弱北抬个例进行合成分析,发现各层环流和要素场特征较平均状态均发生了明显变化。主要表现为：200 hPa上,静止锋摆动期间较平均状态急流入口有所东移,其南北界区域总体变窄,急流中心平均强度由65.0 m/s下降到60.0 m/s;500 hPa上,中高纬两槽一脊形势变得更加不明显,冷空气势力减弱,环流纬向度增大;要素场上,相对平均状态,0℃线均位于600 hPa附近,中低层气温呈现明显增温状态,700~850 hPa逆温状态变弱甚至消散,在低层风场上表现为南风增强、涡度增大。因此,当滇黔静止锋发生减弱北抬时,其环流和要素场特征相对平均状态均发生强度和位置上的变化,在预报工作中,可以此特征判断静止锋是否减弱北抬,更好地进行地方预报与服务。 相似文献
18.
时空二元视角的入境旅游流集散空间场效应与地域结构——以丝路东段典型区为例 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
引入空间场理论,应用SPSS、ArcGIS等软件对入境旅游面板数据进行统计分析和定量测算,在合理划定中国典型入境旅游区域的基础上,从时空二元视角,对1993~2008年丝路东段典型区入境旅游流集散空间场场强、位势、地域结构的变迁历程开展实证研究。研究表明:丝路东段典型区的入境旅游流空间场总体呈现不断壮大的发展态势;丝路东段典型区的入境旅游目的地属性强于其入境旅游中转地属性;丝路东段典型区入境旅游流集聚空间场和扩散空间场的地域差异性与等级性均十分显著;入境旅游流集散的空间相互作用受极化效应和涓滴效应的双重影响,还受到梯度推移理论的客观作用,而入境旅游流转移的中长尺度空间规律性,则是等级扩散的作用使然;入境旅游流集聚和扩散的根本动力机制源于流空间的天然运动属性和旅游流空间场的客观存在;引导和调控入境旅游流集散的关键在于对旅游流天然运动属性的认可,对旅游流空间场的正确疏导,以及对旅游流空间场作用规律的准确把握与恰当运用。以空间场理论从时空二元视角分析丝路东段典型区入境旅游流集散空间场效应与时空地域结构分异规律,旨在揭示入境旅游流空间场和时空地域结构的动态演变规律,为探索入境旅游流的时空演变特征与潜在机理提供典型案例。 相似文献
19.
基于多元要素流的珠三角城市群功能联系与空间格局分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以珠三角城市群9个地级市为研究对象，结合当前热点网络开放大数据，对珠三角城市群内各城市的经济流、交通流、人口流和信息流的联系强度和作用方向进行测算与评价。借助赋值法分别对四种要素流的总量进行打分，以各城市的综合得分作为空间层级划分依据，提出关于“点—线—面”的空间互动格局，进而探索珠三角城市群未来的发展规划。研究结果表明：①从各要素流的联系强度上看，城市间的等级划分具有较高的重合度，说明四种要素流彼此之间相互联系、相互作用。从各要素流的作用方向上看，广州和深圳多作为区域内其它城市的首位空间联系城市，说明各要素流通常指向经济发展水平较高、通达性较好的城市。②从整体来看，珠三角城市群内部功能互动表现极度不平衡，一是中心城市占据了要素流强度的绝大部分，其余城市仅占据极小部分流量，两极分化严重；二是东西两岸发展不平衡，东岸发展水平明显要强于西岸发展水平。③广州、深圳、东莞和佛山等城市虽然在区域内起到了一定的辐射和带动作用，但是针对江门、肇庆等周边城市的辐射和带动强度仍有待提升,说明还需进一步优化珠三角城市群功能分工与产业布局，推进区域经济一体化。 相似文献
20.
受到温度和降水季节变化的双重影响,温带大陆和季风气候地区降水中的δ18O有很强的季节动态。在中国北方由于受到强烈的温度季节变化的控制,降水中δ18O有很强的温度效应,甚至在月尺度上与温度呈显著的正相关。然而,在降水事件尺度上,特别是多雨的夏季,显著的降水量效应仍然存在。本研究结合气象数据分析了来源于GNIP的乌鲁木齐月尺度上的降水中δ18O与平均气温和降水量之间的关系。结果表明:在年尺度上,保持气温和降水频率不变,扣除两者的影响,δ18O与降水强度有显著的负相关关系(P=0.012)。温度和降水强度效应分别为(0.45±0.03)‰·℃-1(T=17.38,P<0.001)和(-0.28±0.12)‰·mm-1(T=-2.29,P=0.023)。温度和降水效应在一年四季均存在,且两者存在季节转化,分别主导了一年中不同季节降水中δ18O的动态变化。在气温剧烈变动的春季(3-5月)和秋季(9-11月),显著的温度效应占主导。而在夏季(6-8月),显著的降水强度效应(T=-2.93,P=0.006)主导了降水中δ18O的动态。尽管在冬季(12月至翌年2月)降水强度效应和温度效应很微弱也不显著,但是前者仍然大于后者。 相似文献