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1.
Recently, increasing numbers of mobile phones are appearing on the market that feature advanced navigation capabilities: embedded GPS receivers for global positioning, integrated digital compasses for detecting the heading of the device, or accelerometer‐based tilt sensors will potentially enable upcoming and future mobile phones to measure their location and orientation in 3D space. In this paper, we present an application framework for building spatially aware mobile applications – applications that visualize, process or exchange geospatial information – on mobile phones equipped with such features. The core component of the framework is a novel, platform‐independent XML data exchange format for the interface between application server and mobile device that describes the geographic vicinity of the user. The format enables a variety of new mobile interaction styles and user interface types – from traditional text‐based local search and information interfaces to innovative real‐time user interfaces like Geo‐Wands and Smart Compasses. 相似文献
2.
卫星导航信号的非理想性会导致不同接收机之间出现测距偏差,是影响卫星导航系统服务精度和完好性的重要因素。首先,针对北斗系统B1C、B2a新体制信号的非理想性进行分析,利用大口径天线采集了全部北斗三号在轨卫星播发的B1C、B2a信号（共27颗卫星）,评估了不同接收带宽、码鉴相间距下测距偏差的大小与变化特点;然后,以双频多星座星基增强服务应用为例,分析了两个信号在相应接收机中的设计约束条件。研究结果发现,在接收机常用的参数范围内,B1C、B2a信号非理想性引入的测距偏差分别不超过0.68 m、0.44 m;在测距偏差小于0.1 m的性能约束下,B1C、B2a信号可用的约束条件参数范围优于国际民航标准草案中的相关要求。 相似文献
3.
给出了用户接收机只收到三颗导航卫星信号时的二维定位解算模型及其解算方法，重点介绍了解算方法中接收机概略坐标的求法及利用得到的概略坐标求解接收机位置和钟差，并做了仿真解算。从卫星和接收机不同位置的很多次仿真解算结果表明，接收机位置和钟差能够极收收敛，通常迭代两次就能得到非常好的结果，完全适合工程应用。 相似文献
4.
Precision real-time navigation of LEO satellites using global positioning system measurements 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1
Continued advancements in remote sensing technology along with a trend towards highly autonomous spacecraft provide a strong
motivation for accurate real-time navigation of satellites in low Earth orbit (LEO). Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)
sensors nowadays enable a continuous tracking and provide low-noise radiometric measurements onboard a user spacecraft. Following
the deactivation of Selective Availability a representative real-time positioning accuracy of 10 m is presently achieved by
spaceborne global positioning system (GPS) receivers on LEO satellites. This accuracy can notably be improved by use of dynamic
orbit determination techniques. Besides a filtering of measurement noise and other short-term errors, these techniques enable
the processing of ambiguous measurements such as carrier phase or code-carrier combinations. In this paper a reference algorithm
for real-time onboard orbit determination is described and tested with GPS measurements from various ongoing space missions
covering an altitude range of 400–800 km. A trade-off between modeling effort and achievable accuracy is performed, which
takes into account the limitations of available onboard processors and the restricted upload capabilities. Furthermore, the
benefits of different measurements types and the available real-time ephemeris products are assessed. Using GPS broadcast
ephemerides a real-time position accuracy of about 0.5 m (3D rms) is feasible with dual-frequency carrier phase measurements.
Slightly inferior results (0.6–1 m) are achieved with single-frequency code-carrier combinations or dual-frequency code. For
further performance improvements the use of more accurate real-time GPS ephemeris products is mandatory. By way of example,
it is shown that the TDRSS Augmentation Service for Satellites (TASS) offers the potential for 0.1–0.2 m real-time navigation
accuracies onboard LEO satellites. 相似文献
5.
Improving the GNSS positioning stochastic model in the presence of ionospheric scintillation 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
M. Aquino J. F. G. Monico A. H. Dodson H. Marques G. De Franceschi L. Alfonsi V. Romano M. Andreotti 《Journal of Geodesy》2009,83(10):953-966
Ionospheric scintillations are caused by time- varying electron density irregularities in the ionosphere, occurring more often
at equatorial and high latitudes. This paper focuses exclusively on experiments undertaken in Europe, at geographic latitudes
between ~50°N and ~80°N, where a network of GPS receivers capable of monitoring Total Electron Content and ionospheric scintillation parameters was
deployed. The widely used ionospheric scintillation indices S4 and sj{\sigma_{\varphi}} represent a practical measure of the intensity of amplitude and phase scintillation affecting GNSS receivers. However, they
do not provide sufficient information regarding the actual tracking errors that degrade GNSS receiver performance. Suitable
receiver tracking models, sensitive to ionospheric scintillation, allow the computation of the variance of the output error
of the receiver PLL (Phase Locked Loop) and DLL (Delay Locked Loop), which expresses the quality of the range measurements
used by the receiver to calculate user position. The ability of such models of incorporating phase and amplitude scintillation
effects into the variance of these tracking errors underpins our proposed method of applying relative weights to measurements
from different satellites. That gives the least squares stochastic model used for position computation a more realistic representation,
vis-a-vis the otherwise ‘equal weights’ model. For pseudorange processing, relative weights were com- puted, so that a ‘scintillation-mitigated’
solution could be performed and compared to the (non-mitigated) ‘equal weights’ solution. An improvement between 17 and 38%
in height accuracy was achieved when an epoch by epoch differential solution was computed over baselines ranging from 1 to
750 km. The method was then compared with alternative approaches that can be used to improve the least squares stochastic
model such as weighting according to satellite elevation angle and by the inverse of the square of the standard deviation
of the code/carrier divergence (sigma CCDiv). The influence of multipath effects on the proposed mitigation approach is also
discussed. With the use of high rate scintillation data in addition to the scintillation indices a carrier phase based mitigated
solution was also implemented and compared with the conventional solution. During a period of occurrence of high phase scintillation
it was observed that problems related to ambiguity resolution can be reduced by the use of the proposed mitigated solution. 相似文献
6.
Due to the limited frequency stability and poor accuracy of typical quartz oscillators built-in GNSS receivers, an additional receiver clock error has to be estimated in addition to the coordinates. This leads to several drawbacks especially in kinematic applications: At least four satellites in view are needed for navigation, high correlations between the clock estimates and the up-coordinates. This situation can be improved distinctly when connecting atomic clocks to GNSS receivers and modeling their behavior in a physically meaningful way (receiver clock modeling). Recent developments in miniaturizing atomic clocks result in so-called chip-scale atomic clocks and open up the possibility of using stable atomic clocks in GNSS navigation. We present two different methods of receiver clock modeling, namely in an extended Kalman filter and a sequential least-squares adjustment for code-based GNSS navigation using three different miniaturized atomic clocks. Using the data of several kinematic test drives, the benefits of clock modeling for GPS navigation solutions are assessed: decrease in the noise of the up-coordinates by up to 69 % to 20 cm level, decrease in minimal detectable biases by 16 %, and elimination of spikes and subsequently decrease in large position errors (35 %). Hence, a more robust position is obtained. Additionally, artificial partial satellite outages are generated to demonstrate position solutions with only three satellites in view. 相似文献
7.
The EGNOS service will provide better positioning availability and accuracy than that from the standalone GPS solutions. However,
in order to access the EGNOS service, the end user needs to access the corresponding GEO satellites that broadcast the augmentation
information for the region. This is not a problem normally for aviation and maritime applications because an open sky is always
available for such applications. However, an open sky is not always available for land applications because of the obstacles
in the vicinity of the end users, for example, in the city canyons. The situation gets worse for the regions at high latitudes
because the elevation angles to the GEO satellites are rather low (e.g. 4–22° in Finland). This article describes briefly
the SISNeT technology, designed and developed by the European Space Agency, which allows accessing the EGNOS SIS via the Internet.
It will describe in detail the handheld SISNeT receiver, designed and developed by the Finnish Geodetic Institute under ESA
contract. The SISNeT data server is an IP-based server that acquires the EGNOS messages from an EGNOS receiver, and broadcasts
them over the Internet in real-time. The handheld receiver consists of a GPS PC-card receiver, a GPRS (or GSM) card phone,
and a pocket PC as the host platform. The receiver software is a Windows CE-based package with a multi-process and multi-thread
architecture. It simultaneously receives: (1) the EGNOS SIS over a GPRS wireless connection and the Internet and (2) the NMEA
messages from a serial connection to a GPS receiver. It decompresses and decodes the EGNOS messages, and utilizes the information
in the messages to estimate the EGNOS-corrected coordinates, which are finally delivered to the end user via a virtual COM
port. The virtual COM port has been implemented as a stream interface driver in the Pocket PC. It can be accessed in the same
way as the physical COM port in a GPS receiver is accessed. Therefore, it is easy to interface to any third-party applications.
The test results show that the handheld SISNeT receiver can provide a positioning accuracy of about 1–2 m for the horizontal
components, and 2–3 m for the vertical component in real time. Due to the poor performance of the wireless connection, 10–30%
of the EGNOS messages can be lost depending on the services provided by the wireless network operators. The impact of the
messages lost on the positioning accuracy is about 0.5 m in both the horizontal and vertical components.
Electronic Publication 相似文献
8.
The Cooperative Network for GIOVE Observation (CONGO) is a global network of real-time capable multi-constellation GNSS receivers,
which has been established by the German Aerospace Center (DLR) and the German Federal Agency for Cartography and Geodesy
(BKG) as a test bed for experimentation with the new Galileo signals. The CONGO network employs a variety of different antennas
and receivers which have become available for public use over the last 2 years. Following an overview of the network and the
employed user equipment, the paper discusses the achieved GPS/GIOVE tracking performance. This includes a characterization
of antenna gain patterns as well as receiver noise and multipath errors. Special attention is given to the discussion of inter-system
biases. The nature and variation of these biases is illustrated based on a set of three different receivers operated in a
zero-baseline configuration at the Wettzell site. 相似文献
9.
Modern dual-frequency global positioning system (GPS) receivers are capable of providing direct measurements of both L1 C/A (C1) and P code (P1) without the use of the Y-codes under Anti-Spoofing. A discrepancy or bias between the C1 and P1 measurements from these receivers has however been of concern to operators and users of GPS reference networks. For the
purpose of modeling and estimation, the nature and characteristics of the discrepancy must be investigated. The research results
presented indicate that the discrepancy between the C1 and P1 measurements contains two different types of components: one is of constant type while another is time variant. A method
has been developed for their modeling and estimation. The residual C1–P1 time series after a satellite-dependent bias removal agree at a few-centimeter level, indicating the effectiveness of the
proposed model. This allows the C1–P1 discrepancy, both constant and non-constant components, to be removed from GPS reference network solutions. Numerical results
are provided to support the analysis.
Received: 12 October 1999 / Accepted: 11 May 2000 相似文献
10.
Time-relative positioning is a recent method for processing GPS phase observations. The operational method undertaken in this
paper consists of the following steps: first, recording phase observations at a station of known coordinates; second, moving
the GPS receiver to an unknown station (which can be located up to a few hundred meters away, dependint on what type of transportation
– e. g., walking, motorcycle – is available) while continuously observing carrier phases; and, third, recording phase observations
at a second station of unknown coordinates with a single GPS receiver. To obtain the position of the unknown station relative
to the first (known) station, the processing method uses combined observations taken at two different epochs and two different
stations with the same receiver. For this reason, the errors that vary between two epochs must be taken into account in an
appropriate way, especially errors in satellite clock corrections and ephemerides, and errors related to tropospheric and
ionospheric delays. Ionospheric modeling using IONEX files (the ionospheric maps calculated by the International GPS Service)
was also tested to correct L1 phase observations. This method has been used to calculate short vectors with an accuracy of
a few centimeters (for a processing interval of 30 s) using a single civil GPS receiver. ? 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 相似文献
11.
卫星导航欺骗干扰信号检测是卫星导航接收机实施欺骗干扰抑制、防止产生错误定位和测速、定时信息的必要步骤.在介绍了导航战背景下卫星导航欺骗干扰技术的基础上,分析比较了当前主要卫星导航欺骗干扰信号检测技术的实现难度、效果和场景适应性,指出了现阶段卫星导航接收机端最具研究价值的欺骗干扰信号检测技术.最后对欺骗干扰检测技术研究的趋势和发展方向进行了总结展望. 相似文献
12.
GPS接收机工作原理及发展现状 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
根据GPS接收机的工作原理,分为连续接收机、序贯接收机和多元接收机。讨论了接收机的应用分类,分别为高精度测量型接收机,导航接收机及授时型接收机。根据GPS卫星信号的情况,介绍了GPS接收机的性能指标。根据GNSS的发展现状和卫星信号的实施论述了新一代多模双频接收机指标,根据测试结果证明：这种接收机将是未来GPS接收机的发展方向。 相似文献
13.
In this paper, we present the development of a local area differential GPS testbed of the ground-based augmentation system (GBAS) as the future airport navigation facility in the Taipei Flight Information Region (FIR) in Taiwan. The testbed is mainly a GBAS ground facility, which consists of a ground station, three GBAS receivers, and a VDL (VHF data link) broadcast antenna. We also present an airborne GPS/GBAS prototype receiver in this paper. The airborne subsystem (a GPS/GBAS receiver) receives the correction messages from the ground subsystem to perform a differential GPS (DGPS) positioning. In order to provide an ILS-look-alike approach and landing, the output messages of the airborne receiver are packed in an ARINC 429 format. The proposed airborne system has a software-based global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receiver structure. 相似文献
14.
15.
Rod Bryant 《GPS Solutions》2002,6(3):138-148
A key requirement for emergency call location (e.g. E911), for robust operation of location-based m-commerce systems and for
telematics systems is that the location technology be able to operate in urban canyons and inside buildings. We start from
a definition of the target environments, which includes multi-level parking garages, office buildings and homes, but not underground
parking garages or tunnels. Based on experience in these target environments and understanding of typical applications we
derive specific requirements for sensitivity and acquisition speed. The primary problems associated with weak signal operation
are as follows. (1) In conventional GPS receivers sampling at the correlator output typically occurs at a sampling interval
of the order of 1 ms. With weak signals, however, the signal-to-noise ratio of these samples is too low to support lock-in
of a phase-locked or frequency-locked loop. (2) With weak signals, the signal-to-noise ratio is too low to support the extraction
of the 50BPS navigation message from the signal. Therefore, aiding data is required from an external source. (3) Because the
data cannot be extracted, it is not possible for the receiver to synchronize to the incoming bits, words or subframes. Therefore,
it is not possible to construct pseudoranges without prior information. (4) The paper describes Sigtec Navigation's subATTO technology. This technology provides sensitivity down to –185 dBW (19 dBHz assuming NF of 1.5 dB and no other implementation
loss). This is 5 dB below an attoWatt (10–18 W) and has been shown to provide reliable positioning inside buildings, multi-level parking garages and in urban canyons
without any aiding at all. The paper describes the patented signal processing scheme, how ambiguity resolution and time synchronization
are achieved, the wireless assistance technique, the acquisition strategy and the use of scanning channels. Results are presented
from trials in a multi-level parking garage. The results obtained in most parking garages are similar to these in terms of
availability of fixes, signal strengths received and location accuracy achieved. The performance achieved in multi-level parking
garages is rarely worse than this. One of the major impediments to practical application of weak signal-processing schemes
is the limited dynamic range imposed by the GPS C/A code signal structure. This problem is discussed along with the problems
of multipath distortion in the context of telematics operation in urban canyons. A realistic urban accuracy goal of 20 m for
95% of fixes is proposed based on experience with GPS and dead reckoning. Enhancements under development will provide sensitivity
of –188 dBW, which will provide continuous availability within a broader range of indoor environments. For practical applications,
this will require the use of modern 'search engine' hardware for acceptable acquisition speed. As the paper shows, this sensitivity
is near the practical limit of sensitivity with acceptable acquisition times and dynamic capability.
Electronic Publication 相似文献
16.
多系统的融合定位可有效提高用户导航定位的连续性、可靠性及定位精度。针对BDS、GPS观测量间存在系统间偏差的实际情况,建立了顾及系统误差的BDS/GPS融合定位模型,即在函数模型中增加附加参数来吸收系统间偏差,构造了新的顾及先验信息的融合定位模型,分析了这种新融合模型的特点及其对定位结果的影响。利用不同品牌接收机在中国不同地域对新的融合模型进行试验,试验结果表明:BDS、GPS观测量存在系统间偏差,且不同接收机的系统间偏差量值并不一样;增加系统参数的融合定位模型能较好地吸收BDS、GPS观测量的系统间偏差的影响,改善其融合导航定位性能;在观测卫星数不足、单系统不能定位的情况下,考虑先验信息的融合定位模型仍能获得较好的定位结果。 相似文献
17.
Single receiver phase ambiguity resolution with GPS data 总被引：26，自引：12，他引：14
Willy Bertiger Shailen D. Desai Bruce Haines Nate Harvey Angelyn W. Moore Susan Owen Jan P. Weiss 《Journal of Geodesy》2010,84(5):327-337
Global positioning system (GPS) data processing algorithms typically improve positioning solution accuracy by fixing double-differenced
phase bias ambiguities to integer values. These “double-difference ambiguity resolution” methods usually invoke linear combinations
of GPS carrier phase bias estimates from pairs of transmitters and pairs of receivers, and traditionally require simultaneous
measurements from at least two receivers. However, many GPS users point position a single local receiver, based on publicly
available solutions for GPS orbits and clocks. These users cannot form double differences. We present an ambiguity resolution
algorithm that improves solution accuracy for single receiver point-positioning users. The algorithm processes dual- frequency
GPS data from a single receiver together with wide-lane and phase bias estimates from the global network of GPS receivers
that were used to generate the orbit and clock solutions for the GPS satellites. We constrain (rather than fix) linear combinations
of local phase biases to improve compatibility with global phase bias estimates. For this precise point positioning, no other
receiver data are required. When tested, our algorithm significantly improved repeatability of daily estimates of ground receiver
positions, most notably in the east component by approximately 30% with respect to the nominal case wherein the carrier biases
are estimated as real values. In this “static” test for terrestrial receiver positions, we achieved daily repeatability of
1.9, 2.1 and 6.0 mm in the east, north and vertical (ENV) components, respectively. For kinematic solutions, ENV repeatability
is 7.7, 8.4, and 11.7 mm, respectively, representing improvements of 22, 8, and 14% with respect to the nominal. Results from
precise orbit determination of the twin GRACE satellites demonstrated that the inter-satellite baseline accuracy improved
by a factor of three, from 6 to 2 mm up to a long-term bias. Jason-2/Ocean Surface Topography Mission precise orbit determination
tests results implied radial orbit accuracy significantly below the 10 mm level. Stability of time transfer, in low-Earth
orbit, improved from 40 to 7 ps. We produced these results by applying this algorithm within the Jet Propulsion Laboratory’s
(JPL’s) GIPSY/OASIS software package and using JPL’s orbit and clock products for the GPS constellation. These products now
include a record of the wide-lane and phase bias estimates from the underlying global network of GPS stations. This implies
that all GIPSY–OASIS positioning users can now benefit from this capability to perform single-receiver ambiguity resolution. 相似文献
18.
GNSS receivers estimate 3D antenna position and receiver clock bias when at least four satellites are tracked. If only three satellites are available, a 2D antenna position solution is still possible. We derive an almost exact algorithm for the determination of two possible antenna positions and the corresponding receiver clock biases based on pseudorange measurements to three GNSS satellites and a height measurement. The two ambiguous solutions exactly reflect the same height measurement. One of the solutions can be eliminated if some prior knowledge of the user position, for example, near the Earth, is available. In general, a less accurate height measurement gives a less accurate 2D GNSS solution, and vice versa. The determination of the receiver antenna position is based upon the intersection of two confocal hyperboloid sheets and the ellipsoid, resulting in a hyperbola along which the user is located. The algorithm is verified by numerical computations. 相似文献
19.
Calculation and accuracy evaluation of TGD from IFB for BDS 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
With the development of new global navigation satellite system applications, the demand of high accurate positioning navigation timing (PNT) service becomes urgent. For precise PNT, the timing group delay (TGD) is regarded as an important parameter in the satellite navigation message. Instead of using the absolute receiver hardware delay, a method based on receiver inter-frequency bias (IFB, i.e., differential receiver hardware delay between different frequencies) calibration is presented to deal with the rank deficiency of a calculation matrix and to reduce jumps in TGD solutions in BDS. The double-differenced pseudorange obtained from a pair of zero baseline receivers is used to evaluate the IFB calibration accuracy. The estimated precision of TGD is evaluated and compared with GPS TGD provided by IGS. In order to ensure the quality of assessment, a method based on the difference of dual-frequency ionospheric delay is proposed to compare the accuracy of the estimated TGD and broadcast TGD. Finally, the effect of TGD on the user equivalent range error is analyzed. The analysis result shows that for BDS IGSO satellites, the precision of TGD1, which is the differential hardware delay between B1 (1561.098 MHz) and B3 (1268.52 MHz) frequencies, is better than 0.5 ns, and for GEO and MEO satellites the TGD1 is better than 1 and 2 ns, respectively. The precision of TGD2 of all satellites, which is the differential hardware delay between B2 (1207.14 MHz) and B3 frequencies, is better than 0.5 ns. The accuracy analysis result reveals that the proposed TGD estimation method can provide better results when compared with the broadcast data. 相似文献
20.
In this paper we address the problem of estimating the short term precision of the geocentric radial coordinate of a GPS receiver placed on the Earth crust using a non-fiducial approach. The network used in our analysis contains 35 receivers distributed globally. We have analyzed the data with two different strategies: global and regional. In the global strategy the results obtained, which are compatible with those of Heflin et al. (1992) and Blewitt et al. (1992), provide a weighted root mean square of the residuals (wrms) one order of magnitude larger than the formal errors of the individual estimates. Our regional strategy is based on the assumption that errors in the orbit determination induce errors in the receiver positions, correlated up to large scales. This approach allows us to obtain a significant agreement between the wrms and the formal errors. 相似文献