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痕量元素及其同位素在海洋生物地球化学研究方面扮演着至关重要的角色, 对于认识全球环境变迁具有十分重要的意义[1]。痕量元素及其同位素采集、预处理和分析在海洋研究中具有重要的作用, 是诸多重要科学问题解答的重要数据基础[2]。但是, 当科学家们审慎地评估文献中痕量元素的浓度报道时, 发现海洋中的痕量金属含量发生了数量级水平的下降, 这说明早期文献中报导的痕量金属含量在采样、样品预处理及分析过程中受到了明显的沾污, 其中海洋考察船自身、钢缆、采样设备中的金属器件对于海洋中溶解态痕量金属的沾污显得尤为重要[3]。结合海水痕量元素CTD现场采集工作环境，工作拉力等特殊要求，设计一款敷塑纤维通讯缆，并通过静态拉力试验验证缆绳自身工作拉力；通过成分分析、浸出试验验证敷塑纤维通讯缆最大化降低缆绳对于海中溶解态痕量金属的沾污。 相似文献
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为获得河水及其悬浮物样品中痕量金属浓度的可比性数据,评价参加相互校准实验室的分析水平,联合国教科文组织政府间海洋学委员会和联合国环境规划署下属的“方法、标准和相互校准专家组”于1986年组织了对泰国曼谷的河水及其悬浮物样品中痕量金属分析互校工作。参加这次互校的有美国、加拿大、日本、菲律宾、南朝鲜、泰国和中国共7个国家的8个实验室。我国国家海洋局第三海洋研究所黄自强和李锦霞两位副研究员领导的科研小组参加了这次相互校准。他们采用洁净分析技术,分析了河水样品中痕量溶解态铜、铅、锌、镉、钴、镍、铁和锰,所有分析结果均落在定值的一倍标准偏差范围内,名列前茅,获得较高评价,为我国争得了荣誉。这标志着该所河 相似文献
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电位溶出分析（ＰＳＡ）是７０年代发展起来的一种新颖的分析方法。该方法一问世便在测定海水中痕量元素方面表现出很大优越性。微分电位溶出分析（ＤＰＳＡ）较单纯的电位溶出分析其灵敏度和分析速度得到进一步提高，已应用于海水中痕量金属元素的常规测定。但对于测定生物样品中的痕量元素，方法目前报道不多。 本文采用国产微机化电位溶出仪介绍了动态富集──静态微分溶出分析方法，对摄食了Ｃｄ污染的配合饵料的鲈鱼体内所积累的Ｃｄ进行了测定。该法灵敏度高，操作简便、快速，数据准确可靠，结果令人满意。１材料与方法１．１主要试… 相似文献
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海水中含有数十种杂质元素，且多为痕量元素。同种元素在海水中往往以不同的化学形式存在，从而增加了分析的难度。杂质元素含量变化范围大，从常量到ｐｐｂ－ｐｐｔ量级的痕量元素。因此难于用一种分析方法完成海水试样全分析。然而自等离子体质谱（ＩＣＰ－ＭＳ）问世以来，一次取样并用一种方法完成海水中大多数元素分析已成现实。本文将简要介绍ＩＣＰ－ＭＳ的原理、特点，并较详细地讨论该法在海洋分析中的应用前景。ＩＣＰ－ＭＳ是把电感耦合等离子体原子光谱法和质谱法相结合而创立的一种新方法。其特点是快速、灵敏、准确、分析成本… 相似文献
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一、前言 原子吸收分光光度法已发展成为重要的痕量元素分析手段之一。高温石墨炉原子吸收法具有原子化效率高,取样量少,绝对灵敏度高,操作简便等优点,已被广泛应用于环境监测、临床化学、生物样品、超纯金属及海水中痕量元素的测定。由于石墨炉原子吸收的干扰比火焰原子吸收严重,特别是海水样品基体成分复杂,干扰尤为明显。因此,在测定前必 相似文献
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本文介绍了硼氢化钾还原氢化法—原子吸收快速测定海洋沉积物和悬浮物中痕量砷的方法。经试验比较,选择硝酸—硫酸消化样品,砷(Ⅴ)经0.7％硫脲和0.35％抗坏血酸预先还原为砷(Ⅲ),样品中共存元素对测定无干扰。本法简便、快速、灵敏。 相似文献
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罗纳河中悬浮物质的痕量元素的研究 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
于1989年5月－1990年4月间,在罗纳河下游近河口处进行每月一次为期间个月的样品采集工作,并且样品用HNO3－HF－HCIO4湿法消化后,用原子吸收分光光度法测定了悬浮颗粒物中的Co,Cr,Cu,Mn和Pb含量。结果表明,在不同月份之间悬浮物中的痕量元素组成具有显著地差别,其中一些元素的浓度随流量的增加而减少,而另外一些似乎与流量之间没有显著的关联。在稳定体系的假设下,所估计的人文活动对痕量元素的贡献可占观测浓度的10％－50％。当与其它河流对比时,发现罗纳河中的颗粒态痕量元素的浓度明显高于那些受人文活动影响较小的体系,而与北美的河流系统接近,表明罗纳河流域的人文活动对河流中颗粒态痕量元素的影响是显著的。 相似文献
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痕量元素在海洋环境中不仅能够密切参与物质循环,显著调控生命代谢,有些情况下还会对浮游及底栖生物产生抑制和毒害,是海洋系统中具有重要生物地球化学作用的“双刃剑”。工业革命以来,海洋不断吸收大气CO2使得海水pH和碳酸根浓度持续下降,在全球范围内都出现了海洋酸化的现象。海洋酸化作为新的环境胁迫打破了痕量元素在沉积物-间隙水-上覆水中既有的平衡态势,导致痕量元素在海洋环境中的生物地球化学特性变得更加复杂和不确定。本文从痕量元素在沉积物-海水体系中的赋存形态与交换过程入手,探讨了海洋酸化条件下痕量元素在沉积物-海水体系中的扩散迁移与再平衡行为,分析了由此产生的生物毒性效应和生物可用性影响。最后,对海洋酸化与多种环境条件、多种污染物联合作用所导致的与痕量元素相关的生态效应研究进行了展望,以期为未来海洋酸化与痕量元素协同研究提供有意义的科学参考。 相似文献
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南海表层水中的溶解态Cu,Pb, Zn,Cd 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
于1998年“南海海洋环境调查”外业工作期间在南海的各个站位,按照严格的防沾污措施采集了106个表层海水样品.采用溶剂萃取-石墨炉原子吸收法对样品中的痕量重金属Cu,Pb,Zn,Cd含量进行了分析测试.测得各重金属的平均值如下:Cu 0.100 μg/dm3,Pb 0.060μg/dm3,Zn 0.086 μg/dm3,Cd 0.007μg/dm3,接近世界大洋水的浓度水平.各重金属的空间分布呈现出海区周边含量高于中央,浓度有自近岸向远海逐渐减小的趋势.相关分析的结果表明各重金属夏季相关性优于冬季,Cu与Cd存在良好的正相关关系,并且首次在南海表层水发现Cu,Cd与营养盐的相关关系.将重金属浓度值作数理统计分析,得到它们在南海的基线值. 相似文献
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The understanding of the distribution of trace heavy metals in the world ocean has greatlyimProved in the past decades. But most of the data are of vertical profiles of certain stations(Bruland, l980; Paul et al., l992; RObert et al., l990) and large--scale study of temporaland spatial variability of trace heaVy metals in the ocean is rather few. In fact, affected by ver-tical mixing by upwelling or convection, biogenic removal, atmospheric fallout and continentalinput frorn rivers, the dist… 相似文献
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Plankton samples have been carefully collected from a variety of marine environments for major and trace-chemical analysis. The samples were collected and handled under the rigorous conditions necessary to prevent contamination of the trace elements. Immediately after collection, the samples were subjected to a series of physical and chemical leaching-decomposition experiments designed to identify the major and trace element composition of the biogenic particulate matter. Emphasis was placed on the determination of the trace element/major element ratios in the various biogenic phases important in biogeochemical cycling.The majority of the trace elements in the samples were directly associated with the non-skeletal organic phases of the plankton. These associations include a very labile fraction which was rapidly released into seawater immediately after collection and a more refractory component which involved specific metal-organic binding. Calcium carbonate and opal were not significant carriers for any of the trace elements studied. A refractory phase containing aluminum and iron in terrigenous ratios was present in all samples, even from remote pelagic environments. This non-biogenic carrier contributed insignificant amounts to the other trace elements studied.The plankton samples were collected from surface waters with a wide range in the dissolved trace element/nutrient ratios, however, the same elemental ratios in the bulk plankton samples were relatively constant in all these environments. The bulk compositions and the rapid release of the metals and nutrient elements (specifically phosphorus) from the plankton after collection were used to examine the systematics of depletions of the dissolved elements from surface waters. These elemental ratios were combined with known fluxes of the major biogenic materials to estimate the significance of the plankton in the vertical flux of the trace elements. In parallel with the major surface ocean cycles of carbon and nitrogen, significant fractions of the trace elements taken up by primary producers must be rapidly regenerated in order to explain the observed elemental compositions and fluxes. 相似文献
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The oceanic biogeochemical cycles of many trace elements are dominated by their association with the growth, death, consumption and sinking of phytoplankton. The trace element content of marine phytoplankton reflects nutritional status, species composition, surface area to volume ratios, and interactions with bioactive and toxic elements in the ambient seawater. Despite the ecological and environmental importance of trace element assimilation by autotrophs, there are few modern measurements of trace elements in phytoplankton assemblages from the natural environment. Here we introduce a new method for collection and analysis of size-fractionated particulate samples from practical seawater volumes. We pay particular attention to accurate determination of trace element filter blanks which are typically the limiting factor for analysis of such samples. Metals were determined at very low detection limits by high resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HR-ICP-MS) for 11 elements (Ag, Al, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, U, Zn and P, which is used as a biomass normalizer) in three types of polymer filters (0.45, 5.0, and 53 μm pore size) and a quartz fiber filter (0.8 μm pore size). To place these new determinations in a practical context, results are presented for a vertical profile of samples filtered from 1–4 l of coastal seawater (0.3–1.0 mg total solid dry weight) at a station off central California. The results demonstrate that the blanks of the evaluated filter types, precleaned appropriately, are sufficiently low to allow accurate determination of the trace metal content of three size-classes of phytoplankton. At the Pacific station, measured phytoplankton Zn content (as Zn/P) agrees with values predicted from single-species culture studies growing at seawater Zn concentrations expected for coastal waters. The new method has utility as a generally applicable and simple size fractionation technique, and allows determination of natural and pollutant elements in small samples of phytoplankton and particles in coastal, estuarine and offshore marine regimes. 相似文献
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The results of an intercomparison of three types of sampling device and three types of hydrowire, used for the collection of seawater samples for trace metal analysis, are presented. These devices were intercompared in an international experiment involving member states of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission through the collection of mid-depth North Atlantic water samples at Panulirus Station near Bermuda. Of the commercially available sampling devices, modified GO-FLO samplers appear to yield the lowest concentration seawater samples with modified Niskin samplers having only slightly inferior capability. Both unmodified GO-FLO and Hydro-Bios samplers have similar, but generally poorer, abilities for the collection of uncontaminated samples. Of the three hydrowires intercompared, plastic-coated steel yields the lowest concentration samples for most metals. Kevlar and stainless-steel hydrowires appear to cause only slight contamination for some metals. Overall, the impression is obtained that differences between the levels of metals in the ocean reported by different laboratories is predominantly due to analytical, rather than sampling errors or artifacts. 相似文献
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Hajime Obata Jun Nishioka Taejin Kim Kazuhiro Norisuye Shigenobu Takeda Yohei Wakuta Toshitaka Gamo 《Journal of Oceanography》2017,73(3):333-344
Using a clean seawater sampling system for trace metals onboard the R. V. Shinsei-Maru, newly launched in 2013, we investigated the vertical distributions of dissolved iron and zinc in Sagami Bay and the Izu-Ogasawara Trench. We applied appropriate clean sampling and filtering processes for trace metals, so that uncontaminated seawater samples were successfully collected. The distribution of zinc in the trench area was similar to that of silicate and the same as that previously reported in the subtropical North Pacific. There were spatial variations in the iron (Fe) distribution in the trench areas. We used previously reported information about biogeochemical cycling in the trench area, and found that Fe has a residence time of 29 years in the water column. The short residence time of Fe (29 years) corresponds to the vertical variations of dissolved Fe in the water column. 相似文献
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用等离子质谱(ICP-MS)分析一些特殊样品的时候,前处理方法成为分析样品成功与否的关键,对于高基质含量的样品测量其微量元素含量更是如此。元素硫超过99%的自然硫样品中微量元素的测定一般使用燃烧的方法去除自然硫,但是一些易挥发性的元素也因此失去而测不出来。作者试图采用硫升华的方法去除硫基质,通过在原样品中加入内标,分析测定后计算内标的回收率确定出元素Be,Sn,Sc,U和稀土元素(REE)的回收率都在90%以上,可以用升华硫方法很好地测定,而元素Tl,Hf,W,Nb,Zr,Ta等的回收率则在75%以下,不适合用该种方法测定。 相似文献
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In order to gain a better understanding of biological and geochemical processes, sequential extraction techniques are widely employed to obtain information about the so-called ‘solid-speciation’ of chemical elements in soils and in suspended and deposited sediments. This present paper aims to review the different problems involved with such techniques and to specify the nature of their operation. Beyond the importance of sampling and pretreatment it is shown that the specificity and the reproducibility of the method greatly depends upon the chemical properties of the element and the chemical composition of the samples. Accordingly, these methods provide, at best, a gradient for the physicochemical association strength between trace elements and solid particles rather than their actual speciation. As previously underlined by W.F. Pickering (Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem., 2 (1981) 223–266) it is shown that, ‘a careless usage of these techniques without an appreciation of their pitfalls and limitations must lead to further generation of erroneous or misleading data’. Despite these inherent limitations, some useful information has been obtained in the fields of engineering and geoscience. However, the original idea which led to the development of the methods, i.e. the estimation of trace elements bioavailability, generally failed. 相似文献
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The horizontal distributions of reactive silicate and zinc in the Otago Harbour, New Zealand, a shallow, vertically well-mixed estuary, have been compared. Within the harbour silicate displayed a linear salinity profile on two sampling occasions in October and early November. Consideration of the silicate budget suggested some removal of freshwater silicate in the headwaters of the estuary. Zinc concentrations, measured using state-of-the-art clean laboratory techniques were orders of magnitude lower than previously published data for coastal waters. Typical values of 5–20 ng l−1 Zn were recorded in the seaward endmember. Zinc-salinity profiles were approximately linear. Relationships between zinc and silicate concentrations for the estuarine and freshwater samples suggest a coupling between the rates of supply of these elements to the ocean and their utilisation by plankton. 相似文献