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1.
Based on the Brazilian test results of 23 kinds of transversely isotropic rocks, five trends are obtained for the variation of normalized failure strength (NFS) as a function of the weak plane-loading angles. For each angle, three kinds of fracture patterns are obtained. Furthermore, a new numerical approach based on the particle discrete element method is put forward to systematically investigate the influence of the micro-structure of rock matrix and strength of weak plane on NFS and fracture patterns. The results reveal that the trend of NFS and fracture patterns are slightly influenced by coordination number of rock particles and tensile strength of weak plane, but greatly influenced by percentage of pre-existing cracks and shear strength of weak plane. Micro-parameters of the numerical approach are calibrated to reproduce behaviours of transversely isotropic rocks with different trends, and the simulation results are well matched with experimental results in terms of NFS and fracture patterns. Finally, the numerical approach is applied to study the failure process of layered surrounding rock after tunnel excavation. The simulation results also agree well with observation results of engineering projects. 相似文献
2.
为研究鄂西北地区板岩的力学特性及各向异性特征,开展了志留系粉砂质板岩的单轴压缩和巴西劈裂试验,分析了试样的力学特性和各向异性特征以及在不同荷载作用下的变形破坏模式,揭示了不同破坏模式的力学机制,并通过数值分析研究了不同板理面角度板岩边坡破坏模式及力学机制。研究结果表明,粉砂质板岩中的板理面是影响岩体力学行为的弱面,使得粉砂质板岩表现出明显的各向异性的特征。在单轴压缩条件下,粉砂质板岩在垂直板理面方向比平行板理面方向更易变形,变形量更大;平行板理面方向加载时试样破坏类型为竖向劈裂型张拉破坏,其实质是压杆失稳;垂直板理面加载时试样的破坏类型为穿切板理面的劈裂型剪切破坏;所测得的力学参数各向异性也较明显。在劈裂荷载作用下,粉砂质板岩的破坏模式主要有张拉劈裂破坏和沿板理面剪切破坏两种,所得抗拉强度在平行板理面方向上最大,在垂直板理面方向上最小,两个方向上的抗拉强度均小于抗压强度。由于板理面间的抗拉强度极低,在受到与板理面呈小角度相交的劈裂荷载作用时,容易产生沿板理面的张拉劈裂或拉剪破坏,在实际工程中应尽量避免板理面间的受拉破坏和沿板理面的拉剪破坏。在边坡工程中,板理面倾向、倾角对边坡破坏模式及力学机制有较大影响,边坡防护治理需充分考虑这一影响。上述研究为粉砂质板岩区岩质边坡防护治理以及其他岩石工程设计与施工提供理论依据与技术基础。 相似文献
3.
Weak planes affect the strength and deformational behaviors of rock slopes, and the anisotropic characteristics of rock mass should be considered in slope stability analysis. Effects of joint plane orientations on failure mechanism and strength response of inherently anisotropic rock samples were firstly investigated. The specimens with various orientations of joints were evaluated under uniaxial compression, Brazilian tensile, and direct shear tests. By treating the foliated rock as transversely isotropic materials, the relevant elastic constants and strength parameters were obtained from experimental results. The slope damage zone was then investigated using Comsol Multiphysics code based on Hoffman criterion. It is indicated that the failure mechanism and strength response depend highly on the inclination of specimens with respect to the loading direction. For disks with the same inclination angle, the value of tensile strength has an increasing trend with the total fracture length. Numerical results show that partial slope mass failed in single slope and no large-scale landslide occurred. The failure pattern in numerical results agrees well with the field observations. The cooperation between the experimental results and the numerical results allows an in-depth analysis of the experimental results and thus better understanding the dominant effect of joints on the deformation and failure of rock mass. 相似文献
4.
为分析巴西圆盘劈裂法在层状岩体抗拉强度试验中的适用性,在以往层状岩体巴西圆盘劈裂试验成果分析基础上,选取层理砂岩为试验对象,设计并进行了考虑不同层理角度的砂岩巴西圆盘劈裂试验。分析结果表明,（1）层状岩体抗拉强度的各向异性特点非常明显,层理角度对各种层状岩体的劈裂抗拉强度的影响规律是基本类似的,只是影响程度不一样;（2）不同层理角度圆盘试样的破裂面形状差别较大,其破坏模式可以归纳为直线型、折线型和弧形型;（3）当层理角度0°＜β＜90°时,破裂面的发展规律不能严格满足巴西圆盘劈裂试验力学理论模型的假定,采用式（1）计算得到的劈裂抗拉强度只能是一个近似的值;（4）当圆盘试样加载线两侧的岩石材料、层理结构对称分布时,加载时圆盘内的应力分布可以较好地满足其理论计算模型,其试验结果比较准确。研究成果可为层状岩体抗拉强度的准确测定提供较好的参考。 相似文献
5.
Mapping the state of fracture around cavities 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
The state of stress around cavities is heterogeneous. Consequently, the state of fracture may also vary from point to point. Under compressive loading, cavity may be in one of four possible states: pre-fracture (pre-microfracture initiation), microfracture propagation (initiation to the onset of dilata dilatancy to failure) and post-failure. These four states are separated by the crack initiation stress, the crack damage stress and the failure stress. fracture events with confining pressure is examined with reference to three intact rocks: a brittle granite, a semi-brittle limestone and a ductile sal
The maximum principal stress (σ1) at crack initiation, crack damage (onset of dilatancy), yielding and failure are established as a function stress (σ3). For a single intact rock, all four fracture events can be represented using one function (the Rocker function) with a single fac various fracture states.
The proposed fracture criteria, based on the experimental data, are combined with the existing state of stress to prepare a fracture map around an elli intact Lac du Bonnet granite. The state of stability is expressed through a newly defined stability factor, the unconfined strength ratio (USR), wh to the traditional safety factor. In contrast to the conventional safety factor in rock mechanics (SFstrength/σ1), which is σ3
6.
运用水压破裂法测试岩石的抗拉强度 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
劈裂法受试验条件的影响很难得出理想的结果,而水压破裂试验有试件受力载荷不受人为因素干扰的优点,测得的抗拉强度具有较高的可信度,并且在工程实际中有广泛的用途。本文在研究水压破裂法测试岩石抗拉强度的方法及原理的基础上,用统计断裂力学整理试验结果,并与巴西法作了比较。试验表明,用威布尔二参数模型的统计断裂力学方法研究岩石抗拉强度是可行的,并具有良好的线性关系。 相似文献
7.
层理弱面对层状岩石的力学特性影响较显著，为了研究层理面特性对岩石断裂力学特性的影响，开展了具有不同层理方向的砂岩试样三点弯试验，探讨了砂岩断裂韧度及断裂模式的各向异性。之后基于有限元中的黏聚单元建立了数值模型，采用数值模拟方法研究了层理面强度对各层理角度试样断裂力学行为的影响规律。结果表明：层理方向影响下砂岩的断裂韧度及模式存在各向异性；同一层理方向试样的断裂韧度随层理面强度的增大而增大，且试样的层理面与加载方向夹角越小，断裂韧度受层理面强度变化影响越明显；试样的断裂模式不仅与层理面强度有关，还受层理倾角的控制，层理面与加载方向夹角θ = 0o试样断裂模式基本不受层理面强度影响，θ = 30o试样主要沿层理面张拉或剪切破坏，且沿层理面的破裂长度随层理面强度的降低逐渐增大；层理面强度较大时，θ = 45o试样主要沿层理面张拉破坏，θ = 60o～90o试样主要以贯穿层理的张拉破坏为主；层理面强度较小时，θ = 45o～90o试样均以沿层理面的剪切破坏为主，其中θ = 45o试样沿层理剪切长度最大。另外，通过数值模拟结果分析了层理面强度及方向对试样的起裂角及裂纹扩展路径产生的影响。该研究成果可作为层状岩石断裂力学理论的有益补充。 相似文献
8.
裂纹扩展方向的确定对分析岩桥破坏机制和岩体抗剪强度参数具有重要意义。首先以断裂力学观点推导了复杂应力条件下裂纹尖端应力分布函数的表达式,以节理岩体尖端的扩展裂纹可分为张拉裂纹和剪切裂纹为前提,基于Griffith破坏判据,提出了张拉裂纹扩展方向(张裂角)的计算公式;基于Mohr-Coulomb判据,提出了剪裂纹扩展方向(剪裂角)的计算公式。通过新判据与试验和其他判据的结果对比表明,该判据能准确判断张拉裂纹扩展方向,而剪裂角的扩展方向有待进一步试验验证。分析表明:在单向拉应力作用下,张裂纹扩展方向均有偏向于最大主应力方向的趋势,张裂纹与最大主应力夹角小于15°;双向拉应力作用下,随着微裂纹倾角变大,张裂纹有远离最大主应力方向的趋势;单轴压缩作用下,张裂角随裂纹倾角的增加而减小,而两者的和为先减小后增加。 相似文献
9.
Experimental and Numerical Studies on Determination of Indirect Tensile Strength of Rocks 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
Nazife Erarslan Zheng Zhao Liang David John Williams 《Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering》2012,45(5):739-751
Indirect tension tests using Brisbane tuff Brazilian disc specimens under standard Brazilian jaws and various loading arcs were performed. The standard Brazilian indirect tensile tests caused catastrophic, crushing failure of the disc specimens, rather than the expected tensile splitting failure initiated by a central crack. This led to an investigation of the fracturing of Brazilian disc specimens and the existing indirect tensile Brazilian test using steel loading arcs with different angles. The results showed that the ultimate failure load increased with increasing loading arc angles. With no international standard for determining indirect tensile strength of rocks under diametral load, numerical modelling and analytical solutions were undertaken. Numerical simulations using RFPA2D software were conducted with a heterogeneous material model. The results predicted tensile stress in the discs and visually reproduced the progressive fracture process. It was concluded that standard Brazilian jaws cause catastrophic, crushing failure of the disc specimens instead of producing a central splitting crack. The experimental and numerical results showed that 20° and 30° loading arcs result in diametral splitting fractures starting at the disc centre. Moreover, intrinsic material properties (e.g. fracture toughness) may be used to propose the best loading configuration to determine the indirect tensile strength of rocks. Here, by using numerical outcomes and empirical relationships between fracture toughness and tensile strength, the best loading geometry to obtain the most accurate indirect tensile strength of rocks was the 2α?=?30° loading arc. 相似文献
10.
工程开挖面附近卸荷扰动区的岩体,受结构面和拉应力共同影响作用,其变形和破坏具有拉剪复合特征。为研究节理岩体的拉剪力学特性,基于颗粒离散元法针对共面断续节理岩体开展了系列数值模拟研究。通过假设粒间接触的力学参数服从Weibull分布表征岩体的非均质性,探讨了非均质性、均质度、法向拉应力和节理连通率对节理岩体拉剪强度和破坏模式的影响。研究表明:拉剪应力条件下非均质性节理岩体主要沿阶梯型破裂面破坏,剪应力-水平位移曲线可以分为线性变形阶段、非线性变形阶段、峰值及峰后阶段;随均质度提高,节理岩体的剪切强度逐渐增加且提升幅度逐渐减弱,趋于均质岩体,岩体中微裂纹由弥散型分布向破裂面集中;节理岩体峰值剪切强度和法向拉应力的大小呈非线性负相关关系;岩体剪切强度随节理连通率增加而显著降低。 相似文献
11.
Summary The Brazilian test is a widely accepted method for the determination of the tensile strength of intact rock. Specifications for the Brazilian tensile strength test have been established by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), ASTM D 3967-86 and a suggested approach is provided by the International Society for Rock Mechanics (ISRM). The ASTM and ISRM allow a relatively wide range of values for specimen geometry defined in terms of length to diameter ratio and loading rates defined as either time to failure or stress rate.A statistical study was carried out on a coal measure sandstone to determine whether the tensile strength determined by the Brazilian test is independent of the specimen geometry and the stress rate. 相似文献
12.
为深入探究两淮矿区典型砂质泥岩劈裂注浆起裂机制,研制了常规三轴劈裂注浆试验装置,开展了类砂质泥岩浆压致裂起裂压力模型试验,基于试验结果分析了岩石强度与应力状态对注浆起裂压力、裂缝扩展形态影响规律,揭示了砂质泥岩劈裂注浆起裂机制。研究表明：起裂压力与岩石抗压强度呈正相关,且岩石抗压强度越高,劈裂路径越复杂;起裂压力对围压的敏感程度远高于轴压,且应力差 Δσ =σV −σH越大,裂缝形态越规整;孔压三轴条件下,封闭裸孔段浆压致裂法确定的岩石抗拉强度值约为单轴抗拉强度的 2.5倍。该研究结果可为今后类似岩层劈裂注浆参数设计与施工提供参考。 相似文献
13.
Zhang Yue Zhang Qiang-Yong Zhou Xin-Yu Xiang Wen 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2021,39(2):709-718
To study the tensile strength of rock under different loading rates, direct tensile test is the most accurate method. However, the eccentric tension in the process of rock direct tensile test has a significant influence on the test results. In this paper, firstly, a self-developed centering device for rock direct tensile test is introduced, which can effectively eliminate the eccentric tension in the process of rock direct tensile test. Then, with the aid of the self-developed centering device, the direct tensile tests of red sandstone under the loading rates of 0.001 mm/s, 0.01 mm/s and 0.1 mm/s are successfully carried out. After tests, both the macro failure characteristics and the scanning electron microscope micrograph show that the fracture pattern of the rock is caused by pure tensile loading. The stress-strain curves of the direct tensile test of the red sandstone show that the process of the direct tensile test can be roughly divided into four stages. With the increase of loading rate, both of the tensile strength and the peak tensile strain of the rock increase obviously. The direct tensile test of the red sandstone shows obvious loading rate effect.
相似文献14.
基于不同层理角度的页岩巴西劈裂试验,利用高速摄像系统和声发射系统,对页岩力学特性、裂纹扩展及声发射特征的层理效应进行了深入研究。结果表明：（1）页岩巴西劈裂破坏过程可以分为压密、弹性和破坏3个阶段;（2）页岩抗拉强度、劈裂模量和应力峰值时变形的各向异性特征明显,层理角度 30°时,层理效应最为明显, 90°时影响最小;（3） 0°和 15°时试样的裂纹破坏面基本是沿着层理面, 30°时裂纹面交切层理面,与加载基线面重合, 45°～90°的各试样的断裂面呈不同程度的偏离加载基线面,为弧面或曲面;（4） 30°和 45°为破坏机制转化角,其中 30°为沿着层理面压致性张拉开裂转化为交切层理面开裂的转化角, 45°为交切层理面开裂转化为交切层理面且沿着层理面不同程度的剪切滑移开裂的转化角;（5）声发射活动性和能量释放随层理角度的增加而加强,主要因为受层理角度的影响,其破坏机制不同,这也进一步验证了页岩随层理角度的变化,其破坏机制的各向异性。能率峰值与抗拉强度具有很好的线性关系,表明声发射能率峰值能很好地反映岩石抗拉伸破坏的程度。 相似文献
15.
Summary Point-load tests were performed on three hard rocks of the Lake Superior district, ironformation, metadiabase, and ophitic basalt. More than 500 irregular, mine-run fragments ranging in diameter up to about 250 mm were tested in the field, using a specially designed, semi-portable test rig. Results were analyzed by multiple regression techniques, seeking a best expression for the point-load strength in terms of a size effect and shape effects. Standard unconfined compression tests and Brazilian tests were also performed on the metadiabase and the basalt, three core sizes of each, in order to determine their respective size effects. The size-effect exponents for compression were found to be a variable characteristic of rock type, as previously reported for other rocks by the senior author, whereas the size-effect exponent in the point-load test was constant over all three rocks.Notation
A
Load-bearing area of prismatic compression specimen, mm2
-
Probability level of a statistical significance test
-
b, w
Long and short prism dimensions, mm, in plane perpendicular to load
-
c
i
,c
L
Exponent in equation for strength (coefficient, in the log-linear form)
-
d
Diameter, mm
-
D, H
Initial and final (at rupture) distance between the load points, mm
-
E
Young's modulus, MPa
-
F
Axis of the fracture surface normal toD, mm, point-load test
-
G, J
Semiminor, semimajor, specimen axis, mm, perpendicular to direction of point load
-
h
Height of prismatic compression specimen, mm
-
K
Constant in linear regression model, basic rock strength parameter
-
L, M, S
Long, intermediate, and short axes, of point-load-test specimen
- log
Natural (Napierian) logarithm
-
n
Number of tests
-
v
Poisson's ratio
-
P
Resistance of test specimen at rupture, Newtons
-
Q
Compressive strength, MPa, determined from unconfined compression test
-
R
Multiple correlation ratio for a multilinear regression analysis
-
SE
Standard error of estimate for a multilinear regression analysis
-
T
Tensile strength, MPa, determined from diametral compressive test of core
-
t
Thickness, mm
-
U
Geometric mean diameter, mm, of the minimum cross section through the load points=(DG)1/2
-
V
Geometric mean diameter, mm, of point-load specimen=(LMS)1/3
-
W
Geometric mean diameter, mm, of the specimen midsection perpendicular to the point-load direction=(GJ)1/2
-
X, Y
Geometric mean diameter, mm, of the fracture surface, estimated by (DF)1/2, by (HF)1/2
-
Z
LM
,Z
RA
, ...
Differences between values of logK, used to express category effects, those attributed to specimen orientation and/or rock type 相似文献
16.
岩石内部存在的裂隙、孔洞等天然损伤对岩石的力学性能和破坏过程有重要影响,依据细胞自动机理论结合CT无损识别技术实现了含天然裂隙岩石在劈裂条件下裂纹扩展和贯通全过程及其力学性能变化规律的研究。从裂隙砂岩的真实细观结构出发,构建了天然裂隙岩石的数值计算模型,运用CASRock数值计算软件完成了含不同裂隙倾角的砂岩劈裂破坏的数值试验,分析了裂隙倾角对砂岩的力学特性、裂纹扩展过程及能量演化的影响规律。研究表明：(1)天然裂隙砂岩的抗拉强度与裂隙倾角密切相关,随着裂隙倾角的增加,其抗拉强度呈现先减小后增加的趋势;(2)裂隙起裂于天然裂隙尖端,当裂隙倾角0°≤θ<48°时,岩样的破坏是由错开型裂纹引起,裂纹沿着与天然裂隙近垂直方向扩展;当裂隙倾角48°≤θ<94°时,岩样的破坏是由张开型裂纹引起,裂纹沿着与天然裂隙近平行方向扩展;(3)劈裂过程中裂纹尖端应力场存在拉应力区和压应力区,拉应力造成翼裂纹由天然裂隙尖端沿加载端方向萌生扩展,而压应力则引发次生裂纹沿天然裂隙方向扩展;(4)含天然裂隙砂岩劈裂破坏过程能量演化可划分为4个阶段,随裂隙倾角的增大,峰值点处的总能量密度、弹性能密度先缓... 相似文献
17.
This paper presents the development of a three-dimensional discrete element model using flat-joint and smooth-joint contact models to investigate the effect of anisotropy on the tensile behaviour of slate, a transversely isotropic rock, under Brazilian testing from both macro and microscales. The effect of anisotropy is further realised by exploring the influence of foliation orientations (β and ψ) on the tensile strength, fracture pattern, microcracking and stress distribution of the transversely isotropic rock. The variation of tensile strength with foliation orientation is presented. The cross-weak-plane fracture growth observed in laboratory is reproduced, and the criterion for which to form is also given from the aspect of foliation orientation. Furthermore, the proportional variations of microcracks well account for the effects of foliation orientation on the tensile strength and failure pattern. Finally, it is found that the existence of weak planes increases both the heterogeneity and the anisotropy of stress distributions within the transversely isotropic rock, with the degree of influence varying with the foliation orientation. 相似文献
18.
基于颗粒流程序（particle flow code,PFC）,对不同接触角（2a = 6º～30º）条件下25～1 000 ℃砂岩进行巴西劈裂模拟试验,研究其应力分布和破裂模式,并将巴西劈裂与直接拉伸进行对比。研究表明：（1）巴西劈裂中,面接触加载可以降低端部效应,加载过程中首先在圆盘中部产生拉裂纹,随着荷载的升高,拉裂纹汇集、扩展、贯通。（2）平板点接触巴西劈裂测得的抗拉强度小于直接拉伸强度,其抗拉强度计算公式的修正系数k随温度T的升高线性减小,满足k = −3.303×10−4T+1.468。随着接触角的增大,不同温度处理后巴西圆盘的抗拉强度均呈现出增大的趋势。（3）在2a≥18º时,巴西圆盘可以保证中心起裂;2a = 18º～24º时,圆盘在不同温度下破裂模式稳定;在接触角过大（2a = 30º）时,圆盘在较低温度（≤600 ℃）下会形成倾斜裂纹。（4）结合修正系数和破裂模式分析,推荐接触角为18º～24º时,修正系数在0.802 6～ 0.856 0之间,可以保证所有温度试样中心起裂且破裂模式稳定。 相似文献
19.
In this paper, a testing methodology was developed in the laboratory to measure the tensile strength of large-scale incipient rock joints. In the test, an expansive grout was used to develop the tensile force. Each test comprises two phases: Phase i test and Phase ii test. The Phase i test identified sample failure time, while the Phase ii test measured the corresponding tensile force arising from the expansive grout. Ostensibly homogeneous rock samples without incipient joints were firstly tested to establish the methodology. Tensile strength of block samples containing incipient rock joints was then measured using the established testing scheme. The test results have been compared with those obtained from conventional Brazilian and uniaxial tension tests as suggested by ISRM. The proposed approach is capable of giving a measure of tensile strength of large-scale incipient rock joints, although somewhat smaller strength than that from the standard approaches was occasionally measured in the preliminary tests on ostensibly homogeneous samples. Effects of stress concentration, sample scale, loading rate and expansive tensile force on the testing results were discussed. Furthermore, this simple and practical testing scheme is proposed for the measurement of the in situ tensile strength of rock and incipient discontinuities in the field, which if successful will provide a more scientific guidance on the rock mass classification and engineering design. 相似文献
20.
沉积结构面及其对岩体力学性质的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
基于沉积结构面的成因类型,通过理论分析和实验研究,分析了沉积结构面的变形与破坏特征,研究了沉积结构面力学特征及其力学效应,提出了弱面型层理、层系或层系组界面和岩层面以及不整合面均为沉积构造弱面,这些弱面对沉积岩体力学性质产生重要的影响。分析了沉积岩体沿层面方向和垂直层面方向岩体力学性质的差异性。研究表明,垂直层面方向的纵波速度和弹性模量要比平行层面方向低;平行层面方向的抗拉强度要大于垂直层面方向;而平行层面方向的抗压强度与凝聚力小于垂直层面方向。沉积岩体易于产生垂直于结构面方向的张性破坏和沿结构面方向的剪切破坏,在采动影响下顶板岩体易于沿岩层层面产生离层破坏现象,这进一步揭示了沉积结构面变形与破坏机制。 相似文献