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《地理与地理信息科学》2017,(4)
黄土侵蚀沟是黄土高原地貌的重要组成部分,是黄土高原侵蚀泥沙的主要来源。对侵蚀沟的稳定性进行监测与分析,对于黄土高原土壤侵蚀及地貌学研究意义重大。该文探讨了黄土侵蚀沟稳定性研究的主要内容与技术手段,并通过对黄土高原6个典型小流域的18条支毛沟进行的两期观测,对侵蚀沟动态监测的技术方法与分析手段进行了初步尝试。监测结果表明,尽管目前黄土高原的植被恢复良好,水土保持工程措施较为完备,但在有利于侵蚀发生的条件下,仍会有侵蚀沟继续发育。根据对监测实验结果的分析,初步认为降水、植被与水保措施、地形因素是侵蚀沟发育的主要影响因素。而黄土侵蚀沟的变化机理是侵蚀沟稳定性研究的关键问题,提高侵蚀沟动态监测精度是稳定性研究的基本保障。 相似文献
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舟曲"8.8"特大泥石流灾害治理之我见 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
甘肃舟曲三眼峪和罗家峪"8.8"特大泥石流灾害,是新中国建国以来人员伤亡和财产损失最为严重的一次泥石流灾害事件.灾后,三眼峪和罗家峪内山坡和沟道仍堆积大量松散固体物质,寨子沟、老鸦沟、硝水沟和龙庙沟泥石流潜在危险大,流域水土流失加剧,环境承载力差,现有防灾能力不足,白龙江舟曲段河道淤塞严重,未来泥石流发生不可避免.基于此,提出以防灾减灾为着眼点,以治灾和消灾为立足点,全面提高舟曲城区泥石流防灾能力,与白龙江河道整治、城区防洪设施建设改造和区域生态环境保护相结合的灾害防治指导思想.泥石流治理应遵循全面规划、综合治理,以工程治理为主、生态环境保护与工程治理相结合,以拦为主、确保足够拦沙库容、拦排结合,以治沟为主、治沟和治坡相结合的基本原则.建议以历史上出现的最大规模灾害,即"8.8"泥石流作为三眼峪、罗家峪泥石流的设防标准,对寨子沟、老鸦沟、硝水沟和龙庙沟采取100 a一遇的泥石流设防标准,采取拦排措施与生物措施相结合的综合治理方案.通过稳坡坝、护岸坝、拦沙坝、抗滑桩和挡墙、泥石流停淤场、泥石流排导工程、河道疏浚等工程措施和植物措施,构建完整的泥石流防治体系,确保舟曲县城和下游人民生命财产的安全. 相似文献
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不同坡面植被空间布局对坡沟系统产流产沙影响的实验 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
植被在有效控制水土流失、改善生态环境中具有重要作用。为探讨坡面不同植被覆盖度、不同植被空间布局对坡沟系统侵蚀产沙的影响,以4 m长坡面(坡度为20°)和3 m长沟坡(坡度为50°)组成的坡沟系统为研究对象,采用不同放水流量(3.2 L/min、5.2 L/min)的放水冲刷实验,研究了不同放水流量、不同植被覆盖度、不同植被布设部位对坡-沟系统及沟坡侵蚀产沙的影响。结果表明,在实验条件下,不同植被布设部位在相同放水流量、相同植被覆盖度条件下对坡沟系统侵蚀产沙有明显影响,而对产流量无明显影响;沟坡部分侵蚀产沙量不随坡面植被覆盖度的增大而减小,相反呈增大趋势。说明在实验条件下,对坡沟系统而言,仅在坡面部分布设植被,尽管能在一定程度上减少坡沟系统侵蚀产沙,但并不能有效减小沟坡部分的侵蚀产沙,甚至引起沟坡部分侵蚀产沙的增大。因此,水土流失治理过程中采取有效措施进行坡沟兼治将是减少水土流失的有效手段。 相似文献
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细沟侵蚀是黄土高原坡面极其重要的侵蚀过程之一,汇沙对细沟侵蚀强弱具有重要影响,阐明汇沙对细沟侵蚀的影响与贡献,可以揭示坡面细沟侵蚀过程机理,并为治理坡面水土流失提供科学依据.采用定流量人工放水的组合小区模拟降雨的方法,对不同降雨强度与不同坡度下黄土坡面汇沙对细沟侵蚀的影响及贡献进行了研究,结果表明:细沟上方汇沙、细沟间汇沙、细沟径流剪切力对细沟侵蚀的影响,在不同降雨强度、不同坡度、不同降雨强度及坡度下皆可用三元对数方程描述;细沟上方汇沙、细沟间汇沙、细沟径流剪切力,以及细沟上方汇沙与细沟间汇沙及细沟径流剪切力三者的交互作用对细沟侵蚀的贡献率,在不同降雨强度下分别为13.18％、4.98％、61.2％及8.26％,在不同坡度下分别为4.73％、1.19％、73.65％及5.4％,在不同降雨强度及坡度下分别为10.84％、0.44％、65.22％及6.97％. 相似文献
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探讨不同治理措施（林地采用等高草带、乔灌草、封禁等措施,园地采用隔坡梯田、水平梯田、梯田＋竹节沟等措施）对植被恢复和土壤性质的影响,并对植物多样性和土壤性质进行了相关分析,结果表明：不同治理措施对植物多样性（丰富度指数、多样性指数、均匀度指数）和土壤性质都有较大影响。林地以林草＋封禁措施效果最佳,其次是乔灌草措施;园地以隔坡梯田的综合效益最好,再次是水平梯田。在紫色土丘陵地区侵蚀地植被和土壤恢复时,以工程措施和林草措施并用为宜,如隔坡梯田＋乔灌草模式。 相似文献
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东北低山丘陵区是重要的粮食主产区和商品粮基地,高强度的农业垦殖造成了严重的水土流失,侵蚀沟危害日益加剧。选择东辽河上游106.5 km2的区域为研究区,基于分辨率2 m的遥感影像,在GIS人工预判读侵蚀沟的基础上,野外实地验证并测量了研究区内长度≥50 m、且深度≥0.5 m的侵蚀沟的几何参数与经纬度;基于DEM获取了侵蚀沟所在坡面的坡度、坡向和高程等空间信息;分析了研究区侵蚀沟的基本特征与时空演化趋势,探讨了坡度和坡向对侵蚀沟发育的影响。结果表明：① 目前研究区已形成侵蚀沟322条,分布密度为3.0条/km2,沟壑密度为0.8 km/km2,割裂度为1.4%,侵蚀沟发展速度快,沟蚀强度已达强烈程度,应引起足够重视。② 侵蚀沟主要分布在6°~9°的坡耕地上,坡度对沟蚀的影响明显,坡耕地高强度垦殖是沟蚀加剧的主要驱动力;③ 阳坡（S、E）上侵蚀沟分布相对较多,而阴坡（N）上侵蚀沟分布最少,坡向对沟蚀也有一定影响。研究成果为认识东北低山丘陵区侵蚀沟发生与演化提供了科学数据。 相似文献
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Women,Politics, Elections,and Citizenship 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
《The Journal of geography》2012,111(1):1-10
Abstract Significantly more women than men are registered voters in the United States, and a higher proportion of women voters actually cast ballots on election day. Yet the 106th Congress (1999-2001) includes only 56 women members, 12% of the total membership of the House and Senate. Likewise, women hold only 22% of the total seats in state legislatures. The purpose of this article is to examine this paradox. It first examines the history of the women's movement in the United States. It then turns to an evaluation of women's progress in gaining elected office. Finally it considers three primary obstacles to women gaining equitable representation: solidarity among women, political culture, and the single-member district system now employed in the United States. 相似文献
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Rolf Sternberg 《Geographical review》1998,88(3):327-348
ABSTRACT. Wilhelm Richard Wagner fused fantasy based on epic and lore with seamless scores, using landscapes and urban images to forge spatial order on stage. As a footloose composer-conductor, Wagner was considered a globetrotter for his time, and from trans-European tours he drew inspiration for numerous stagings. Nine of his operas have rustic pastoral settings, with actors silhouetted against geological formations, forests, vistas of undulating terrain for pilgrimages, or raging seas, all visually believable scenery. Rienzi and Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg are urban in setting, whereas Die Feen and Das Liebesverbot are set in a castle-like format. 相似文献
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《The Professional geographer》2013,65(3):306-317
This study investigates whether women's short commutes should be interpreted as constrained or convenient work trips by examining how race, gender, travel mode, occupation, residential location, workplace location, and Inc.ome affect commuting time. The analysis is restricted to a sample of European American and African American male and female workers residing in Buffalo, New York, and the surrounding county using data drawn from the Public Use Microdata Samples of the 1990 U.S. census. Given the pervasive gender wage gap, women unsurprisingly have more compromised (short commutes to low-Inc.ome jobs) work trips than do men. Multivariate analysis reveals that among those who reverse commute to suburban locations, African American women have the longest work trips. 相似文献
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Ibipo Johnston-Anumonwo 《The Professional geographer》1997,49(3):306-317
This study investigates whether women's short commutes should be interpreted as constrained or convenient work trips by examining how race, gender, travel mode, occupation, residential location, workplace location, and Inc.ome affect commuting time. The analysis is restricted to a sample of European American and African American male and female workers residing in Buffalo, New York, and the surrounding county using data drawn from the Public Use Microdata Samples of the 1990 U.S. census. Given the pervasive gender wage gap, women unsurprisingly have more compromised (short commutes to low-Inc.ome jobs) work trips than do men. Multivariate analysis reveals that among those who reverse commute to suburban locations, African American women have the longest work trips. 相似文献
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《Urban geography》2013,34(4):470-475
Postmetropolis deepens Edward Soja's engagement with the sociospatial dialectic, one of his major contributions to urban theory. It also represents an uncharacteristic foray into history. The objectives of my contribution are to probe his treatment of time and to extend his sociospatial dialectic into the realm of actor-network theory, thereby further situating the materiality of the city at the theoretical center of social thought. 相似文献
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Robert G. Darmody & Colin E. Thorn 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》1997,79(4):215-222
Chemical weathering and associated soil development trends on glacial forelands are commonly assumed to exhibit increases with time elapsed since glaciation. However, this gross trend is complicated by several other factors including elevation, aspect, and microtopography. This paper demonstrates that on the glacial foreland at Storbreen, Jotunheimen, Norway, chemical weathering and associated soil development trends show significant elevational influences. We sampled soils at shallow depths (0–1, 1–5, and 15–20 cm) at two sites on a moraine dated to 1750 at its elevational extremes of 1155 m (site L) and 1385 m (site H). The two moraine sites also differed developmentally from an adjacent 9000-year-old surface (site T) at an intermediate elevation, 1205 m. Analyses were conducted on the fine-earth fractions. Extractable elemental composition exhibited detectable differences between the same-age soils at different elevations with the lower site L tending to have measured parameters intermediate between the high site H and the older site T. Weathering, as indicated by mineralogy, was more pronounced at the 9000-year-old site T and least evident at the high elevation site H. In addition, elevation under the conditions of the field research may inhibit pedogenesis as indicated by the chemical data. Site H, for example, showed little variation with depth and had in general, less organic matter accumulation, smaller C:N ratio, greater pH, and lesser amounts of the measured extractable elements than the soil at site L. Site T generally had smaller pH and larger levels of the measured elements than the other sites. It was concluded that elevation has a significant control on weathering and pedogenesis that may mask the effects of age in this cold and wet environment. 相似文献