共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 977 毫秒
1.
L. M. Chechin 《Astronomy Reports》2016,60(6):535-541
A step-by-step foundation for the differential character of the Universe’s rotation is presented. First, invoking the concept of spacetime foam with spin, it is reasonable to assume that the very early Universe can be described by the Dirac equation. Second, it is shown using the Ehrenfest theorem that, from a classical point of view, the early Universe can be described by the Papapetrou equations. Third, it is stressed that our Universe can perform only rotational motion. It is shown based on the spin part of the Papapetrou equations that the Universe’s rotation depends appreciably on the physical properties of a specific cosmological epoch. The rotational angular velocity is calculated for three basic cosmological epochs: the matter-dominated epoch, the transition period (from domination of matter to domination of vacuum), and the vacuum-dominated epoch. 相似文献
2.
D. D. Sokoloff 《Astronomy Reports》2003,47(12):975-978
A cosmological scenario in which the topology of the Universe is treated like a dynamical time-dependent variable is put forward. The Universe could be small in an initial quantum stage of evolution and then gradually increase its dimensions so that the present-day nontrivial topology is manifest only far beyond the cosmological horizon. 相似文献
3.
The polarization-correction energy-momentum tensor for a semi-classical gravitational theory is derived. This tensor accounts for the creation of particles from a vacuum at a finite temperature. The theory contains an asymptotic cosmological Friedmann solution. The solution obtained turns out to be dynamically stable, so that it can form the observed properties of the Universe. New cosmological solutions describing the early stages of cosmological evolution of a homogeneous isotropic Universe are obtained. One of these corresponds to the simultaneous creation of matter and geometry from the vacuum of a flat, empty space-time without structure. Another solution corresponds to a high-temperature inflation regime. A cosmological scenario for the creation of the observed Universe from “nothing” that includes the properties of all the solutions obtained is put forward. 相似文献
4.
We study the behavior of large-scale magnetic fields in the early Universe influenced by an instability associated with breaking of mirror symmetry in weak interactions. It is shown that the magnetic field, whose present scale reaches about 500 m, which is negligible for galactic sizes, increases considerably if we correctly take into account the dynamics of the Universe. We conclude that this magnetic field is unlikely to provide the seed field for galactic dynamos, nearly independent of the particular instability considered. 相似文献
5.
Astronomy Reports - The most intriguing question of modern astronomy is the question of our Universe formation. The Hubble diagram analysis with Type Ia Supernovae (SNe Ia) is widely used to... 相似文献
6.
The presence of ultrahigh-energy (UHE) cosmic rays results in an increase in the degree of ionization in the post-recombination Universe, which stimulates the efficiency of the production of H2 molecules and the formation of the first stellar objects. As a result, the onset of the formation of the first stars is shifted to higher redshifts, and the masses of the first stellar systems decrease. As a consequence, a sufficient increase in the ionizing radiation providing the reionization of the Universe can occur. We discuss the possible observational manifestations of these effects and their dependence on the parameters of UHE cosmic rays. 相似文献
7.
V. V. Burdyuzha 《Astronomy Reports》2012,56(6):403-409
The evolution of the vacuum component of the Universe is studied in both the quantum and classical regimes. Our Universe has emerged as a result of a tunneling process, beginning with an oscillating mode and passing on to a Friedmann mode, and it very probably had a high symmetry for the Planck parameters. In the first fractions of a second (the quantum regime), as it cooled, the vacuum component of the Universe lost its high degree of symmetry due to phase transitions; i.e., its positive energy density was subject to negative contributions from quantum field condensates (by 78 orders of magnitude). After the last (quark-hadron) phase transition, the vacuum energy ??froze.?? At this time (10?6 s), the vacuum energy density can be calculated using the formula of Zel??dovich and substituting the mean values of the pseudo-Goldstone boson (??-mesons) masses characterizing the chromodynamic vacuum. Chiral symmetrywas lost at that time. The dynamics of the equilibrium vacuum after its ??hardening?? is considered using the holographic principle. During the next 4 × 1017 s (the classical regime), the vacuum component of the Universe was reduced by 45 orders of magnitude due to the creation of new quantum states during its expansion. It is possible to solve the cosmological-constant problem using the holographic principle, since the 123 problematic orders of magnitude disappear in usual physical processes. The vacuum energy density is also calculated in the classical regime to a redshift of 1011 using a ??cosmological calculator.?? 相似文献
8.
The standard equations of general relativity admit extension so that they can be supplemented, not only with Einsteinian cosmological
repulsive forces described by the Λ term, but also with other forces. Accordingly, we suggest a model of a uniformly expanding
Universe (an S model). In this model, the cosmological forces of attraction and repulsion precisely balance each other. This
S model is a good approximation for describing the Universe’s evolution over a wide range of redshifts (up to z ∼ 1000). The S model can explain in a simple way observational data on the age of the Universe, the apparent magnitude-redshift
relation for Type Ia supernovae, and the angular separation between the centers of neighboring bright spots against the uniform
background of the cosmic microwave background radiation. 相似文献
9.
Cosmological large numbers are studied using dimensional analysis. Expressions linking cosmological parameters with fundamental constants of the microworld are proposed. The Zel’dovich formula for the cosmological constant is generalized, and a series of characteristic masses of the Universe is derived. 相似文献
10.
Astronomy Reports - In 1964, Ya.B. Zeldovich formulated the problem of light propagation in the Universe under the influence of inhomogeneities. It is reduced to describing the divergence of two... 相似文献
11.
The solution of the Friedmann cosmological equations for the scale factor in a model of the Universe containing matter having the equation of state of dust and dark energy is considered. The equation-of-state parameter of the dark energy is taken to be an arbitrary constant w = ?1.006 ± 0.045, whose value is constrained by the current observational limits. An exact solution for the scale factor as a function of physical time and conformal time is obtained. Approximate solutions have been found for the entire admissible conformal time interval with an accuracy better than 1%, which exceeds the accuracy of the determined global parameters of our Universe. This is the first time an exact solution for the scale factor describing the evolution of the Universe in a unified way, beginning with the matter-dominated epoch and ending with the infinitely remote future, has been obtained. 相似文献
12.
13.
We have carried out numerical simulations of solutions of the Jacobi equation on a geodesic with arbitrary curvature, describing the propagation of light in a Universe with inhomogeneities. We used a Runge-Kutta method and a special method involving the multiplication of random matrices. The results are compared with analytical predictions of the asymptotic behavior of a typical realization of this equation and of the behavior of the mean and higher-order statistical moments. 相似文献
14.
V. V. Burdyuzha 《Astronomy Reports》2009,53(5):381-388
We briefly discuss a modern view of the cosmological constant. It is suggested that the cosmological constant was “hardened” at E ～ 150 MeV after the latest (quark-gluon) phase transition. Until this energy was reached, the vacuum component of the Universe evolved (decreased) in a series of discontinuous jumps; i.e., condensates of quantum fields made negative contributions to its positive energy density. This was the quintessence period of the evolution of the Universe, when it underwent an intense loss of symmetry during the first fractions of a microsecond of its existence. However, this point of view is not without criticism, and other approaches are considered. In particular, the small value of the cosmological constant and its ability to accelerate the expansion of the Universe is of great interest. Although all available data on the cosmological constant were recently summarized and classified by S. Nobbenhuis, no satisfactory solution to this problemhas been reached, and this represents a major difficulty for progress in quantum-gravity theory and cosmology. We briefly discuss the possibility for stars to be formed from dark energy (vacuum stars) and the extension of holographic ideas to the entire Universe. We also consider the possibility of solving the problem of the cosmological constant by introducing a universal wave function; i.e., quantum decoherence, which implies the rejection of the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics and the acceptance of H. Everett’s point of view. 相似文献
15.
A model for the formation of supermassive black holes at the center of a cluster of primordial black holes is developed. It is assumed that ～10?3 of the mass of the Universe consists of compact clusters of primordial black holes that arose as a result of phase transitions in the early Universe. These clusters also serve as centers for the condensation of dark matter. The formation of protogalaxies with masses of the order of 2 × 108 M ⊙ at redshift z = 15 containing clusters of black holes is investigated. The nuclei of these protogalaxies contain central black holes with masses ～105 M ⊙, and the protogalaxies themselves resemble dwarf spherical galaxies with their maximum density at their centers. Subsequent merging of these induced protogalaxies with ordinary halos of dark matter leads to the standard picture for the formation of the large-scale structure of the Universe. The merging of the primordial black holes leads to the formation of supermassive black holes in galactic nuclei and produces the observed correlation between the mass of the central black hole and the bulge velocity dispersion. 相似文献
16.
L. M. Chechin 《Astronomy Reports》2010,54(8):719-723
The rotational effect of the cosmic vacuum is investigated. The induced rotation of elliptical galaxies due to the anti-gravity
of the vacuum is found to be 10−21 s−1 for real elliptical galaxies. The effect of the vacuum rotation of the entire Universe is discussed, and can be described
by the invariant ω
ν
= ω
0 ∼ $
\sqrt {G\rho v}
$
\sqrt {G\rho v}
. The corresponding numerical angular velocity of the Universe is 10−19 s−1, in good agreement with modern data on the temperature fluctuations of the cosmic background radiation. 相似文献
17.
I. G. Mitrofanov 《Astronomy Reports》2017,61(4):324-331
The results of space studies of the Moon and Mars are considered from the perspective of questions related to the appearance and evolution of life, as presented in the monograph of I.S. Shklovskii “Universe, Life and Razum” (Vselennaya, Zhizn’, Razum [in Russian]). 相似文献
18.
O. V. Verkhodanov A. I. Kopylov Yu. N. Pariiskii N. S. Soboleva A. V. Temirova O. P. Zhelenkova 《Astronomy Reports》2002,46(7):531-542
BV RI data are presented for the majority of steep-spectrum objects in the RC catalog with m R <23.5m. Previously developed programs are applied to these data to estimate the redshifts and ages of the stellar systems of the host galaxies. Applying this program to the color data (BV RI JHK) for distant radio galaxies with spectroscopic redshifts indicates that this approach provides accurate estimates of the redshifts of such radio galaxies, close to those obtained using field galaxies (～20%). The age estimates are much less trustworthy, but a lower limit to the ages of objects that are not very distant (z<1.5) can be determined with certainty. We have identi fied several galaxies whose formal ages exceed the age of the Universe at the corresponding z in simple Cold Dark Matter models for the Universe. The possibility of using such objects to elucidate the role of “dark energy” is discussed. This paradox disappears in models with cosmological constants (Λ terms) equal to 0.6–0.8. 相似文献
19.
Sources of radiation in the early Universe: The equation of radiative transfer and optical distances
We have derived the radiative-transfer equation for a point source with a specified intensity and spectrum, originating in the early Universe between the epochs of annihilation and recombination, at redshifts zs = 108?104. The direct radiation of the source is separated from the diffuse radiation it produces. Optical distances from the source for Thomson scattering and bremsstrahlung absorption at the maximum of the thermal background radiation are calculated as a function of the redshift z. The distances grow sharply with decreasing z, approaching asymptotic values, the absorption distance increasing more slowly and reaching their limiting values at lower z. For the adopted z values, the optical parameters of the Universe can be described in a flat model with dusty material and radiation, and radiative transfer can be treated in a grey approximation. 相似文献
20.
D. I. Novikov A. G. Doroshkevich I. D. Novikov A. A. Shatskii 《Astronomy Reports》2009,53(12):1079-1085
Physical processes arising when an impermeable wormhole is irradiated by self-gravitating, exotic radiation are considered.
It is shown that, in this case, the conditions required for the passage of signals fromanother universe into our own arise
only in our Universe, whereas signals cannot pass through the wormhole in the opposite direction. Such wormholes are called
semi-permeable. The stability of a static wormhole filled with radial magnetic field and exotic dust with a negative energy
density is also considered. 相似文献