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1.
Jan Hertogen Marie-Josée Janssens H. Takahashi John W. Morgan Edward Anders 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1983,47(12):2241-2255
We have analyzed by RNAA 3 EH and 3 EL chondrites for 20 trace elements. Interelement correlations were examined visually and by factor analysis, to assess the effects of nebular fractionation and metamorphism.Refractory siderophiles (Ir, Os, Re) correlate with “normal siderophiles” (Ni, Pd, Au, Sb, and Ge) in EL's but not EH's; presumably these two element groups originally condensed on separate phases (CAI and metal), but then concentrated in metal during metamorphism. Sb and Ge are more depleted than the other three elements of the “normal” group, presumably by volatilization during chondrule formation.Volatiles are consistently more depleted in EL's than EH's, by factors >10× for the more volatile elements. Some of the stronger correlations are found for In-Tl, Tl-Bi, and Zn-Cd-In. These correlations are about equally consistent with predicted condensation curves for the solar nebula (especially for host phases with negative heats of solution, or for P = 0.1?1 atm) and with volatilization curves for artificially heated Abee, as determined by M E. Lipschutz and coworkers at Purdue. No decisive test between these alternatives is available at present, but the close correlation of Zn, Cd, In may eventually provide a crucial test.Factor analysis shows that 3 factors account for 93% of the variance; they seem to reflect volatile (F1), siderophile (F2), and chalcophile (F3) behavior. The element groupings agree largely with those recognized visually; they are listed with the inferred host phases. F1 (minor sulfide, probably ZnS): Zn, Cd, In, Br; F2 (CAI, later metal): Ir, Os. Re; F1, F2 (metal): Ni, Pd, Au, Ge, Sb; F3, F1 (FeS): Se, Te, Bi, Tl. These correlations differ to some extent from those obtained by Shaw (1974) in an earlier factor analysis, presumably because the new data are more homogeneous and extensive, especially for siderophiles. The new correlations also show that the cosmochemical behavior of some volatiles in E-chondrites differs from that predicted for ordinary chondrites, so that condensation curves for the latter are not strictly applicable. 相似文献
2.
The paper analyses a list of thirty-four Poles, listeners to the mineralogy lectures given by R.-J. Haüy at MNHN in Paris. These students played an important role in the history of Polish Earth Sciences (S. Staszic and F. Drzewiński), but also in other scientific fields (J. Markowski, I. Ab?amowicz, F. Drzewiński, M.A. Paw?owicz, J.K. Skrodzki, E.K. Nowicki), and even in political and cultural life of Poland (A. Downarowicz, J. Weyssenhoff, S. Plater, J. Bieliński, F. Potocki). This paper presents later relations between R.-J. Haüy and his Polish students. A possibility of the Poles' attendance to mineralogy lectures given at other Parisian scientific institutions, like the ‘École des mines’ and the ‘College de France’, is also discussed. To cite this article: R. Tarkowski, P. Daszkiewicz, C. R. Geoscience 338 (2006). 相似文献
3.
Concentrations of lithium, sodium, and potassium in 18 carbonaceous chondrites were determined in the same sample solution by atomic absorption. Mean abundances in carbonaceous Type I chondrites are, in atoms 106 Si: Li = 60.1, Na = 5800, K = 3700. Relative to Type I carbonaceous chondrites, abundances in Type II's are: Li = 0.87, Na = 0.61, K = 0.58; and in Type III's Li = 0.82, Na = 0.49, K = 0.36. Evidently there is a differential depletion of potassium relative to sodium in Type III's, suggesting a fractionation after accretion. 相似文献
4.
Guido G. Weigend 《Geoforum》1973,4(1):5-15
Rotterdam and Antwerp, situated in close proximity to each other, have evolved over the past seven centuries to become the world's largest and Europe's second largest ports respectively. Mainly for political reasons, the stages of rise and decline occurred in complementary time periods, until freedom of inland shipping became international law on the Rhine and in the Rhine-Maas-Schelde delta region in the 19th century. Since then Antwerp's ascendancy has occurred without serious interruption, though areal expansion is now limited by the Belgian-Dutch boundary. Rotterdam, on the other hand, has faced two difficult periods involving ease and speed of access to the North Sea, and destruction during World War II. 相似文献
5.
This paper forms the first part of a revision of the ammonite faunas of the Cenomanian stratotype in the environs of Le Mans, Sarthe, France. The history of research on ammonites in the area is briefly noted, as is the lithostratigraphy. The systematics of the heteromorph ammonites (Ancyloceratina) is described, and the following taxa documented: Hamites simplex d'Orbigny, Sciponoceras baculoides (Mantell), Sciponoceras gracile (Shumard), Anisoceras plicatile (J. Sowerby), A. aff. plicatile, Idiohamites alternatus vectensis Spath, I. ellipticus radiatus Spath, Hypoturrilites gravesianus (d'Orbigny), H. tuberculatus (Bosc), H. mantelli (Sharpe), H. sp., Neostlingoceras carcitanense (Matheron), N. aff. carcitanense, Turrilites costatus Lamarck, T. acutus Passy, T. scheuchzerianus (Bosc), T. boerssumensis Schlüter, Mariella dorsetensis (Spath), M. cenomanensis (Schlüter), M. group of cenomanensis (Schlüter)-lewesiensis (Spath), M. spp., M. (Plesioturrilites) sp., Scaphites equalis J. Sowerby, S. obliquus J. Sowerby, S.(?) sp., and S. sp. juv. 相似文献
6.
Andreas Schmidt Mumm Christopher Clark Roger Skirrow 《Journal of Geochemical Exploration》2006,89(1-3):359
Mineral exploration in areas of little bedrock exposure must increasingly rely on the predictive quality of geological, geochemical and geophysical data. In this contribution analysis of fluid inclusions is used to characterize fluid systems associated with alteration and mineralization in two locations in South Australia. In the Curnamona Province, fluids related to albitization and calc-silicate alteration with associated brecciation evolve from a saline sodic composition to a metalliferous, saline fluid also found associated with sulphide mineralization. The microthermometric distinction of inclusion types is evidence for pressure fluctuation as a cause for breccia formation. In the Central Gawler Craton gold province fluid inclusion studies have characterized the compositional and constrained the physical conditions of mineralizing fluids. Regionally identified low salinity CO2-bearing fluids at temperatures < 350 °C and pressures < 1.5 kbar indicate a shallow-level orogenic [Groves, D.I., Goldfarb, R.J., Gebre-Mariam, M., Hagemann, S.G., Robert, F., 1998. Orogenic gold Deposits: A proposed classification in the context of their crustal distribution and relationship to other gold deposit types. Ore Geology Reviews, 13, 7–27.] or intrusion-related [Lang, J.R., Baker, T., 2001. Intrusion related gold systems: the present level of understanding. Mineralium Deposita, 36, 477–489.] setting for the mineralization. 相似文献
7.
21Ne cosmic-ray exposure ages have been calculated from literature data for 201 H, 203 L and 38 LL chondrites, corrected for shielding differences when possible. The distributions of exposure ages again show the familiar peaks at 4.5 and 20 Myr for the H's, but no outstanding events for the L's and LL's. If the L-chondrite distribution is interpreted as a series of discrete events, then at least 6 peaks between 1 and 35 Myr are needed to model it. The observations, that every petrologic type occurs in every large peak and that even the higher petrologic types contain solar wind gases, suggest that the parent bodies have been fragmented and reassembled into a megabreccia. For the H chondrites, both large and small peaks contain about 15% solar-gas bearing meteorites, which could mean that surface material has been mixed to depths represented by the largest event, on the order of a kilometer. In contrast, only 3% of the L's contain solar wind, which may be related to breakup of their parent planet. Those L's with especially low radiogenic He (U,Th-He ages < 1 AE) tend to have low exposure ages: their distribution may be biased by a subgroup that had orbits coupling short capture lifetimes with significant solar heating. 相似文献
8.
C.G.A. Harrison 《Earth》1974,10(1):1-36
The paleomagnetic record of deep-sea sediment cores is compared with that which would be expected from our knowledge of the Earth's magnetic field. It is found that some of the scatter in directions of magnetization obtained from deep-sea cores is removed in cores with very low sedimentation rate, the cause being that the secular variation of the Earth's magnetic field is more completely averaged out over the finite size of each sample, when these samples comprise a longer time span of sedimentation. Corrections have been applied to the results from a series of cores in order to obtain the inclination of the average direction of magnetization from the average inclination and the scatter of inclination. These corrected inclination values confirm the hypothesis that the average Earth's field over the past few million years has been similar to an axial dipole displaced towards the North Pole. The amount of displacement obtained was 168 km. The record of short-period polarity intervals within the Brunhes, the Matuyama and the Gauss epochs was studied. It was shown that these intervals are very scattered in position. It is thought that some hitherto undiscovered short-period polarity intervals may be responsible for part of the scatter, but it is also highly likely that many samples give spurious reversals (i.e., ones not caused by the Earth's magnetic field).The possible correlation between climatic changes and the Earth's magnetic field is examined. It is concluded that the cores which show correlations between direction and/or intensity of magnetization and climatic indicators, thus suggesting the possible correlation between climate and the Earth's magnetic field, are not accurately recording the relevant parameters of the Earth's magnetic field. The correlation must be caused by climatic effects which have a direct influence on the magnetization of the sediments.Very little is known about the mechanisms of magnetization in deep-sea sediment cores, and there are several unexplained phenomena, such as the fact that many cores have maximum susceptibilities which are vertical, and the fact that cores differ widely in their ability to record accurately the Earth's magnetic field. 相似文献
9.
Allende “fluffy” Type A's (FTA's) are a distinct sub-group of Ca-, Al-rich inclusions whose primary mineral assemblage consists of Al-rich melilite (Åk 0–33), spinel that is commonly very V-rich, perovskite and, frequently, hibonite. Some contain relatively coarse-grained melilite (up to 1.5 mm) that is intensely kink-banded and commonly reversely-zoned, hibonite and V-rich spinel. Others contain much finer-grained and strain-free melilite (?50 μm) and have not been found to contain hibonite or V-rich spinel. Some FTA's contain both coarser- and finer-grained melilite and textural relationships indicate that the latter is replacing the former. FTA's are characterized by extremely irregular shapes and 60–75 volume per cent of fine-grained, secondary alteration products. Many are aggregates of innumerable nodules, each of which is surrounded by a Wark-Lovering-type rim sequence. These nodules are frequently separated from one another by matrix-like clastic rim material. Other FTA's do not have nodular structure. Structural and mineralogical characteristics of their Wark-Lovering rims suggest that FTA's did not achieve their shapes by deformation of a liquid or a hot, plastic solid. In contrast to those in Type B inclusions, formation of reverse zoning in the coarser-grained melilite crystals in FTA's cannot be understood in terms of crystallization from a liquid but are readily explainable by condensation from a solar nebular gas during a period of falling pressure. Further evidence against a liquid origin is the wide range of spinel compositions within individual coarser-grained FTA's. The fact that the reversely-zoned melilite crystals cannot have been produced in any kind of sublimation or distillation process precludes formation of these inclusions as volatilization residues. FTA's are aggregates in some of which are preserved vapor-solid condensate grains that formed at high temperature in the solar nebula. 相似文献
10.
Jun-Ichi Matsuda Roy S. Lewis Hiroshi Takahashi Edward Anders 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1980,44(11):1861-1874
Noble gases were measured in bulk samples of the C3V chondrites Grosnaja, Vigarano, and Leoville, and in HF,HCl-insoluble residues before and after etching with HNO3. The residues were characterized by INAA and SEM. Gas components were determined, directly or by subtraction, for the following fractions: HF,HCl-solubles (?98% of the meteorite), ‘sphase Q’, a poorly characterized trace mineral that is insoluble in HCl-HF but soluble in HNO3, and an insoluble residue, consisting of ferrichromite, carbonaceous matter, and spinel.Bulk meteorites show some correlation of the noble-gas pattern with McSween's subclasses: two ‘oxidized’ C3V's—Allende (LEWIS et al, 1975) and Grosnaja— have lower Ar/Xe but higher Ne/Xe ratios than the ‘reduced’ C3V's—Vigarano and Leoville—which are transitional to LL3's and C3O chondrites in both respects. An HCl-soluble mineral of high Ar/Xr ratio seems to be responsible. In other respects, the 3 C3V's of this study resemble Allende, with only moderate differences. Phase Q contains most of the Ar, Kr, Xe, but only small amounts of Ne; the etched residues contain planetary Ne () and the controversial CCFXe component, enriched in the heavy Xe isotopes (). The CCFXe is accompanied by an ‘L-Xe’ component that is enriched in the light Xe isotopes. The proportion of the two is virtually constant in C3V's. as in all other C-chondrites. in contrast to the ~ 2-fold variation in ordinary chondrites.C3V's have systematically higher ratios, and hence higher ratios of CCFXe to planetary Xe, than do other chondrite classes. This may reflect some peculiarity in their formation conditions, favoring uptake of CCFXe. 相似文献
11.
Ronald E. Cohen Alan S. Kornacki John A. Wood 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1983,47(10):1739-1757
All objects >100 μm in apparent diameter in five polished thin sections of the Mokoia CV3 chondrite were studied and classified. Number and volume percentages and mean apparent size of each type of chondrule and inclusion were determined. Three major types of olivine chondrules were observed: igneous chondrules, recrystallized chondrules, and chondrules that appear to be accretional aggregates. Coarse-grained CAI's have igneous textures and mineral parageneses, while fine-grained CAI's are aggregates containing varying proportions of Al-rich concentric objects, Ca-rich chaotic material, and inclusion matrix. Chondrules and refractory inclusions in Mokoia and Allende are broadly similar in texture and mineral chemistry, but Mokoia refractory inclusions contain phyllosilicates rather than feldspathoids, and melilite-rich CAI's are more abundant in Allende.We think that most CAI's formed during the metamorphism, partial melting, and incomplete distillation of primitive dust aggregates when they were heated in the solar nebula. In the process, Ca-rich melt appears to have been physically separated from Al-rich residues, producing the observed fractionation of Ca from Al into distinct constituents of CAI's. Some CAI's may be aggregates of devitrified, amorphous metastable condensates. Inclusion matrix may have condensed from silicate-rich vapors produced during distillation. Mokoia inclusion matrix contains phyllosilicates that are probably primitive nebular material. 相似文献
12.
A modification of Ramsay's (1967) classification of fold interference patterns is proposed, based upon angular parameters in part different from those used by Ramsay. We use the angle between the axes of the first folds and the pole to the axial planes of the second folds as one of our parameters (gamma). Use of this angle plus beta, one of Ramsay's angles, provides a more natural basis for classification of three-dimensional patterns and in particular avoids several ambiguities in Ramsay's scheme. 相似文献
13.
Bjørn O. Mysen 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1978,42(6):871-885
Results of a survey of experimental data on trace element partitioning between crystals and coexisting liquid and between crystals and coexisting aqueous fluid are reported. These studies involve combinations of elements such as Cs, Rb, K, Na, Li, Ba, Sr, Ni and Sm dissolved in minerals such as feldspars, micas, feldspathoids, garnets, pyroxenes, amphibole and olivine. It is shown that the concentration ranges of these elements in minerals with solution behavior according to Henry's law appear to extend to less than 1 wt.% and often to less than 100 ppm of the element in the crystalline phase.The available data indicate that the concentration ranges of solution in minerals according to Henry's law can be positively correlated with the difference of ionic radii between trace element and the host element for which the tracer is assumed to substitute. Furthermore, studies involving crystals and coexisting aqueous fluid have been used to determine whether Henry's law or Raoult's law adequately describes the solution. Based on the assumption that the aqueous fluid solution can be considered ideal, models have been proposed stating that if the difference between the ionic radii of the tracer and the host element in the crystalline phase is less than about 10% (relative to the host element), the solution is ideal (Raoult's law). With larger differences between the ionic radii, there is an excess free energy of mixing, although Henry's law is still obeyed in the concentration ranges where crystalliquid or crystal-fluid partition coefficients are independent of element concentration. 相似文献
14.
Over the past two decades, the natural gas of Bolivia has been a point of international interest and internal contention. Materially and discursively using Bolivia’s natural gas to express their demands, transnational energy firms, the Bolivian state, and Bolivia’s social movements have made the country’s natural gas into an object of profit and protest. In this paper, I examine how these actors have used the country’s natural gas to both secure and disrupt processes of capital accumulation. Extending regulation approaches that take into account the materiality of nature, I argue that the differential abilities of transnational energy firms, the Bolivian state, and the country’s social movements to materially and discursively use Bolivia’s natural gas have provided each of these actors with differential mediums through which to express their often times contradictory interests, and thus to the challenge or stabilize existing regulatory frameworks. Within this context, the Bolivian state has been forced to continually balance the tensions surrounding its natural gas in an attempt to secure a stable regime of accumulation. 相似文献
15.
T.P. O&#x;flanagan 《Geoforum》1980,11(2):157-169
The mesh of several agrarian structures in Galicia, North Western Iberia, are recognized as being, with other factors, key forces which have precluded most sectors of society from reaping rewards from a generally physically well endowed region. Historical factors, such as the region's administration in the past, which managed it more like a colony than an integral part of the state, have contributed to Galicia's problems. The spatial organization of rural society and the rural economy has been transformed in the last century into a closed system referred to as minifundismo which manifests significant regional contrasts, but remains essentially a subsistance system of prodution. It is demonstrated that minifundismo cannot revitalize itself, because of its structure, and contemporary rural policies of the government are achieving little, as effects rather than causes of the difficulties are being tackled. Future prospects in the short and medium term for Galicia remain bleak unless a dynamic sweeping policy of integrated, rural, structural reform is implemented which aims to tackle the problem at several levels. 相似文献
16.
Relaxation of 13C nuclei in a peat, a soil, and three soil fractions have been investigated in order to improve structural resolution and to investigate quantification of various carbon types. Rotating frame spin lattice relaxation times (T1?'s) and transverse relaxation times (T2′'s) are similar to those observed for coals. T2′'s of carbons in different magnetic environments differ sufficiently that spectra can be obtained containing only nonprotonated carbon and methyl substituents if a 40 μsec delay without decoupling is inserted into the pulse programme before data acquisition (dipolar dephasing). Provided quantitative data is obtained in simple cross polarization experiments and allowance is made for loss in signal intensity of nonprotonated carbon during dipolar dephasing, then the fraction of aromatic carbon which is protonated in the samples can be determined. 相似文献
17.
Zusammenfassung Erzpetrographische Untersuchungen von Ni-reichen Erzproben der Ni–Co–Bi–(Ag)-Lagerstätte Zinkwand (Schladminger Tauern, Steiermark) führten zum Nachweis einer Paragenese von Gersdorffit, Nickelin, Pararammelsbergit, ged. Wismut, Wismutglanz und Parkerit. Gersdorffit tritt in zwei deutlich voneinander verschiedenen (Reflexionsvermögen, Mikrohärte) Komponenten M und I auf. Mikrosondenanalysen zeigen einheitlichen Chemismus der Komponente M, hingegen unterschiedlichen der Komponente I, hervorgerufen durch starken Zonarbau. Gersdorffit I repräsentiert vermutlich Gersdorffit mit ungeordneter Struktur und RaumgruppePa3, Gersdorffit M hingegen vertritt Gersdorffit mit RaumgruppeP213. Gersdorffit, Nickelin und Parkerit weisen Gehalte von±2Gew.% Sb auf. Antimon-hältiger Parkerit ist von den bis heute nachgewiesenen vier Fundpunkten des Minerals nicht bekannt. Vorsichtige Abschätzung der Bildungstemperatur ergibt für die Gersdorffit-Nickelin-Pararammelsbergit-Assoziation sicher <450°C, für jene von Parkerit-ged. Wismut-Wismutglanz<273°C.
Mit 3 Abbildungen
Herrn Univ. Prof. Dr.H. Meixner zum 70. Geburtstag gewidmet. 相似文献
Gersdorffite (in two structure varieties) and antimonian-parkerite, Ni3 (Bi, Sb)2S2 of the Zinkwand, Cchladminger Tauern, Austria
Summary Ore petrologic investigations of a Ni-rich assemblage from the Ni–Co–Bi–(Ag)-deposit Zinkwand (Schladminger Tauern, Styria, Austria) resulted in the identification of gersdorffite, nickeline, pararammelsbergite, native bismuth, bismuthinite and the rate ore mineral parkerite, so far not recorded from that locality. Gersdorffite occurs as two distinctly different varieties M and I (reflectance, microhardness). Microprobe analyses show uniform composition of phase M, but compositional variations of phase I caused by strong zonal texture. Gersdorffite I probably represents gersdorffite with disordered structure with space groupPa3; gersdorffite M corresponds to the gersdorffite with space groupP213. Gersdorffite, nickeline and parkerite contain about 2 wt.% Sb. Sb-containing parkerite has not been reported from the four known occurrences of that mineral. Temperature of formation for the Ni-minerals has been estimated to be (considerably?) below 450°C, for the Bi-bearing minerals below 273°C.
Mit 3 Abbildungen
Herrn Univ. Prof. Dr.H. Meixner zum 70. Geburtstag gewidmet. 相似文献
18.
Burnham (1975a, b) has shown that in several alumino-silicate systems Henry's law constant is independent of silicate melt composition up to XmeltH2O = 0.5. He has used this fact to conclude that such silicate melts behave ideally over a wide range of compositions based on the application of the Gibbs-Duhem relation. Unless Henry's law is valid up to XmeltH2O = 1.0, the application of the Gibbs—Duhem relation to three component systems only shows that if one component obeys Henry's law, the other two components follow the two component Gibbs-Duhem equation. There is no thermodynamic requirement of ideality. 相似文献
19.
A.M. Ryabchikov 《Geoforum》1976,7(2):107-113
The complex influence of man's activity on the earth has been considered.The author assumes that grave ecological problems connected with the pollution, the exhaustion of resources and the degradation of nature can be solved without restriction of population and of production.Social progress together with working out of modern technological processes can ensure the effective conservation of the environment with further economic development. Among scientific and technological means undertaken to control the destruction of nature, the study of pollutant transformation is of the greatest importance.The author emphasizes the necessity to create a general conception of the interaction between man and nature, which may be based on the principles put forward by V.I. Vernadsky. 相似文献
20.
文章详细介绍了最近INUQA组织和INQUA地层与年代学委员会在“Episodes”杂志2004年第27卷第2期公布的新的地质时代标尺,并就关于“第四系”这个地层单位的重新定义问题提出了重要的见解。对于取消“第四纪”(Quaternary)一词,发表了意见以及不认同的观点,同时文章还呼吁,希望更多的从事第四纪研究的工作者踊跃发表意见、积极呼吁,使“第四纪”(Quaternary)一词正式保持不变。 相似文献