共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Satellite laser ranging (SLR) has proven avery efficient method for contributingto the tracking of altimetric satellites anddetermining accurately their orbitalthough hampered by the non-worldwide coverageand the meteorologicalconditions. Indeed, in some cases it is the onlymethod available to determinethe satellite orbit (e.g., the orbits of the ERS-1and Geosat-Follow-On missions).Moreover, any operational and non-weather dependenttechniques, like GPS,DORIS, PRARE, can exhibit systematic errors inpositioning and orbitography. Acomparison with SLR results allows to evidence sucherrors and vice versa. Fordoing that, two different approaches for determiningprecise orbits can beconsidered: one based on global orbit determination,the other on a short-arctechnique used to locally improve a global orbitdetermined by another trackingtechniques, such as DORIS or GPS. We can thusvalidate a global orbit andachieve orbit quality control to a level of2 to 3 centimeters at present and expectto achieve a level of 1 to 2 centimeters inthe near future. Errors induced bystation coordinates or by the gravity field(geographically correlated errors, forexample) can be estimated from SLR tracking data.Colocation experiments withdifferent techniques in the same geodetic siteplay also a key role to ensure preciserelationships between the geodetic referenceframes linked to each technique. Inparticular, the role of the SLR technique is tostrengthen the vertical component(including velocity) of the positioning, whichis crucial for altimetry missions.The role of SLR data in the modelling of the firstterms of the gravity field has finally to be emphasized,which is of primary importance in orbitography,whatever the tracking technique used.Another application of SLR technology is thesatellite altimeter calibration. Examples of past calibrationand future experiments are given, including theaccuracy we can expect from the Jason-1 and EnviSatspace oceanography missions. 相似文献
2.
本文介绍了"嫦娥一号"月球探测卫星轨道跟踪数据的特征,简要阐述了基于动力法精密定轨解算月球重力场模型的原理及策略.在"嫦娥一号"测控数据精度和覆盖均有限的条件下,独立使用"嫦娥一号"月球探测器6个月的在轨运行双程测距测速跟踪数据,成功得到了50阶次月球重力场模型CEGM-01.通过多种方式,如重力场模型频谱特性、实测数据定轨残差、月球重力异常特征、与地形的相关性及导纳值,对解算得到的CEGM-01月球重力场模型进行了精度评价,分析了相应的物理特性和效果.结果表明了CEGM-01解算过程的有效合理.在此基础上展望了我国月球重力场探测未来可能的发展方向. 相似文献
3.
Unified Approach to Photon-Counting Microlaser Rangers, Transponders, and Altimeters 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
John J. Degnan 《Surveys in Geophysics》2001,22(5-6):431-447
Unlike current manned systems, NASA's next generation SLR2000 Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR) station is fully autonomous, eye-safe, relatively compact and inexpensive, and, during daytime tracking, operates at signal-to-noise ratios several orders of magnitude below unity. Tiny, passivelyQ-switched microlasers generate ultra-short pulses with output energies on the order of 100 J at few kHz rates to achieve mm-levelranging precision to satellite altitudesof 20,000 km. Special ranging receivers, combined with Poisson statistical analysis of the received photon distribution, enable the system to rapidly and reliably identify and extract the single photon laser echoes from the solar background. The enhanced rate of return, combined with a uniform signal strength, can actually drive down both systematic and random range errors. The new SLR2000 technology has already spawned exciting new applications. Compact microlaser altimeters, capable of mapping the surface of a planet or other celestial body at multikilohertz rates, is one such application, and a high altitude, airborne version is currently being developed under NASA's Instrument Incubator Program. Interplanetary microlaser transponders would be capable of performing decimeter ranging or subnanosecond time transfer to spacecraft throughout the inner Solar System, resulting in improved knowledge of planetary motions and librations and enhanced General Relativity experiments. 相似文献
4.
本文基于绕月卫星跟踪技术的三种模式,即地面跟踪模式、高低跟踪模式和低低跟踪模式,将月球重力场的发展历程分为四个阶段.分别介绍了各阶段跟踪模式的主要原理、技术特点以及所获取的具有代表性的重力场模型,并对这些模型的精度特征进行了评述.进而,通过分析不同阶段重力场模型所获取的月球重力异常特征和精度、不同阶段重力场模型的定轨精度,阐明了:空间跟踪技术的进步,极大地提高了月球重力场模型的精度,并且,有效地促进了对月球物质结构特征的认识和绕月卫星定轨的可靠性.最后对月球重力场模型中尚存在的问题以及探测技术的发展前景进行了分析和展望. 相似文献
5.
In long-arc precise orbit determinations of altimetric satellites such as ERS-1, large errors may occur from mismodelling of aerodynamic drag and solar radiation pressure. Such surface forces for non-spherical satellites require accurate modelling of the effective area and particle-surface interactions, but the dominant source of error is neutral air density as derived from thermospheric models for aerodynamic drag. Several techniques can be employed to alleviate air-drag mismodelling but all require the solution of additional parameters from the tracking data. However, for ERS-1 the sparsity of laser range data limits the application of such empirical techniques. To overcome this, use can be made of the dense DORIS Doppler tracking for SPOT2 which is in a similar orbit to ERS-1. A recent investigation by CNES examined the use of drag scale factors from SPOT2 to constrain the ERS-1 orbit. An improvement to that methodology is to consider along-track mismodelling as observed by timing errors in the Doppler data for each pass of SPOT2. The along-track correction to the acceleration as derived from SPOT2 can then be applied to ERS-1 orbits, solving for a scale factor to absorb systematic errors - particularly that arising from the 50 km altitude difference. Results are presented of the associated improvement in ERS-1 orbits as derived from concurrent SPOT2 arcs. It will be seen that the procedure not only improves the laser range fit, but more importantly, leads to more precise radial positioning as evident in the altimeter and crossover residuals. 相似文献
6.
Earth System Mass Transport Mission (e.motion): A Concept for Future Earth Gravity Field Measurements from Space 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
I. Panet J. Flury R. Biancale T. Gruber J. Johannessen M. R. van den Broeke T. van Dam P. Gegout C. W. Hughes G. Ramillien I. Sasgen L. Seoane M. Thomas 《Surveys in Geophysics》2013,34(2):141-163
In the last decade, satellite gravimetry has been revealed as a pioneering technique for mapping mass redistributions within the Earth system. This fact has allowed us to have an improved understanding of the dynamic processes that take place within and between the Earth’s various constituents. Results from the Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission have revolutionized Earth system research and have established the necessity for future satellite gravity missions. In 2010, a comprehensive team of European and Canadian scientists and industrial partners proposed the e.motion (Earth system mass transport mission) concept to the European Space Agency. The proposal is based on two tandem satellites in a pendulum orbit configuration at an altitude of about 370 km, carrying a laser interferometer inter-satellite ranging instrument and improved accelerometers. In this paper, we review and discuss a wide range of mass signals related to the global water cycle and to solid Earth deformations that were outlined in the e.motion proposal. The technological and mission challenges that need to be addressed in order to detect these signals are emphasized within the context of the scientific return. This analysis presents a broad perspective on the value and need for future satellite gravimetry missions. 相似文献
7.
航天器工作环境中的地磁场可以用于定向和姿态控制，为空间飞行提供了一个天然的坐标系，但地磁场与带电、带磁的航天器相互作用又在一定程度上影响着航天器的运动参数（如自旋、定向、轨道等），地磁场的变化，特别是磁暴和亚暴期间剧烈的磁场扰动会对航天器的正常运行和航天器仪器的有效工作造成重大影响，与磁场变化相伴随的磁层、电离层扰动，高能粒子流对航天器的工作、空间通讯、对宇航员的安全都可能有严重影响。磁扰期间，中性大气的密度、温度的变化也会影响航天器的轨道和姿态，本文从地磁场结构和变化综合评价航天器工作的地磁场环境，为航天器利用地磁场和防护地磁场变化带来的有害影响提供一些背景材料。 相似文献
8.
P. Novák 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》2007,51(3):351-367
Satellite missions CHAMP and GRACE dedicated to global mapping of the Earth’s gravity field yield accurate satellite-to-satellite
tracking (SST) data used for recovery of global geopotential models usually in a form of a finite set of Stokes’s coefficients.
The US-German Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment (GRACE) yields SST data in both the high-low and low-low mode. Observed
satellite positions and changes in the intersatellite range can be inverted through the Newtonian equation of motion into
values of the unknown geopotential. The geopotential is usually approximated in observation equations by a truncated harmonic
series with unknown coefficients. An alternative approach based on integral inversion of the SST data of type GRACE into discrete
values of the geopotential at a geocentric sphere is discussed in this article. In this approach, observation equations have
a form of Green’s surface integrals with scalar-valued integral kernels. Despite their higher complexity, the kernel functions
exhibit features typical for other integral kernels used in geodesy for inversion of gravity field data. The two approaches
are discussed and compared based on their relative advantages and intended applications. The combination of heterogeneous
gravity data through integral equations is also outlined in the article.
panovak@kma.zcu.cz 相似文献
9.
月球重力场制约着近月外空间物体的运动,同时环月飞行器的运动也反映了月球重力场的作用. 本文结合我国嫦娥一号探月工程,探讨了利用月球卫星的地面跟踪资料,求定月球重力场的基本理论和方法,分析了环月卫星的轨道高度、地面跟踪采样时间间隔和跟踪精度等对求定月球重力场的影响. 若单独利用我国嫦娥一号探月工程的地面跟踪数据,恢复30阶次左右的月球重力场模型是一个比较实际的目标. 地面跟踪最好能以75s的时间间隔进行采样,数据连续提供时间应不少于30个昼夜,月球卫星星下点的月面轨迹间距不大于110km. 相似文献
10.
本文利用卫星重力反演与模拟软件ANGELS系统(ANalyst of Gravity Estimation with Low-orbit Satellites)对低低跟踪模式的重力卫星的关键载荷精度指标进行了深入分析.模拟结果表明:(1)对短弧长积分法而言,在低低跟踪模式的关键载荷精度指标中,重力场反演精度对星间距离变率精度最为敏感;(2)通过对目前在轨运行GRACE的载荷指标进行分析,发现轨道数据的误差主要影响重力场的低阶部分(约小于25阶),较高阶次部分(约大于26阶)主要受星间距离变率的误差限制;(3)如果下一代低低跟踪模式的重力卫星的目标之一是把重力异常反演精度较GRACE提高约10倍,则在保持轨道高度和GRACE相同的前提下,轨道、星间距离变率和星载加速度计等关键载荷指标需要达到的最低精度分别约为2cm、10nm·s-1和3.0×10-10 m·s-2;(4)轨道精度和混频误差将是影响下一代低低跟踪模式重力卫星重力场恢复能力进一步提高的主要制约因素,距离变率精度和加速度计精度存在盈余. 相似文献
11.
本文以德国低轨道卫星CHAMP为例,联合考虑地球扁率和大气阻力摄动的影响,对相应摄动方程进行数值积分,计算轨道根数变化,并进而计算得到卫星空间位置,由此模拟考察大气阻力引起的轨道高度衰减.模拟中使用综合考虑了太阳辐射和磁暴等多种因素影响的最新国际大气标准JB2008模式来计算热层大气密度. 选取CHAMP卫星轨道高度自然衰减（无点火提升卫星高度操作）的2005全年进行模拟;为了考察不同年份阻力系数的可能变化,对2002年1—3月处在较大高度的轨道也进行了模拟.考虑到CHAMP卫星的特殊几何构形及飞行高度的热层温度条件,取阻力系数大于2.8,并在一定范围内变化,以求得模拟与实际轨道衰减符合较好.结果表明,对于2005年,阻力系数为2.91时模拟得到的轨道高度的衰减与实际轨道衰减符合得最好,模拟与实际轨道半长轴全年的标准偏差为81m;在卫星高度稍高的2002年,模拟的最佳阻力系数为3.0;模拟所得最佳阻力系数值比传统使用的值2.2大30%以上.由于在模拟中忽略了高阶保守力分量,所得近/远地点高度没有出现实际轨道所显示的周期性起伏. 相似文献
12.
This paper demonstrates estimation of time-varying gravity harmonic coefficients from GPS data of COSMIC and GRACE satellite missions. The kinematic orbits of COSMIC and GRACE are determined to the cm-level accuracy. The NASA Goddard's GEODYN II software is used to model the orbit dynamics of COSMIC and GRACE, including the effect of a static gravity field. The surface forces are estimated per one orbital period. Residual orbits generated from kinematic and reference orbits serve as observables to determine the harmonic coefficients in the weighted-constraint least-squares. The monthly COSMIC and GRACE GPS data from September 2006 to December 2007 (16 months) are processed to estimate harmonic coefficients to degree 5. The geoid variations from the GPS and CSR RL04 (GRACE) solutions show consistent patterns over space and time, especially in regions of active hydrological changes. The monthly GPS-derived second zonal coefficient closely resembles the SLR-derived and CSR RL04 values, and third and fourth zonal coefficients resemble the CSR RL04 values. 相似文献
13.
"嫦娥"一号、二号绕月飞行经历地球磁尾边界层区域时,分别在2007年11月26日—2008年2月5日和2010年10月3日—2011年2月28日,发现了15次月球轨道0.1~2 MeV电子急剧增加(Bursts of 0.1~2 MeV Energetic Electrons,BEE),卫星周围等离子体离子加速的现象.统计研究表明,这类现象发生在稳定太阳风和弱行星际磁场条件下,且无显著空间环境扰动事件发生时,离子的加速滞后于高能电子爆发,离子能量的变化与高能电子通量的时间演化正相关,地球磁鞘内侧或边界层过渡区域是该类现象的高发区,离子能量增加时卫星表面电位大幅下降可达负几千伏.为了研究高能电子爆发与绕月卫星表面电位变化的关系及其对月球表面电位的影响,本文用电流平衡法建立绕月卫星和月球表面充电模型,并假设能量电子(2eV~2 MeV)满足幂律谱的分布,模拟急剧增加的能量电子对卫星和月球表面电位的影响.模拟结果表明,能量电子急剧增加使得绕月卫星和月球表面电位大幅下降;能量电子总流量1011 cm-2时,绕月卫星和月球表面充电电位可达负上千伏;月球充电到大的负电位的时间仅为卫星充电时间的1/10.鉴于高能电子急剧增加事件的高发生率(~125次/年),能量电子急剧增加使得绕月卫星表面电位大幅下降的发生率应大于实测等离子体离子加速现象的发生率(~25次/年). 相似文献
14.
利用141天GRACE卫星观测资料,包括K波段、星载加速度和卫星轨道数据,反演了80阶地球重力场模型IGGGRACE01S,该模型在半波长为500km的空间分辨率上,确定大地水准面的精度约为0012m,中长波(<80阶)精度优于重力卫星发射以前研制的重力场模型. 与EIGEN_GRACE02S、EIGEN_CHAMP03S和EGM96模型的位系数相比,该模型系数最接近于EIGEN_GRACE02S,与另两个模型差异较大. 比较几种模型确定的全球重力异常和大地水准面起伏,结果发现IGGGRACE01S与EIGEN_GRACE02S模型的计算结果比较接近,与EGM96模型结果差异较大,差别较大地区主要在南极等地区. 对于中国大陆,比较IGGGRACE01S模型（前72阶）计算的重力异常和NIMA重力异常数据（25°×25°网格）,两者之间的标准偏差为48mGal. 相似文献
15.
Patrick G. J. Irwin 《Surveys in Geophysics》1999,20(6):505-535
The understanding of the composition and cloudstructure has advanced greatly in the last few yearsand in particular was greatly improved upon followingthe highly successful Pioneer and Voyager missions tothat planet. Recently the Galileo spacecraft has goneinto orbit about Jupiter and its remote sensinginstruments, including the Near Infrared MappingSpectrometer (NIMS) and the Solid State Imager (SSI),have yielded exciting new details of the spatial andvertical structure of the Jovian clouds and volatiles.At the same time Galileo's entry probe has made thefirst ever in situ measurements of conditions inthe atmosphere. Recent ground-based observations havealso added to the body of evidence from whichconditions in the Jovian atmosphere may be inferred.This paper aims to review the current understanding ofthe composition and cloud structure of Jupiter'satmosphere in the light of the new Galileo results andrecent ground-based, and earth-orbiting telescopeobservations. 相似文献
16.
传统动力学法的观测方程以6个初始轨道参数和先验力模型为初值进行线性化,其线性化误差随积分弧长拉长而增大.本文直接以重力卫星的几何观测轨道为初值进行线性化,其线性化误差与轨道弧长无关,且不需要初始重力场模型和初始轨道参数.导出了基于卫星轨道观测值反演重力场模型的相关公式,利用JPL公布的RL02版本2008年全年的GRACE双星轨道数据和加速度计数据解算了90阶次的地球重力场模型TJGRACE01S,并以EGM2008模型为基准与其他模型进行了比较分析,结果表明:TJGRACE01S模型直到90阶次的大地水准面累积误差为17.6 cm,优于同阶次的EIGEN-CHAMP03S和EIGEN-CHAMP05S模型,前27阶位系数整体精度优于EIGEN-GRACE01S,前15阶位系数整体精度与EIGEN-GRACE02S模型精度大致相当.利用美国8221个GPS水准点数据的分析结果也表明,本文模型也优于同阶次的EIGEN-CHAMP03S和EIGEN-CHAMP05S模型. 相似文献
17.
基于新型残余星间速度法（RIRM）反演了120阶GRACE Follow-On地球重力场. 第一,由于GPS定轨精度相对较低,通过将激光干涉测距仪的高精度残余星间速度（测量精度10-7 m·s-1）引入残余轨道速度差分矢量的视线分量构建了新型RIRM观测方程. 第二,基于2点、4点、6点和8点RIRM公式对比论证了最优的插值点数. 如果相关系数和采样间隔一定,随着插值点数的增加,卫星观测值的信号量被有效加强,而卫星观测值的误差量也同时增加. 因此,6点RIRM公式是提高下一代地球重力场精度的较优选择. 第三,相关系数对地球重力场精度的影响在不同频段表现为不同特性. 随着相关系数的逐渐增大,地球长波重力场精度逐渐降低,而地球中长波重力场精度逐渐升高. 第四,基于6点RIRM公式,通过30天观测数据和采样间隔5 s,分别利用星间速度和残余星间速度观测值,在120阶次处反演下一代GRACE Follow-On累计大地水准面精度为1.638×10-3 m和1.396×10-3 m. 研究结果表明：（1）残余星间速度观测量较星间速度对地球重力场反演精度更敏感;（2）GRACE Follow-On地球重力场精度较GRACE至少高10倍. 相似文献
18.
从GPS基本观测模型出发,给出并推导了分离相位小数偏差求解非差整数模糊度的精密单点定位数学模型和算法.利用少量IGS跟踪站组成服务端观测网计算未检校的相位小数偏差改正信息,用于改正用户端接收机的相位观测值,实现了固定非差整数模糊度的快速精密单点定位与定轨.试验结果表明: 利用30 min的地面动态或静态观测数据进行精密单点定位,非差模糊度固定成整数后,其定位结果较PPP浮点解有明显改善,水平方向提高了近一个数量级,可达到1 cm甚至毫米级的精度;高程方向与对流层延迟解算精度也改善了20%~60%.与浮点解相比,固定解能显著改善PPP的定轨精度,仅用15 min的短弧段观测数据,切向与法向的定轨精度可达到1 cm左右;径向方向为3~5 cm左右,较浮点解定轨精度改善了50%~70%.因此,固定非差整数模糊度后的PPP能够满足毫米至厘米级的快速精密定位和定轨的要求,这在GPS(准)实时应用与服务中具有很好的应用前景. 相似文献
19.
Advances in spatial analytical software allow digital elevation models (DEMs) to be produced which accurately represent landform surface variability and offer an important opportunity to measure and monitor morphological change and sediment transfer across a variety of spatial scales. Many of the techniques presently employed (aerial LIDAR, EDM theodolites, GPS, photogrammetry) suffer coverage or resolution limitations resulting in a trade‐off between spatial coverage and morphologic detail captured. This issue is particularly important when rates of spatial and temporal change are considered for fluvial systems. This paper describes the field and processing techniques required for oblique laser scanning to acquire 0·01 m resolution digital elevation data of an upland reach of the River Wharfe in the UK. The study site is variable with rapidly changing morphology, diverse vegetation and the presence of water, and these are evaluated with respect to laser data accuracy. Scan location, frequency and distance are discussed with reference to survey accuracy and efficiency, and a field protocol is proposed. Scan data cloud merging was achieved with a high degree of precision (sub‐centimetre) and positional data are shown to be very accurate for exposed surfaces. Vegetation and water decrease the accuracy, as the laser pulse is often prevented from reaching the ground surface or is not returned. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
20.
The horizontal transport of water in Earth's surface layer, including sea level change, deglaciation, and surface runoff, is a manifestation of many geophysical processes. These processes entail ocean and atmosphere circulation and tidal attraction, global climate change, and the hydrological cycle, all having a broad range of spatiotemporal scales. The largest atmospheric mass variations occur mostly at synoptic wavelengths and at seasonal time scales. The longest wavelength component of surface mass transport, the spherical harmonic degree-1, involves the exchange of mass between the northern and southern hemispheres. These degree-1 mass loads deform the solid Earth, including its surface, and induce geocenter motion between the center-of-mass of the total Earth system (CM) and the center-of-figure (CF) of the solid Earth surface. Because geocenter motion also depends on the mechanical properties of the solid Earth, monitoring geocenter motion thus provides an additional opportunity to probe deep into Earth's interior. Most modern geodetic measurement systems rely on tracking data between ground stations and satellites that orbit around CM. Consequently, geocenter motion is intimately related to the realization of the International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF) origin, and, in various ways, affects many of our measurement objectives for global change monitoring. In the last 15 years, there have been vast improvements in geophysical fluid modeling and in the global coverage, densification, and accuracy of geodetic observations. As a result of these developments, tremendous progress has been made in the study of geocenter motion over the same period. This paper reviews both the theoretical and measurement aspects of geocenter motion and its implications. 相似文献