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P. V. Bhaskar Evonne Cardozo Asha Giriyan Anita Garg Narayan B. Bhosle 《Estuaries and Coasts》2000,23(5):722-734
Data on hydrography, nutrients, suspended particles, and sedimented particles were collected at weekly intervals from November to May during 1995 to 1997 at a station in the coastal waters of Dona Paula Bay, India. Suspended and sedimented particles were analyzed for total suspended matter (SPM), total sedimented particulate matter (TPM), particulate organic carbon (POC), particulate organic nitrogen (PON), chlorophylla (chla), and diatom abundance. Variations in hydrography and nutrients influenced the quantity and composition of sedimented particles. The TPM, POC, PON, and chla fluxes showed small-scale seasonal variations and were higher in the summer (February to May) than in the winter (November to January). Resuspension of carbon accounted for approximately 25% of the gross POC and was highest in April 1997 (45%). The mean net POC flux was 197±90 mg C m−2 d−1 and accounts for 4.6% of the TPM. The average C∶N (w∶w) ratio of the sedimented material was 13.2±6.6. The POC:chla ratio was relatively higher in the sedimented material as compared to the suspended material. The particulate carbon reaching the bottom sediment was 39% of the primary production. The low organic carbon concentration (approximately 0.1% of dry sediment) in the sediments implies that about 98% of the sedimented carbon was either consumed at the sedimentwater interface or resuspended/advected before it was finally buried into the sediments. 相似文献
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程海艳 《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2014,44(4):1134
库车褶皱冲断带是由印度板块和欧亚板块碰撞形成的新生代再生前陆盆地,沉积古近系和新近系两套盐岩,在其西部发育盐底辟构造。根据野外地质调查、地震剖面解释以及平衡剖面制作,探讨了库车褶皱冲断带盐底辟的成因机制。库车褶皱冲断带盐底辟分为两种类型：沿喀拉玉尔滚走滑断层发育的点状盐底辟构造-盐栓;发育在吐孜玛扎地区的线状盐底辟构造-盐墙。库车褶皱冲断带西段盐上生长地层主要发生在库车组中段沉积期及以后,库车组中段发育角度不整合面,反映盐底辟的形成。盐栓受走滑作用的控制,为走滑拉张作用的产物,而盐墙受库车组中段及其后差异压实作用的控制,受挤压作用的改造。 相似文献
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A model test was conducted for a newly developed soil nail, the result of which was compared to that of a 3D finite element method (FEM) simulation. The shape angle (β) and friction coefficients (μ) contributed to the difference in pull-out force between the model test and the simulation. Further verifications were conducted, during which the pull-out mechanisms of the soil nail for different β and μ were analysed. It was found that both β and μ have a positive influence on the pull-out force; β only affects the increase rate, while μ influences the overall pull-out force level. Three components were found to govern the pull-out force, with the component applied to the expanded cement bulk surface accounting for approximately 80% of the total. This study proves that the optimal approach for increasing pull-out force is to enlarge the diameter of the cement bulk rather than extend the nail length. 相似文献
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Pierfrancesco Dellino Fabio Dioguardi Domenico M. Doronzo Daniela Mele 《Sedimentology》2019,66(1):129-145
Large‐scale experiments generating ground‐hugging multiphase flows were carried out with the aim of modelling the rate of sedimentation, of pyroclastic density currents. The current was initiated by the impact on the ground of a dense gas‐particle fountain issuing from a vertical conduit. On impact, a thick massive deposit was formed. The grain size of the massive deposit was almost identical to that of the mixture feeding the fountain, suggesting that similar layers formed at the impact of a natural volcanic fountain should be representative of the parent grain‐size distribution of the eruption. The flow evolved laterally into a turbulent suspension current that sedimented a thin, tractive layer. A good correlation was found between the ratio of transported/sedimented load and the normalized Rouse number of the turbulent current. A model of the sedimentation rate was developed, which shows a relationship between grain size and flow runout. A current fed with coarser particles has a higher sedimentation rate, a larger grain‐size selectivity and runs shorter than a current fed with finer particles. Application of the model to pyroclastic deposits of Vesuvius and Campi Flegrei of Southern Italy resulted in sedimentation rates falling inside the range of experiments and allowed definition of the duration of pyroclastic density currents which add important information on the hazard of such dangerous flows. The model could possibly be extended, in the future, to other geological density currents as, for example, turbidity currents. 相似文献
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A small honeycomb tafoni was found on the surface of the Meso-Neoproterozoic sandstone in Wafangdian area, Dalian, Liaoning Province. It is located on the surface of the northwest side of the outcrop sandstone layer. On the top surface of the sandstone layer and on the east and south sides, the tafoni was not developed. The whole tafoni is round or oval, with a diameter of 1-5cm and a depth of 1-2cm. Through field observation and comparative analysis, it is determined that it is the salt weathering tafoni. It is formed by the precipitation and crystallization of salt from sea fog in sandstone, which causes the detrital particles on the rock surface to fall off and weathering. 相似文献
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含盐量对石灰固化滨海盐渍土微结构参数的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
因土中含有较多的氯盐,引起了石灰固化滨海盐渍土的微结构变化。采用Leica QWin5000图形处理软件对石灰固化滨海盐渍土的SEM照片进行统计,证实随着含盐量的增加,固化土颗粒的等效直径、扁圆度、面积比和充填比等微结构参数呈近线性变化。含盐量增加使得固化土颗粒的粒度分维值增加,颗粒的均一化程度越来越差;而颗粒定向分维则先升、后降、再逐渐趋于一个稳定值,即固化土颗粒的排列方向保持不变。固化土颗粒级配测试结果也与上述变化规律相吻合。 相似文献
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通过静态吸附实验,研究了兰州地区黄土对含油废水中石油类污染物的吸附作用,并对温度、pH、土壤粒径、有机质含量和含盐量等影响吸附作用的因素进行了分析。实验结果表明:该类型黄土对可溶性石油饱和溶液的吸附等温线符合Langmuir吸附模式,其吸附能力随温度、pH的升高而降低;吸附量随土壤粒径的减小呈增大趋势;吸附量与土壤有机质含量、含盐量呈线性关系,随着有机质含量、含盐量的增高吸附量增大。 相似文献
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海洋浮游植物群落的比生长率 总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14
系统地介绍了海洋浮游植物群落比生长率(μ)及其相关概念。介绍和比较分析了研究μ的细胞分裂周期法、生物化学指示物法、模型法和去除摄食者稀释法这4类方法,推荐去除摄食者稀释法作为中国近海μ研究的重要方法。比较各海区μ的分布规律,初步发现：① μ与群落物种组成密切相关;② μ在大洋低于近岸;③ μ在近岸中等营养高于富营养水域;④ 小粒径浮游植物μ高于大粒径浮游植物。但还有很多未知的情况,尤其是在中国海区此类工作还很薄弱,需加强,为更深入了解海洋生态系统奠定基础。 相似文献
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北极黄河站秋季气团传输影响下大气气溶胶数谱分布特征 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
2013 年9月在北极黄河站开展了气溶胶数谱（10~400nm）的短期观测实验。数浓度小时平均值主要出现在300~400cm-3,平均值为350cm-3,高于新奥尔松Zeppelin 全球大气本底站及环北极海洋大气7-9月航测报道的浓度。大气气溶胶的三个模态（核模态、爱根核模态和积聚模态）数浓度平均分别为35、122和193cm-3。观测期间没有发生新粒子生成事件,平均数谱分布呈现双模态的分布特征,模态峰值分别出现在30nm和115nm,由积聚模态主导。平均数谱分布的几何中值粒径出现在约100~110nm。从单颗粒分析结果来看,观测期间黄河站地区大气气溶胶主要以海盐气溶胶为主,但是在来自挪威海域和北欧大陆的气团影响下,也观测到煤烟颗粒、富硫颗粒物和含碳颗粒物等人为气溶胶。 相似文献
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A cellulose-specific staining procedure employing Herzberg’s chlor-zinc-iodide solution was developed to aid in the identification of microdetritus derived fromSpartina alterniflora and tested on samples of suspended and sedimented particulate matter collected in the Cumberland Basin at the head of the Bay of Fundy. Not all of the particles reacting positively to the stain could have been identified as originating fromSpartina on the basis of morphology alone, and the stain improved speed and confidence in identification even when particles could be identified morphologically.Spartina dominated particles greater than 100 μm while most of the smaller particles were amorphous aggregates of uncertain origin. In April 1985, at the start of the salt-marsh growing season, the average concentration of suspended microdetritus derived fromSpartina in Cumberland Basin surface water was 129 mg C m?3 or 0.3–2.7% of the particulate organic carbon. The average concentration in intertidal sediments was 0.036 mg C g?1 or 0.2–0.9% of the sediment organic carbon. Summing all reservoirs in the sediment (to a depth of 1 cm) and water column, the total amount of detritus originating fromSpartina in Cumberland Basin is 10–24% of the estimated annual net primary production of low marshS. alterniflora. 相似文献
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西北地区黑河中游盐渍化地区土壤盐分特征 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
土壤盐渍化是黑河中游可持续发展面临的主要问题之一,有必要深入分析该区盐渍化土壤的盐分含量以及各可溶性离子的相关性。通过野外考察和GPS定点等手段,在甘肃张掖市高台县境内黑河两侧盐渍化土壤进行了采样。采样方式为人工坑探分层取样法,地表5 cm内取样,如土壤剖面层位变化时取样,层位不变或者层位厚度超过50 cm时,平均30 cm取一次样;待水位静止后,采取地下水样品。一共坑探15个剖面,共采取90个土壤样品和15个地下水样品。样品的盐分以及各可溶性离子含量的测试结果表明:区内表层土壤属于重度盐渍土,土壤中盐类主要为硫酸盐,其次为氯化物,盐分聚集层的厚度在20~30 cm之间;在各层中,含盐量与SO24-、K++Na+、Cl-、Mg2+相关性较强,SO42-、Cl-与K++Na+的相关性较强,但在深度为90~100 cm的土层中各种相关性都减弱;土壤垂直剖面上,颗粒越细的层位其盐分含量越大,颗粒越粗的层位其盐分含量越小,而且颗粒粗大的层位越厚其表层盐渍化程度越低,颗粒细小的层位越厚则表层盐渍化程度增高。 相似文献
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Particulate matter and interfacial sediment from a seasonally anoxic coastal salt pond were analyzed for fatty acids and sterols to examine variations in organic sources, and compositional changes across the oxic-anoxic interface in the water column and at the sediment-water interface. Fatty acid distributions in suspended particles varied seasonally and as a function of depth. Fatty acids of algal origin (e.g. 16:3, 16:4, 18:3, 18:4) were abundant in particles in oxic surface waters, but these labile components were depleted in particles from the anoxic zone which instead were enriched in bacterial fatty acids (e.g. 16:1Δ9, 18:1Δ11, anteiso-C15). Sterol distributionsvaried less than fatty acid distributions and particles throughout the water column reflected an upper water algal source with little in situ alteration. There was evidence for an in situ conversion of Δ5-stenols to 5(α)H-stanols in suspended particles in the anoxic zone. Sinking particles and the interfacial sediment were compositionally similar to each other, but different from suspended particles. These data reflect differences in particle source, transport and transformation processes occuring in the water column. 相似文献
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珊瑚砂的孔隙结构对珊瑚砂的力学性质和渗透特性影响显著,采用高分辨率计算机断层扫描仪（computed tomography,简称CT）对珊瑚砂颗粒进行了扫描,建立了珊瑚砂颗粒的三维孔隙结构模型,并对孔隙的直径、体积、紧密度、球度进行了定量分析,采用数值模拟方法探究了松散堆积珊瑚砂及单颗粒珊瑚砂内孔隙结构的渗透特性。试验结果表明：孔隙数量随着孔隙直径的增加显著减少,且微孔数量较多,大孔数量较少;孔隙的直径与紧密度之间为幂函数关系,与球度之间则表现为线性关系。渗流分析结果显示,松散堆积珊瑚砂的渗透能力显示出各向异性,Z方向的绝对渗透率小于X、Y方向。珊瑚砂颗粒内的孔隙渗流速度较慢,不同颗粒之间渗流能力差距较大,部分颗粒不能发生渗流,且颗粒内孔隙的绝对渗透率仅占总绝对渗透率的1.26%。 相似文献
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H. Rönkkömäki Ph.D. R. Pöykiö Ph.D. H. Nurmesniemi Ph.D. K. Popov D.Sc. E. Merisalu Dr. T. Tuomi PhD I. Välimäki M.Sc. 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2008,5(4):485-494
The particles in the examined cyclone fly ash were all smaller than 0.25 mm. in diameter, and particles smaller than 0.075 mm. in diameter accounted for 88.4 % of the ash weight. This result indicates that cyclone fly ash consists of particles with a small diameter. The metals in the cyclone fly ash were enriched in small particles. The highest concentrations for zinc, copper, lead, cadmium and molybdenum in the cyclone fly ash were found in the smallest particle size fraction (< 0.075 mm.) and for Barium, chromium, nickel, Vanadium and Cobalt in the second to smallest particle size fraction (0.075-0.125 mm.). From an environmental and toxicological standpoint, the smallest particles are of the greatest concern when ash is handed at landfill disposal sites (transport and disposal especially in stormy weather conditions), and some studies have reported risks to workers from prolonged exposure to ash. The results of the comparison of various dissolution methods for metals showed that the digestion procedures with nitric acid alone (USEPA 3051) or with a mixture of nitric acid + hydrogen peroxide (USEPA 3050B) slightly underestimated the metal concentrations in the cyclone fly ash. Although the use of hydrofluoric acid is often necessary for the determination of a number of elements associated with siliceous minerals, its use can result in loss of trace elements during dissolution. 相似文献
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Wayne S. Gardner James B. Cotner Brian J. Eadie Joann F. Cavaletto Ronald Benner Gerardo Chin-Leo 《Estuaries and Coasts》1994,17(4):816-828
Net remineralization rates of organic matter and bacterial growth rates were observed in dark-bottle incubation experiments conducted in July–August and February with water samples collected from sites in the Mississippi River plume of the Gulf of Mexico. Our objectives were to measure site-specific degradation rates of labile dissolved and particulate organic matter, quantify the potential importance of bacteria in these processes, and examine the kinetics of degradation over time. Unfiltered samples, and samples treated to remove (or dilute out) particles larger than bacteria, were enclosed in 9-1 bottles and incubated in the dark for 3–5 d. Respiration rates and inorganic compound accumulation rates were higher in summer than in winter and were highest in unfiltered surface samples at sites of intermediate salinities where phytoplankton were most abundant. The ratio of ammonium accumulation to oxygen removal in summer experiments suggested that the mineralized organic material resembled “Redfield” stoichiometry. Chemical fluxes were greater in bottles containing large (>1–3 μm) particles than in the bottles with these particles removed, but bacterial activities were generally similar in both treatments. These results suggest that particle consumers were an important component of total organic matter degradation. However, these experiments may have underestimated natural bacterial degradation rates because the absence of light could affect the production of labile organic substrates by phytoplankton. In agreement, with this hypothesis, bacterial growth rates tended to decrease over time in summer in surface plume waters where phytoplankton were abundant. In conjunction with other data, our results indicate that heterotrophic processes in the water column are spatially and temporally dependent on phytoplankton production. 相似文献
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污水中的悬浮物、盐分和有机营养物对土壤孔隙状况产生了深刻的影响.通过室内模拟和CT(computed tomography)扫描的方法, 定量研究污水灌溉条件下土壤孔隙数、孔隙度及形态特征.结果表明: 与对照点相比, 污水灌溉区上层土壤总孔隙数和大孔隙数(当量直径≥1.00 mm)均显著升高, 而下层土壤总孔隙数、大孔隙数、粗孔隙数(当量直径为0.26~1.00 mm)、总孔隙度、大孔隙度和粗孔隙度均显著降低(p＜0.05);在模拟悬浮液和盐液灌溉条件下, 土壤总孔隙数、粗孔隙数和粗孔隙度均有所升高, 而大孔隙数、总孔隙度、大孔隙度和孔隙成圆率均有所降低; 在模拟营养液灌溉条件下, 土壤总孔隙数、大孔隙数、粗孔隙数和粗孔隙度均有所增加, 而孔隙成圆率有所降低; 对于研究区土壤来说, 悬浮液灌溉对土壤孔隙的影响效应强于盐液灌溉; 对于同种性质的污水灌溉来说, 污灌对对照点土壤孔隙的影响效应强于污灌区土壤. 相似文献
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The paper principally focuses on the durability assessment of various stratigraphic levels of Ahlat ignimbrites collected from the eastern region of Turkey. A total of four different ignimbrite types with dissimilar color, texture and particularly welding degree were tested in laboratory. The laboratory tests performed on the ignimbrite specimens indicate that the welding degree as well as the lithic material content mainly controls the strength and capillarity properties of the ignimbrites. In addition, the durability of highly porous ignimbrites strongly depends upon the degree of welding. The effect of several weathering agents on the ignimbrites was evaluated on the basis of decay constant parameter. Accordingly, salt and ice crystallization pressures are a couple of major destructive agents acting within the micropores of the ignimbrites. Conversely, the investigated specimens are relatively durable against cyclic wetting–drying. Statistical evaluations reveal that the pore diameter is the major controlling factor on the deterioration rate of the ignimbrites after specifically recurrent freeze–thaw cycles. Moreover, the dry unit weight of the ignimbrites is more significant than the uniaxial compressive strength considering the deterioration rates during wetting–drying and salt crystallization. A less significant relationship was obtained between pore diameter and salt crystallization decay constant. 相似文献