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Review and Development on the Studies of Chinese Meteorological Satellite and Satellite Meteorology 
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下载免费PDF全文 Meteorological satellite and satellite meteorology are the fastest developing new branches in the atmospheric sciences. Today the meteorological satellite has become a key element in the global atmospheric sounding system while the satellite meteorology is covering the main components of earth's system science. This article describes the major achievements that China has made in these fields in the past 30 years. The following contents are involved: (1) History and present status of China's meteorological satellites. It covers the development, launch, operation, technical parameters of China's polar and geostationary meteorological satellites. (2) Major achievements on remote sensing principle and method. It describes the retrieval of atmospheric temperature and humidity profiles, cloud character retrieval, aerosol character retrieval, precipitation retrieval as well as the generation of cloud wind. (3) Achievement on the studies of meteorological satellite data application. This part covers the applications of meteorological satellite data to weather analysis and forecast, numerical forecast, climate monitoring, and prediction of short-term climate change. Besides, the new results on data assimilation, climate monitoring, and forecast are also included. 相似文献
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B. Ahrens 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》1999,70(3-4):227-238
Summary Data assimilation in meteorology and oceanography for strongly nonlinear dynamical systems is challenging. The dynamical
system studied here is the classical three-variable Lorenz model. In this context data assimilation with weak-constraint variational
methods performs better than other methods like strong-constraint variational methods or Kalman filters. The difficulty in
tracking the chaotic Lorenz orbit by assimilation of noisy observations results from the inherent instability in the system.
In variational methods a cost function has to be minimized. It is known, that in the Lorenz case the structure of the cost
function becomes more and more complex with increasing length of the assimilation time interval and with reduction of the
observational data quality. This paper proposes a non-standard implementation of a genetic algorithm for searching the global
minimum in case of a weak-constraint formulation. The good performance of this non-local search is shown, but the algorithm
is computationally demanding due to a very large number of control parameters within the weak-constraint formulation and,
thus, the algorithm is applicable for simple systems only.
Received December 12, 1998 Revised May 11, 1999 相似文献
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在模拟大气辐射传输过程、发展大气透过率模式及反演大气参数等许多应用中,大气状态廓线是重要的输入参数,为方便使用,建立具有一定代表性的样本数据库十分必要。目前,国际上有几十种各具特色的大气样本库,但包含中国区域的样本极少。为了弥补国际大气样本库中缺少中国区域大气廓线的不足,以中国区域2002年气象探空资料为基础,利用拓扑学方法建立了包含30条大气温度和湿度廓线的中国区域大气廓线样本库2。通过对所选样本的覆盖区域、观测时间、海拔高度、廓线垂直分布等特征分析,结果表明:该样本库具有样本时空分布均匀、样本独立性和气候代表性好等特点,符合大气样本库建立的基本原则,可为辐射传输研究和业务应用提供大气样本支持。 相似文献
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TRMM卫星及其数据产品应用 总被引：8，自引：2，他引：8
简要介绍了热带降水测量(TRMM--Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission)卫星所携带的观测仪器及其主要产品。概述了TRMM卫星资料产品在热带降水测量、提高预报准确率、暴雨研究、资料同化、反演热带海面温度、热带气旋观测等领域的应用。 相似文献
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城市气象研究进展 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
中国数十年来在城市气象研究这一新兴学科领域开展了大量研究并获得了多方面的丰硕成果。文中从城市气象观测网与观测试验、城市气象多尺度模式、城市气象与大气环境相互影响、城市化对天气气候的影响等4个方面论述了城市气象的主要研究进展:中国各大城市已建立或正在完善具有多平台、多变量、多尺度、多重链接、多功能等特点的城市气象综合观测网;北京、南京、上海等地开展了大型城市气象观测科学试验,被世界气象组织列入研究示范项目;成功开展了风洞实验、缩尺度外场实验研究;建立了多尺度城市气象和空气质量预报数值模式,并应用于业务;在城市热岛效应、城市对降水影响、城市气象与城市规划、城市化对区域气候及空气质量的影响、城市气象与大气环境相互作用等研究领域取得长足进展。最后指出,未来需要重点从新观测技术及观测资料同化应用、城市系统模式研究、城市化对天气气候的影响机理、城市化对大气环境和人体健康的影响、城市水文气象气候与环境综合服务等方面开展科学研究与应用,为中国城市化、生态文明建设、防灾减灾和应对气候变化等国家需求提供科技支撑。 相似文献
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Shiguang Miao Weimei Jiang Ping Liang Hongnian Liu Xuemei Wang Jianguo Tan Ning Zhang Ju Li Wupeng Du Lin Pei 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》2020,34(2):218-242
Over the past decades, a large number of studies have been carried out in the field of urban meteorology in China. This paper summarizes the main progress in urban meteorology research from four aspects: urban meteorological observation network and field campaign, multi-scale model of urban meteorology, interaction between urban meteorology and atmospheric environment, and the impacts of urbanization on weather and climate. Major advances are as follows. China’s major cities have established or are improving comprehensive urban meteorological observation networks characterized by multi-platform, multi-variable, multi-scale, multi-link, and multi-function. Beijing, Nanjing, Shanghai, and other cities carried out urban meteorological field campaigns, which were included in the WMO research demonstration project. Wind tunnel experiments and scale-model outdoor experiments were successfully conducted. Multi-scale urban meteorological and air quality prediction numerical model systems have been developed and put into operational use. The urban heat island effect; urban impacts on precipitation, regional climate, and air quality; urban planning; and interaction between urban meteorology and atmospheric environment are extensively investigated. Finally, efforts to improve observational technology, data assimilation, and urban system modeling, to explore the impacts of urbanization on environment and human health, and to provide integrated urban hydro-meteorological climate and environmental services are planned ahead. 相似文献
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Lightning meteorology focuses on investigating the lightning activities in different types of convective weather systems and the relationship of lightning to the dynamic and microphysical processes in thunder- storms. With the development and application of advanced lightning detection and location technologies, lightning meteorology has been developed into an important interdiscipline between atmospheric electricity and meteorology. This paper mainly reviews the advances of lightning meteorology research in recent years in China from the following five aspects： 1） development of advanced lightning location technology, 2） char- acteristics of lightning activity in different convective systems, 3） relationship of lightning to the dynamic and microphysical processes in thunderstorms, 4） charge structure of thunderstorms, and 5） lightning data assimilation techniques and application to severe weather forecasting. In addition, some important aspects on future research of the lightning meteorology are proposed. 相似文献
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中国气象卫星和卫星气象研究的回顾和发展 总被引：14，自引：5，他引：14
气象卫星和卫星气象是大气科学中发展最迅速、成就最显著的一项大气探测技术和新兴的分支学科。目前 ,气象卫星已经成为地球大气探测系统中的主要成员 ,而卫星气象学则正在覆盖地球系统科学中的主要方面。文中从 3个方面综述自 2 0世纪 70年代以来的 30多年时间内 ,中国在这一领域内取得的主要成就 :(1)中国气象卫星的发展历史和现状 ,重点介绍了中国的极轨和地球静止气象卫星的发射、运行状况和主要技术指标及发展史。 (2 )气象卫星遥感原理和方法等方面的主要成果 ,重点评述了大气温湿廓线遥感反演、云特性反演、气溶胶特性反演、降水反演和云迹风生成等 5个方面的主要成果。 (3)气象卫星资料应用研究成果 ,主要包括气象卫星资料在天气分析和预报中的应用、在数值预报中的应用和在气候监测和短期气候预测中的应用。此外还包括同化和气候监测与预测研究的最新成果。 相似文献
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大气遥感作为大气科学中的重要基础与技术支柱,是20世纪60年代以来迅速发展的一门年轻学科.中国大气科学工作者在这方面也紧密结合国家需求与国际学术前沿,从20世纪60年代开始在理论研究,技术发展与实验研究,以及在气象、环境和国防应用等多方面开展了活跃的研究与发展工作.作者主要对中国科学界在大气遥感与卫星气象学发展方面作简要回顾,并着重介绍中国科学院大气物理研究所在大气遥感的基础与方法研究方面的一些进展,以及对大气遥感发展中的作用.主要内容包括:中国大气遥感的简要发展过程、卫星气象的早期发展、卫星红外遥感的基 相似文献
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This article reviews Fuqing ZHANG’s contributions to mesoscale atmospheric science,from research to mentoring to academic service,over his 20-year career.His fundamental scientific contributions on predictability,data assimilation,and dynamics of high impact weather,especially gravity waves and tropical cyclones,are highlighted.His extremely generous efforts to efficiently transmit to the community new scientific knowledge and ideas through mentoring,interacting,workshop organizing,and reviewing are summarized.Special appreciation is given to his tremendous contributions to the development of mesoscale meteorology in China and the education of Chinese graduate students and young scientists. 相似文献
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Jong-Min Yeom Kyung-Soo Han Jae-Jin Kim 《Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences》2012,48(2):115-123
Solar surface insolation (SSI) represents how much solar radiance reaches the Earth??s surface in a specified area and is an important parameter in various fields such as surface energy research, meteorology, and climate change. This study calculates insolation using Multi-functional Transport Satellite (MTSAT-1R) data with a simplified cloud factor over Northeast Asia. For SSI retrieval from the geostationary satellite data, the physical model of Kawamura is modified to improve insolation estimation by considering various atmospheric constituents, such as Rayleigh scattering, water vapor, ozone, aerosols, and clouds. For more accurate atmospheric parameterization, satellite-based atmospheric constituents are used instead of constant values when estimating insolation. Cloud effects are a key problem in insolation estimation because of their complicated optical characteristics and high temporal and spatial variation. The accuracy of insolation data from satellites depends on how well cloud attenuation as a function of geostationary channels and angle can be inferred. This study uses a simplified cloud factor that depends on the reflectance and solar zenith angle. Empirical criteria to select reference data for fitting to the ground station data are applied to suggest simplified cloud factor methods. Insolation estimated using the cloud factor is compared with results of the unmodified physical model and with observations by ground-based pyranometers located in the Korean peninsula. The modified model results show far better agreement with ground truth data compared to estimates using the conventional method under overcast conditions. 相似文献
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气象卫星资料同化的科学问题与前景 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
从数值天气预报资料同化的角度,分析了气象卫星观测与常规气象观测的不同特点形成了卫星资料同化的特殊科学问题.由于各类星载遥感仪器所观测到的是一定波长的电磁辐射,不能像传统的直接观测资料一样被预报模式直接应用.又由于卫星观测对象是整个大气层,而不是特定高度的大气,因此确定卫星观测影响的高度和它的潜在垂直分辨率成为一个关键问题.卫星观测还可能存在着系统性的偏差,这与直接观测的误差互相独立也有很大区别.资料同化通常建立在模式预报(即背景信息)与观测量的比较的基础上,为了实现同化,需要将模式的基本大气变量转换成星载仪器所获得的特定波长的电磁波特征量,或者将观测到的电磁辐射特征量反算成大气的特征量.前者需要引入复杂的观测算子,后者则将复杂的反演过程交给了前处理阶段.这就形成了直接与间接同化卫星资料的两种不同策略,策略的选择取决于同化系统处理复杂观测资料的能力,对同化效果有决定性的影响.逐个分析了目前用于数值预报的5种卫星观测资料,即星载大气垂直探测器资料、大气运动矢量资料、散射仪海面风资料、卫星观测的云与降水信息资料与GPS掩星观测资料的同化的进展与有待解决的主要问题,概述了中国近年在大气垂直探测器等卫星资料同化中的研究进展及其业务应用的效果,并提出了今后需要予以特别关注的研究方向. 相似文献
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利用自主构建的基于风暴尺度的WRF-En SRF系统同化模拟多普勒雷达资料,讨论了微物理方案及其参数的不确定性对同化效果的影响。试验采用组合微物理方案以及扰动微物理方案中的参数的方法,结果表明,模式误差非常小甚至可以忽略时,使用单个微物理方案并扰动参数能够使真实风暴的主要特征在分析场中较未扰动参数得到更好地反映;存在模式误差时,使用单个微物理方案并扰动参数后,分析场中的各要素的分布较未扰动参数更加接近真实风暴,同化效果得到改进,且改进效果比模式误差非常小时更为明显;存在模式误差时,组合微物理方案并扰动参数后,分析场中对流云团的形态较未组合方案或未扰动参数更接近真实风暴,主要要素场的配置最能反映真实风暴的特征,同化效果最为理想。结果也表明,扰动参数时、参数扰动范围较小时,同化效果较优。 相似文献
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辛渝 《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》2021,15(1):133-143
概述了新疆气象局数值天气预报业务同化系统近年围绕资料同化开展的技术开发与针对新疆强降水天气过程所开展的多源资料同化应用试验和评估。确信FY2E云导风、FY4A温湿廓线和云导风、区域雷达资料的同化，以及晴空下高频段的AMSU-A-NOAA-N18、AMSU-A-NOAA-19、METOP-A、ATMS_SNPP资料的同化对业务模式预报均有正贡献。针对在业务中如何提高资料应用率以及当前发现但并未解决的物理不合理性问题，指出了新疆气象局数值预报业务系统维护应有的常态化工作，以及业务技术开发和短临预报系统建设所缺少的其它科技支撑等。提出的以资料同化为支点的科技研发方向，。本综述为对提高发展新疆区域数值模式预报研发和应用适合于本地化的业务同化系统具有一定的参考意义。 相似文献
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2019年以来国家自然科学基金委员会（简称“自然科学基金委”）深入推进新时代科学基金改革,在此背景下地球科学部大气学科率先开展了申请代码调整,助力优化学科资助布局,确定了以“分支学科、支撑技术和发展领域”三大类,共15个二级申请代码为主要架构的学科资助体系,并组织专家对各二级申请代码的下设研究方向和关键词进行系统梳理和调整。应用气象学作为学科二级申请代码之一（D0515）,主要研究方向包括：（1）人工影响天气;（2）农林气象;（3）水文气象;（4）资源气象;（5）交通气象;（6）其他应用气象方向。本文从服务申请人的角度出发,梳理了应用气象学二级申请代码内涵和外延的演变,介绍了应用气象学二级申请代码下的关键词,结合文献检索,分析了这些关键词在国内外科研前沿和基金项目申请书中的使用情况,并梳理了应用气象学二级申请代码的主要申报单位,以及在基金申请过程中关键词使用和科学问题属性选择的相关问题。通过上述梳理与解读,助力基金申请人选择合适的申请代码和关键词,并提升基金申请书的智能辅助指派效率。 相似文献
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GPS遥感区域大气水汽总量研究回顾与展望 总被引：16，自引：3，他引：16
20世纪90年代以来，GPS气象学迅速发展成为一个前沿性、多学科交叉的研究领域，利用GPS技术探测大气水汽含量的研究取得了很大进展，有望在未来大气探测、天气预报和气候变化的研究和业务工作中发挥重要作用。文章论述了利用GPS遥感大气水汽总量的气象学意义，比较了该技术相对于其它探测方法的特点和优势，简介了GPS遥感大气水汽总量的类型以及地基GPS气象学的基本原理，对国内外近10年来在应用地基GPS技术遥感大气水汽总量方面取得的主要成果、应用现状及未来发展趋势做了综合性评述。最后，分析了该技术目前存在的主要问题。 相似文献
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南极和北极是地球上的气候敏感地区, 也是多个国际科学计划研究全球气候变化的关键地区。极地大气科学考察与研究是极地科学研究的重要组成部分。中国气象科学研究院的极地大气科学考察与研究始于20世纪80年代, 25年来有较大进展。中国气象科学研究院参加了我国组织的23次南极考察、2次北冰洋考察和3次北极考察; 承担了南极长城站和中山站、北极黄河站气象业务建设和维持, 以及中-澳合作南极冰盖3个无人自动气象站工作; 进行了常规地面气象、Brewer大气臭氧、近地面物理、冰雪和大气化学等观测, 获得了较为系统的极地大气环境资料。开展了有关极地大气科学与全球变化的研究, 在极地天气气候特征及气候变化时空多样性、极地海冰变化和南极海冰涛动、极地近地面物理特征和海-冰-气相互作用、中山站臭氧变化特征及南极臭氧洞和大气化学、气候代用资料获取和古气候环境以及极地大气环境变化对东亚环流和中国天气气候影响等方面的研究取得了新进展。中国极地大气科学正积极通过多学科交叉、走国际合作道路, 努力提高对极地在全球变化中作用的认识水平, 并积极探索极地变化对我国气候、环境的影响。 相似文献
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The ensemble Kalman filter(En KF) is a distinguished data assimilation method that is widely used and studied in various fields including methodology and oceanography. However, due to the limited sample size or imprecise dynamics model, it is usually easy for the forecast error variance to be underestimated, which further leads to the phenomenon of filter divergence.Additionally, the assimilation results of the initial stage are poor if the initial condition settings differ greatly from the true initial state. To address these problems, the variance inflation procedure is usually adopted. In this paper, we propose a new method based on the constraints of a confidence region constructed by the observations, called En CR, to estimate the inflation parameter of the forecast error variance of the En KF method. In the new method, the state estimate is more robust to both the inaccurate forecast models and initial condition settings. The new method is compared with other adaptive data assimilation methods in the Lorenz-63 and Lorenz-96 models under various model parameter settings. The simulation results show that the new method performs better than the competing methods. 相似文献