共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 343 毫秒
1.
The transport of a passive scalar from a continuous point-source release in an urban street network is studied using direct numerical simulation (DNS). Dispersion through the network is characterized by evaluating horizontal fluxes of scalar within and above the urban canopy and vertical exchange fluxes through the canopy top. The relative magnitude and balance of these fluxes are used to distinguish three different regions relative to the source location: a near-field region, a transition region and a far-field region. The partitioning of each of these fluxes into mean and turbulent parts is computed. It is shown that within the canopy the horizontal turbulent flux in the street network is small, whereas above the canopy it comprises a significant fraction of the total flux. Vertical fluxes through the canopy top are predominantly turbulent. The mean and turbulent fluxes are respectively parametrized in terms of an advection velocity and a detrainment velocity and the parametrization incorporated into a simple box-network model. The model treats the coupled dispersion problem within and above the street network in a unified way and predictions of mean concentrations compare well with the DNS data. This demonstrates the usefulness of the box-network approach for process studies and interpretation of results from more detailed numerical simulations. 相似文献
2.
We discuss the accuracy requirements for measuring mesoscale (roughly horizontal scales > 10 km or 5 to 10 times the planetary
boundary-layer (PBL) depth) fluxes in the convective PBL, and the ability of current research aircraft to achieve this accuracy.
We conclude that aircraft equipped with inertial nagivation systems capable of < 3 km hr−1 navigational accuracy are able to resolve mesoscale fluctuations in velocity, and thus variances and fluxes on the mesoscale.
We then discuss measurements of velocity and scalar spectra, and cospectra of vertical velocity with horizontal velocity components
and scalars, obtained from long flight legs with the National Center for Atmospheric Research Electra aircraft over the boreal
forest of Canada in summer during the BOreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS), over the tropical Pacific Ocean from the
Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA COARE), and over the East China Sea during
wintertime cold-air outbreaks from the Air Mass Transformation Experiment (AMTEX). Each of these studies has somewhat different
forcings and boundary conditions, so we can compare their consequences on the spectra and cospectra. On average, we found
no significant scalar or momentum fluxes for horizontal scales > 10 km. We also develop a simple model based on observed
thermal structure to explain the phase angle between vertical velocity and the along-wind horizontal velocity as a function
of height, which shows good agreement with the observed phase angle in AMTEX.
The National Center for Atmospheric Research is sponsored by the National Science Foundation. 相似文献
3.
The removal of noise and velocity ambiguity and retrieval and verification of horizontal wind
field is a prerequisite to make the best and fullest use of Doppler radar measurements. This approach was
applied to the Doppler radar data collected during August 2005 for a landing typhoon Matsa (0509) in
Yantai, Shangdong Province, and the verified result shows that the quality control for this dataset was
successful. The horizontal wind field was retrieved and then verified by studying the characteristics of the
radar radial velocity and large-scale wind field and the vertical cross section of the radial velocity
determined with the typhoon center as the circle center and comparing it with satellite imagery. The results
show that the meso- and small-scale systems in Matsa and its horizontal and vertical structure could be
clearly retrieved using the dataset collected by single Doppler radar, and a shear or a convergence was
corresponding with a band of severe storm around Matsa. At the same time, the retrieved wind field from
single Doppler radar is proved to be a reliable and high-resolution dataset in analyzing the inner
meso-scale structure of Matsa. It is also proved that the method for removing the velocity ambiguity could
be an effective approach for preliminary quality control of the Doppler radar data, and the VAP method
could also be a reasonable solution for the analysis of mesoscale wind field. 相似文献
4.
Li Fitzmaurice Roger H. Shaw Kyaw Tha Paw U Edward G. Patton 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2004,112(1):107-127
Large-eddy simulation is used to reproduce neutrallystratified airflow inside and immediately above a vegetation canopy. A passive scalaris released from the canopy and the evolution of scalar concentration above the canopyis studied. The most significant characteristic of the scalar concentration is the repeatedformation and dissipation of scalar microfronts, a phenomenon that has been observedin nature. These scalar microfronts consist of downstream-tilted regions of highscalar concentration gradients. Computer visualization tools and a conditional samplingand compositing technique are utilized to analyze these microfronts. Peaks in positivepressure perturbation exceeding an experimental threshold are found to be effectiveindicators of scalar microfronts. Convergence of the streamwise velocity componentand divergence of the cross-stream velocity component are observed in the immediatevicinity of scalar microfronts, which helps explain their relatively longlifetimes. Many of these three-dimensional features have been observedin previous field studies of canopy flow. 相似文献
5.
消除噪音和速度模糊、进行水平风场的反演并检验是正确使用和充分利用多普勒雷达探测资料的前提.对2005年8月山东烟台多普勒雷达探测到的0509号台风"麦莎"的存在速度模糊的径向速度资料首先进行噪音和速度模糊消除处理,检验结果表明对资料的退模糊处理是成功的;其次进行了水平风场的反演,并对反演的风场从雷达径向速度的特征、大尺度环境风场特征、与卫星云图云带的对比和以台风中心为圆心计算的径向风垂直剖面特征等方面进行检验.结果表明,利用单多普勒雷达探测资料得到的水平风场能够清晰地给出登陆热带气旋内部存在的中小尺度系统,及其水平和垂直结构,并表明与台风外围雨带强降水区域相对应的是明显的中尺度水平风场的切变与辐合区.反演风场也可以为进一步利用单多普勒雷达探测资料分析和研究登陆台风内部的中尺度结构提供高分辨率的可靠的分析资料.同时证明,使用的退速度模糊方法能够有效地应用于较完整资料的速度模糊的自动消除,以及VAP方法对于中小尺度风场分析的实用性. 相似文献
6.
详细介绍了改善EVAD技术中测量水平散度的方法，用Sirmans建议的技术来模拟降水回波信号，通过此方法对模拟的含有0, 1, 2, 3阶谐波的非线性风场加噪声, 得到近于真实的多普勒速度场，并用此速度场得到的水平散度和以前的EVAD算法（Srivastava算法和Thomas算法）的水平散度相比较，结果表明:无论在非全方位不均匀采样、非全方位均匀采样、不同信噪比、不同速度谱宽条件下，文章建议的EVAD方法求得的水平散度精度有明显的提高。 相似文献
7.
When modelling the turbulent dispersion of a passive tracer using Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) simulations, two
different approaches can be used. The first consists of solving a transport equation for a scalar, where the governing parameters
are the mean velocity field and the turbulent diffusion coefficient, given by the ratio of the turbulent viscosity and the
turbulent Schmidt number Sc
t
. The second approach uses a Lagrangian particle tracking algorithm, where the governing parameters are the mean velocity
and the fluctuating velocity field, which is determined from the turbulence kinetic energy and the Lagrangian time T
L
. A comparison between the two approaches and wind-tunnel data for the dispersion in the wake of a rectangular building immersed
in a neutral atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) is presented. Particular attention was paid to the influence of turbulence model
parameters on the flow and concentration field. In addition, an approach to estimate Sc
t
and T
L
based on the calculated flow field is proposed. The results show that applying modified turbulence model constants to enable
correct modelling of the ABL improves the prediction for the velocity and concentration fields when the modification is restricted
to the region for which it was derived. The difference between simulated and measured concentrations is smaller than 25% or
the uncertainty of the data on 76% of the points when solving the transport equation for a scalar with the proposed formulation
for Sc
t
, and on 69% of the points when using the Lagrangian particle tracking with the proposed formulation for T
L
. 相似文献
8.
Abstract The eddy flux of a conservative scalar in a time‐dependent rotary velocity field may have a component that is normal to the scalar gradient. This component is the “skew flux”, which consists of the scalar transport by the Stokes velocity and a part that is always non‐divergent (and hence does not affect scalar evolution). Since tidal velocity fields usually have rotary features, tidal‐band eddy scalar fluxes may include a skew component that can be useful in indicating the occurrence of non‐linear current interactions. The skew temperature flux associated with the semidiurnal tide in a continental shelf region is demonstrated using simple models, and moored current and temperature observations from Georges Bank. The observed fluxes on the Bank are largely directed along isobaths, with apparent contributions from the topographic rectification of the barotropic tidal current over the Bank's side and from the rotary tidal ellipses in a frontal region. Simple models indicate that the weaker cross‐isobath fluxes can arise through the influence of frictionally induced vertical structure on topographic tidal rectification, a baroclinic tidal current interaction, or the interaction of baroclinic and barotropic tidal currents. In some cases, the simple models show qualitative agreement with the observed fluxes and currents but, in general, more realistic models and better estimates of the background mean temperature field are required to obtain quantitative estimates of the relative importance of these interactions and other processes. Nevertheless, the observations and models suggest that non‐linear interactions involving both barotropic and baroclinic tidal currents are occurring on Georges Bank. 相似文献
9.
RETRIEVAL OF HORIZONTAL WIND PERTURBATION FIELDS FROM SIMULATED SINGLE DOPPLER RADAR OBSERVATIONS 
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下载免费PDF全文 The application of the single Doppler radar dataset analysis is usually confined to the assumption that the actualwind is linearly distributed or uniform locally.Following some dynamic features of convective weather,a conceptualmodel of moderate complexity is constructed,wherewith a horizontal wind perturbation field is retrieved directly fromthe single Doppler radar measurements.The numerical experiments are based on a 3-D cloud model-generatedconvective cell,whose radial velocity component is taken as the radar observations that are put into the closed equationsbased on the conceptual model to retrieve the horizontal wind perturbation field.After the initial field is properlytreated,the retrieval equation is solved in terms of the 2-D FFT technique and the sensitivity to noise is examined.Finally,contrast analysis is done of the retrieved and the cloud model output wind fields,indicating the usefulness of theapproach proposed in this paper. 相似文献
10.
RETRIEVAL OF HORIZONTAL WIND PERTURBATION FIELDS FROM SIMULATED SINGLE DOPPLER RADAR OBSERVATIONS* 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 The application of the single Doppler radar dataset analysis is usually confined to the assumption that the actual wind is linearly distributed or uniform locally.Following some dynamic features of convective weather,a conceptual model of moderate complexity is constructed,wherewith a horizontal wind perturbation field is retrieved directly from the single Doppler radar measurements.The numerical experiments are based on a 3-D cloud model-generated convective cell,whose radial velocity component is taken as the radar observations that are put into the closed equations based on the conceptual model to retrieve the horizontal wind perturbation field.After the initial field is properly treated,the retrieval equation is solved in terms of the 2-D FFT technique and the sensitivity to noise is examined.Finally,contrast analysis is done of the retrieved and the cloud model output wind fields,indicating the usefulness of the approach proposed in this paper. 相似文献
11.
Ido Seginer 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1972,3(1):87-97
Several attempts have been made to calculate the drag coefficient of a windbreak from the known flow field around it. Here the complete horizontal-momentum balance equation, rather than parts of it, is used to calculate the drag from Nägeli's field data. The vertical velocity, the horizontal shearing stress and the static pressure are all estimated from the horizontal velocity field.The results show the horizontal and vertical advection of horizontal momentum to be the largest components of the balance. The shear stress and static pressure are of lesser magnitude, but are not negligible. The results also show previous methods to be inadequate and suggest that direct wind-load measurement should be preferred whenever possible. 相似文献
12.
流函数和速度势是表示风场的一种变量, 在数值天气预报模式和分析、同化方案中经常使用, 通常可以用风速分量场求解Poisson方程得到。对于有限区域系统, 往往采用差分方法, 但由于存在边界问题, 用计算所得到的流函数和速度势场重建风速场, 在边界附近经常出现明显的偏差。基于差分方法、利用有限区域风速场求解流函数和速度势场的基本方法和特点的分析, 在Arakawa A网格分布的有限区域, 设计了一种用差分方法求解流函数和速度势场的有效方案。在该有效方案中, 通过将有限区域向外扩展二圈, 风速场线性外推, 改进计算边界风速值和边界定解条件的效果; 尽可能使用协调、一致的差分格式, 提高求解精度; 最后利用一种增量订正迭代方法, 迭代2~3次就可以获得令人满意的结果。实例试验的对比、检验显示, 用该方案计算求得的流函数和速度势场重建风速场, 具有非常高的精度。 相似文献
13.
从数学上分析了Doppler速度（径向速度分量）和水平风场之间的基本关系，利用模拟的Doppler图像讨论了切变线、涡旋和低空急流等各种典型中尺度系统的Doppler速度图像的主要特征。所得结果在短时预报中可用于对实时观测到的Doppler图像作定性解释。 相似文献
14.
Large-Eddy Simulation of Coherent Turbulence Structures Associated with Scalar Ramps Over Plant Canopies 总被引：1，自引：9，他引：1
Tsutomu Watanabe 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2004,112(2):307-341
Large-eddy simulations were performed of a neutrally-stratified turbulent flow within and above an ideal, horizontally- and vertically-homogeneous plant canopy. Three simulations were performed for shear-driven flows in small and large computational domains, and a pressure-driven flow in a small domain, to enable the nature of canopy turbulence unaffected by external conditions to be captured. The simulations reproduced quite realistic canopy turbulence characteristics, including typical ramp structures appearing in time traces of the scalar concentration near the canopy top. Then, the spatial structure of the organised turbulence that caused the scalar ramps was examined using conditional sampling of three-dimensional instantaneous fields, triggered by the occurrence of ramp structures. A wavelet transform was used for the detection of ramp structures in the time traces. The ensemble-averaged results illustrate that the scalar ramps are associated with the microfrontal structure in the scalar, the ejection-sweep structure in the streamwise and vertical velocities, a laterally divergent flow just around the ramp-detection point, and a positive, vertically-coherent pressure perturbation. These vertical structures were consistent with previous measurements made in fields or wind tunnels. However, the most striking feature is that the horizontal slice of the same structure revealed a streamwise-elongated region of high-speed streamwise velocity impacting on another elongated region of low-speed velocity. These elongated structures resemble the so-called streak structures that are commonly observed in near-wall shear layers. Since elongated structures of essentially similar spatial scales were observed in all of the runs, these streak structures appear to be inherent in near-canopy turbulence. Presumably, strong wind shear formed just above the canopy is involved in their formation. By synthesis of the ensemble-averaged and instantaneous results, the following processes were inferred for the development of scalar microfronts and their associated flow structures: (1) a distinct scalar microfront develops where a coherent downdraft associated with a high-speed streak penetrates into the region of a low-speed streak; (2) a stagnation in flow between two streaks of different velocities builds up a vertically-coherent high-pressure region there; (3) the pressure gradients around the high-pressure region work to reduce the longitudinal variations in streamwise velocity and to enhance the laterally-divergent flow and lifted updrafts downstream of the microfront; (4) as the coherent mother downdraft impinges on the canopy, canopy-scale eddies are formed near the canopy top in a similar manner as observed in conventional mixing-layer turbulence. 相似文献
15.
Two-point, one-dimensional coherence in horizontally homogeneous atmospheric turbulence is studied, both by experiment and analysis. Measurements are carried out using horizontally spaced sensors with the separation perpendicular to the mean velocity. Two-dimensional spectral models and three-dimensional inertial-range spectral tensors are used in the coherence calculations. The one-dimensional coherence for both velocity and scalar fluctuations is found to roll off at a wavenumber much smaller than we would expect from the classical notion of eddy correlation. This is a consequence of the cancellation of Fourier components aliased from the direction of the sensor separation into the streamwise direction. However, the coherence for the three velocity components behaves somewhat differently, reflecting the relative orientations of the velocity component, sensor separation and the mean velocity. These features are well predicted by the calculation. The analysis is also extended to calculate the two-point scalar-vertical velocity cospectrum and the results are in good agreement with our experimental data. The ratio of two- to one-point cospectra decreases at slightly larger wavenumber than the two-point scalar coherence does. 相似文献
16.
An Analytical Model for the Two-Scalar Covariance Budget Inside a Uniform Dense Canopy 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Gabriel G. Katul Daniela Cava Samuli Launiainen Timo Vesala 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2009,131(2):173-192
The two-scalar covariance budget is significant within the canopy sublayer (CSL) given its role in modelling scalar flux budgets using higher-order closure principles and in estimating the segregation ratio for chemically reactive species. Despite its importance, an explicit expression describing how the two-scalar covariance is modified by inhomogeneity in the flow statistics and in the vertical variation in scalar emission or uptake rates within the canopy volume remains elusive even for passive scalars. To progress on a narrower version of this problem, an analytical solution to the two-scalar covariance budget in the CSL is proposed for the most idealized flow conditions: a stationary and planar homogeneous flow inside a uniform and dense canopy with a constant leaf area density distribution. The foliage emission (or uptake) source strengths are assumed to vary exponentially with depth while the forest floor emission is represented as a scalar flux. The analytical solution is a superposition of a homogeneous part that describes how the two-scalar covariance at the canopy top is transported and dissipated within the canopy volume, and an inhomogeneous part governed by local production mechanisms of the two-scalar covariance. The homogeneous part is primarily described by the canopy adjustment length scale, and the attenuation coefficients of the turbulent kinetic energy and the mean velocity. Conditions for which the vertical variation of the two-scalar covariance is controlled by the rapid attenuation in the mean velocity and turbulent kinetic energy profiles, vis-à-vis the vertical variation of the scalar source strength, are explicitly established. This model also demonstrates how dissimilarity in the emissions from the ground, even for the extreme binary case with one scalar turned ‘on’ and the other scalar turned ‘off’, modifies the vertical variation of the two-scalar covariance within the CSL. To assess its applicability to field conditions, the analytical model predictions were compared with observations made at two different forest types—a sparse pine forest at the Hyytiälä SMEAR II-station (in Finland) and a dense alpine hardwood forest at Lavarone (in Italy). While the model assumptions do not represent the precise canopy morphology, attenuation properties of the turbulent kinetic energy and the mean velocity, observed mixing length, and scalar source attenuation properties for these two forest types, good agreement was found between measured and modelled two scalar covariances for multiple scalars and for the triple moments at the Hyytiälä site. 相似文献
17.
Correction Of Eddy-Covariance Measurements Incorporating Both Advective Effects And Density Fluxes 总被引：41，自引：17，他引：24
Kyaw Tha Paw U Dennis D. Baldocchi Tilden P. Meyers Kell B. Wilson 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2000,97(3):487-511
Equations are presented to correct eddy-covariancemeasurements for both fluctuations in density andnon-zero mean advection, induced by convergence ordivergence of flow, and spatial source/sinkinhomogeneity, under steady-state and transientconditions. This correction collapses to theWebb–Pearman–Leuning expression ifthe mean vertical velocity is zero, and formally addsthe Webb–Pearman–Leuning expression to the correctionssuggested by Lee for conditions ofnon-zero vertical velocity and source/sink and meanscalar horizontal homogeneity. The equation requiresmeasurement of the mean vertical gradients of thescalar concentration of interest (air temperature,humidity, CO2) as well as an accurateestimation of the mean vertical velocity, in additionto the vertical eddy covariance of the scalar. Simplemethods for the approximation of sensor tilt andcomplex terrain flow angle are presented, to allowestimation of non-zero mean vertical velocities. Theequations are applied to data from a maize crop and aforest to give examples of when the correction issignificant. In addition, a term for thethermodynamic expansion energy associated with watervapour flux is derived, which implies that the sonictemperature derived sensible heat flux will accuratelyinclude this contribution. 相似文献
18.
The problem of boundary conditions for the variances and covariances of scalar quantities (e.g., temperature and humidity) at the underlying surface is considered. If the surface is treated as horizontally homogeneous, Monin–Obukhov similarity suggests the Neumann boundary conditions that set the surface fluxes of scalar variances and covariances to zero. Over heterogeneous surfaces, these boundary conditions are not a viable choice since the spatial variability of various surface and soil characteristics, such as the ground fluxes of heat and moisture and the surface radiation balance, is not accounted for. Boundary conditions are developed that are consistent with the tile approach used to compute scalar (and momentum) fluxes over heterogeneous surfaces. To this end, the third-order transport terms (fluxes of variances) are examined analytically using a triple decomposition of fluctuating velocity and scalars into the grid-box mean, the fluctuation of tile-mean quantity about the grid-box mean, and the sub-tile fluctuation. The effect of the proposed boundary conditions on mixing in an archetypical stably-stratified boundary layer is illustrated with a single-column numerical experiment. The proposed boundary conditions should be applied in atmospheric models that utilize turbulence parametrization schemes with transport equations for scalar variances and covariances including the third-order turbulent transport (diffusion) terms. 相似文献
19.
In this paper,a scheme of dual-Doppler radar wind analysis based on a three-dimensional variational method is proposed and performed in two steps.First,the horizontal wind field is simultaneously recovered through minimizing a cost function defined as a radial observation term with the standard conjugate gradient method,avoiding a weighting parameter specification step.Compared with conventional dual-Doppler wind synthesis approaches,this variational method minimizes errors caused by interpolation from radar observation to analysis grid in the iterative solution process,which is one of the main sources of errors.Then,through the accelerated Liebmann method,the vertical velocity is further reestimated as an extra step by solving the Poisson equation with impermeable conditions imposed at the ground and near the tropopause.The Poisson equation defined by the second derivative of the vertical velocity is derived from the mass continuity equation.Compared with the method proposed by O’Brien,this method is less sensitive to the uncertainty of the boundary conditions and has better stability and reliability.Furthermore,the method proposed in this paper is applied to Doppler radar observation of a squall line process.It is shown that the retrieved vertical wind profile agrees well with the vertical profile obtained with the velocity–azimuth display(VAD)method,and the retrieved radial velocity as well as the analyzed positive and negative velocity centers and horizontal wind shear of the squall line are in accord with radar observations.There is a good correspondence between the divergence field of the derived wind field and the vertical velocity.And,the horizontal and vertical circulations within and around the squall line,as well as strong updrafts,the associated downdrafts,and associated rear inflow of the bow echo,are analyzed well.It is worth mentioning that the variational method in this paper can be applied to simultaneously synthesize the three-dimensional wind field from multiple-Doppler radar observations. 相似文献
20.
多普勒天气雷达速度图像在近海台风移动路径预报中的应用 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
在Rankine涡旋运动模式基础上模拟台风的水平风场结构,给出了准环境风的定义,研究了受准环境风影响台风的多普勒速度的重要特征,即根据台风正负极值中心的不对称程度和零速度线和台风中心的相对位置来估计一定高度的准环境风的风向风速,同时结合对近年来影响广东的几个近海台风的多普勒天气雷达径向速度场资料进行分析研究,证明准环境风的分析判断对近海台风的移动路径预报有很好的实际指示意义,可为今后近海台风的路径预报特别是转向台风的路径预报提供重要参考。 相似文献