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1.
Hydrochemical and hydrological processes in the different landscape zones of alpine cold region in China 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Yong-gang Yang Hong-lang Xiao Song-bing Zou Liang-ju Zhao Mao-xian Zhou Lan-gong Hou Fang Wang 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2012,65(3):609-620
Investigation of water sources and flow pathways is crucial to understand and evaluate the characteristics of surface water
and groundwater systems. This article aims to identify the hydrochemical and hydrological processes in different landscape
zones based on hydrochemical analyses of various samples, including samples from glacier, snow, frozen soil meltwater, surface
water, groundwater, and precipitation, in the alpine cold region of China. Hydrochemical tracers indicated that chemical compositions
are characterized by the Ca-HCO3 type in the glacier-snow zone; the Mg-Ca-SO4 type in the alpine cold desert zone; the Ca-HCO3-SO4 type in the marsh meadow zone; the Ca-Mg-HCO3 type in the alpine shrub zone; and the Ca-Na-SO4 type in the mountain grassland zone. An end-member mixing model was used for hydrograph separation. The results showed that
the Mafengou River in the wet season was recharged by groundwater in the alpine cold desert and alpine shrub zones (67%),
surface runoff in the glacier-snow zone (11%), surface runoff in the alpine cold desert zone (8%), thawed water from frozen
soil in the marsh meadow and mountain grassland zones (9%), and direct precipitation on the river channel (5%). This study
suggests that precipitation from the whole catchment yielded little direct surface runoff; precipitation was mostly transformed
into groundwater or interflow and was then concentrated into the river channel. This study provides a scientific basis for
evaluation and management of water resources in the basin. 相似文献
2.
基于模块化建模方法的寒区水文过程模拟——在中国西北寒区的应用 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
中国西北高山、 高原广泛分布着冻土和积雪, 春季融雪和冻土融化是该地区重要的水文过程.基于模块化的寒区水文建模环境CRHM, 根据流域水文过程特征和观测数据约束, 选取描述不同寒区子水文过程的模块构建寒区水文模型, 并基于长期观测的两个典型寒区小流域来验证模块化的寒区水文模型.在冰沟流域, 主要模拟雪的积累/消融、 雪的升华、 融雪下渗和融雪径流过程. 结果显示: 冰沟流域积雪升华占降雪量(145.5 cm)的48%, 其中风吹雪引起的升华损失量(35 cm)占积雪升华(69 cm)的一半, 风速和辐射引起的积雪升华是该地区积雪物质平衡的重要组成; 构建的寒区水文模型可以再现春季积雪消融引起的径流过程.在左冒孔冻土流域, 主要模拟冻土下渗过程、 冻土坡面产流过程和土壤冻融对径流的影响. 结果显示: 构建的寒区水文模型可以捕捉到春季主要的冻土融化径流过程.两个流域的验证结果揭示: 模块化的建模方法在搭建模型结构的时候减少了模型的不确定性, 所以在未经率定的情况下, 具有在无资料和资料缺少地区模拟寒区水文要素和水文过程的能力. 相似文献
3.
青藏高原土壤冻结始日和终日的年际变化 总被引：18，自引：9，他引：9
利用青藏高原1981-1999年青海和西藏58个气象站观测的土壤冻结上、下限记录,分析了冻结始日、冻结终日的空间分布和年际变化特征.结果表明:最早、最晚和平均冻结始日的分布基本一致,都是由北向南逐渐推迟的;最早、最晚和平均冻结终日的空间分布也比较一致,呈现南北早、中部晚的特点.在20世纪80年代高原土壤冻结多偏早,解冻多偏晚,冻结日数偏多;而90年代正好相反,冻结多偏晚,解冻多偏早,冻结日数偏少;冻结始日有明显的3～4a周期变化,冻结终日有明显的准7a周期变化;1981年、1982年为冻结早、解冻晚年,1983年、1990年为冻结晚、解冻晚年,1993年、1999年为冻结晚、解冻早年. 相似文献
4.
为探明赤水林区旱季地表径流补给来源组成以及雾水对该地区的水量贡献,于2014年12月对区域内水量大、易进入的3条瀑布径流进行了采样,样品包括雾水、泉水和溪水。通过对水样进行D、18O同位素分析,并与遵义的降水同位素数据对比,发现赤水林区旱季雾水的D、18O明显比降水富集;泉水和溪水具有相似的氢氧同位素组成,都落在11月与12月的降水同位素之间,且都分布于遵义地区降水线附近。赤水林区旱季地表径流主要受地下水补给,地下水是前期间断性的降水与持续不断的雾水的混合。雾水间接补给地表径流,是旱季地表径流重要的水量来源。在四洞沟、十丈洞和燕子岩这几个区域的平均补给量达到了24.1%(D同位素的计算结果),18O同位素的计算结果为20.0%。 相似文献
5.
黑河源区高山草甸的冻土及水文过程初步研究 总被引：10，自引：2，他引：8
介绍了黑河源区野牛沟流域在试验点尺度和山坡尺度上所开展的冻土水文过程初步结果.冻土水文观测场建于最大冻结深度约为3.0 m的季节冻土区,近50 a来,该区降水量变化不大,器测蒸发量(Φ20)和风速呈明显的降低趋势,而气温和地表温度则分别上升约1.0℃和1.7℃.研究区季节冻土冻结上限和下限深度均与地表温度呈二次多项式关系,这表明地表温度与冻结或融化区地温变化之间有一个滞后过程.在地表融化季节,季节冻土存在两层现象.当融化深度接近最大冻结深度时,存在向上和向下的双向融化现象,但自下而上融化速率较慢.2005年9月-2006年9月,具有较高代表性的3个山坡径流场均没有观测到产流量,结合蒸散发观测和野外调查,发现夏季高山草甸具有明显的地表径流拦蓄和水源涵养作用.COUP模型能够较好的连续演算试验场生长季节高山草甸-季节冻土-大气-维水热传输和耦合过程,但因其土壤完全冻结临界温度阀值设置偏高,影响了非生长季节的计算精度. 相似文献
6.
马粪沟流域不同景观带水文过程 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
目前高寒水源区完整水文过程规律研究还非常薄弱。应用同位素技术与水化学分析模拟方法来甄别高寒区马粪沟流域不同景观带冰川、积雪、冻土、地表水、地下水和降雨等水体对出山径流的贡献组合与路径,旨在揭示各景观带的水文过程。据端元混合模型计算,在湿季出山径流52%来自地下水补给,其地下水主要是由冻土融水、冰雪融水和降雨下渗转化形成;冰雪带融水占11%;高山寒漠带和灌丛带地表径流占20%;高山草原带约占9%;降雨直接补给占8%。整个流域降雨很少直接产生地表径流,而是在各个景观带转化成壤中流或地下径流,然后汇入河道。 相似文献
7.
Evolution of the freeze-thaw cycles in the source region of the Yellow River under the influence of climate change and its hydrological effects 
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下载免费PDF全文 As an important water source and ecological barrier in the Yellow River Basin, the source region of the Yellow River (above the Huangheyan Hydrologic Station) presents a remarkable permafrost degradation trend due to climate change. Therefore, scientific understanding the effects of permafrost degradation on runoff variations is of great significance for the water resource and ecological protection in the Yellow River Basin. In this paper, we studied the mechanism and extent of the effect of degrading permafrost on surface flow in the source region of the Yellow River based on the monitoring data of temperature and moisture content of permafrost in 2013–2019 and the runoff data in 1960–2019. The following results have been found. From 2013 to 2019, the geotemperature of the monitoring sections at depths of 0–2.4 m increased by 0.16°C/a on average. With an increase in the thawing depth of the permafrost, the underground water storage space also increased, and the depth of water level above the frozen layer at the monitoring points decreased from above 1.2 m to 1.2–2 m. 64.7% of the average multiyear groundwater was recharged by runoff, in which meltwater from the permafrost accounted for 10.3%. Compared to 1960-1965, the runoff depth in the surface thawing period (from May to October) and the freezing period (from November to April) decreased by 1.5 mm and 1.2 mm, respectively during 1992–1997, accounting for 4.2% and 3.4% of the average annual runoff depth, respectively. Most specifically, the decrease in the runoff depth was primarily reflected in the decreased runoff from August to December. The permafrost degradation affects the runoff within a year by changing the runoff generation, concentration characteristics and the melt water quantity from permafrost, decreasing the runoff at the later stage of the permafrost thawing. However, the permafrost degradation has limited impacts on annual runoff and does not dominate the runoff changes in the source region of the Yellow River in the longterm. 相似文献
8.
2004年3月至2005年7月对古尔班通古特沙漠南部典型半固定沙垄土壤水分进行了系统监测,结合气象资料,特别是对冬季积雪和冻土资料的分析,认为该沙漠沙丘土壤水分时空变化规律在很大程度上受积雪融化和季节性冻土的影响.由于冬季稳定存在20~30 cm的积雪于春季融化,使得春季沙丘土壤含水率成为全年最高的季节,从而为早春植物的萌发生长创造了有利的条件.冬季1 m多深的冻土于早春时节由表及里开始消融,沙丘表面融化的雪水在坡面重力作用下,沿难以透水的冻土层上界自坡上向坡下发生迁移,在春夏季形成了垄间最高、坡部次之和垄顶最少的土壤水分空间格局.该研究具有生态学意义,可为古尔班通古特沙漠特殊环境条件下植被恢复与重建提供依据. 相似文献
9.
Hydrologic and geochemical influences on the dissolved silica concentration in natural water in a steep headwater catchment 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The dissolved silica concentrations in groundwater, springwater, and streamwater were measured on an unchanneled hillslope in the Tanakami Mountains of central Japan. The effects of preferential flowpaths, including lateral and vertical flow in the soil layer and flow through bedrock fractures, on the variation in the dissolved silica concentrations in runoff and groundwater were examined, as were the effects of the mixing of water from geochemically diverse water sources on the dissolved silica concentrations. The mean dissolved silica concentrations in water sampled from 40 cm below the soil surface and in transiently formed groundwater above the soil-bedrock interface during rainfall events were relatively constant, independent of the variation in the mixing ratio of pre-event water and incoming throughfall. These waters were mostly supplied by the vertical infiltration of water in soil. The mean dissolved silica concentrations were similar, regardless of sampling depth, although the mean residence time of the water increased with depth. These results indicated that the dissolved silica concentrations in soil water and transient groundwater were independent of contact time between the water and minerals. The mean dissolved silica concentration in perennially saturated groundwater above the soil-bedrock interface, which was recharged by water infiltrating through soil, and water emerging from bedrock in an area near the spring was more than twice that of transient groundwater, and the variation was relatively large. The mean dissolved silica concentration increased significantly downslope, from perennial groundwater to spring from soil matrix to stream, and the spring and stream concentrations also showed large variations. The dissolved silica concentration was highest in the spring from a bedrock fracture and was relatively constant. The mixing of water from two geochemically diverse water sources, soil and bedrock, controlled the dissolved silica concentrations of the perennial groundwater, the spring from soil matrix, and the stream. Our results demonstrated that in most areas of this headwater catchment, the preferential flowpaths have only a small effect on the dissolved silica concentrations. In a small area, which was < 2% of the total catchment area near the spring, the dissolved silica concentration was controlled by the mixing of water from geochemically diverse water sources. 相似文献
10.
祁连山区黑河流域季节冻土时空变化研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
季节冻土的时空变化对地—气水热交换、地表能量平衡、地表水文过程、生态系统及碳循环等有着非常重要的影响.利用黑河流域11个气象站40多年的气温数据和5 cm深度处的土壤温度数据,建立了月平均气温与土壤冻结天数之间的关系.同时应用月平均气温与冻结天数的相关关系和5 km网格化月平均气温及30 m分辨率的DEM数据,编制了黑河流域逐月季节冻土分布图,并按其空间分布特征,将逐月地表冻融状态划分为:完全冻结、不完全冻结和不冻结3种.系统研究了黑河流域2000-2009年逐月季节冻土分布及冻结概率的时空变化特征.在季节分配上,黑河流域完全冻结面积最大值出现在1月;不完全冻结面积最大值在11月;而不冻结面积最大值在6月和7月.在年际变化上,完全冻结状态的离差值在冷季变化大,暖季变化小;不完全冻结状态在一年的回暖期和降温初期,年际变化较大;不冻结状态分别在4月和10月变化较大.冻结概率在1月达到最大值,6月和7月降低到最小值.在空间分布上,黑河流域季节冻土的逐月分布与变化和冻结概率主要受海拔高度控制,纬度的影响次之. 相似文献