共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
The mixing agents and their role in the dynamics of a shallow fjord are elucidated through an Eulerian implementation of artificial tracers in a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model. The time scales of vertical mixing in this shallow estuary are short, and the artificial tracers are utilized in order to reveal information not detectable in the temperature or salinity fields. The fjord's response to external forcing is investigated through a series of model experiments in which we quantify vertical mixing, transport time scales of fresh water runoff and estuarine circulation in relation to external forcing.Using age tracers released at surface and bottom, we quantify the time scales of downward mixing of surface water and upward mixing of bottom water. Wind is shown to be the major agent for vertical mixing at nearly all depth levels in the fjord, whereas the tide or external sea level forcing is a minor agent and only occasionally more important just close to the bottom. The time scale of vertical mixing of surface water to the bottom or ventilation time scale of bottom water is estimated to be in the range 0.7 h to 9.0 days, with an average age of 2.7 days for the year 2004.The fjord receives fresh water from two streams entering the innermost part of the fjord, and the distribution and age of this water are studied using both ageing and conservative tracers. The salinity variations outside this fjord are large, and in contrast to the salinity, the artificial tracers provide a straight forward analysis of river water content. The ageing tracer is used to estimate transport time scales of river water (i.e. the time elapsed since the water left the river mouth). In May 2004, the typical age of river water leaving the fjord mouth is 5 days. As the major vertical mixing agent is wind, it controls the estuarine circulation and export of river water. When the wind stress is set to zero, the vertical mixing is reduced and the vertical salinity stratification is increased, and the river water can be effectively exported out of the fjord.We also analyse the river tracer fields and salinity field in relation to along estuary winds in order to detect signs of wind-induced straining of the along estuary density gradient. We find that events of down estuary winds are primarily associated with a reduced along estuary salinity gradient due to increased surface salinity in the innermost part of the fjord, and with an overall decrease in vertical stratification and river water content at the surface. Thus, our results show no apparent signs of wind-induced straining in this shallow fjord but instead they indicate increased levels of vertical mixing or upwelling during down estuary wind events. 相似文献
2.
河口区域冲淡水锋面及物质输运会对台风产生快速而复杂的响应,并产生显著的生态效应及沉积过程,且不同类型的台风会对水动力及物质输运产生不同影响。本文以长江河口为研究区域,利用盐度锋面附近的浮标站点观测数据,发现在登陆型超强台风“利奇马”的影响下,旋转流特征消失,站点全水深出现持续近两天的北向流;而在转向型强台风“巴威”的影响下,出现持续约三天的全水深南向流。应用覆盖长江口及邻近海域的有限体积海洋模型（FVCOM）对两次台风过程进行模拟,实验对比台风过境前后流场、盐度场并且计算淡水通量,发现台风过境时通过破坏夏季典型的向海扩张的表层平流型羽流结构,从而促进盐度垂向混合,导致大量淡水堆积在靠岸一侧,加强了沿岸的淡水输运,进而形成底部捕获型羽流。对于登陆型台风“利奇马”的影响,淡水输运主要沿苏北海岸向北,而在转向型台风“巴威”偏北风的影响下,淡水则显著沿岸向浙闽海域流动。这两种台风过后,表层淡水开始向海扩展,垂向盐度分层再一次呈现,在2～3天内完全恢复为表层平流型羽流结构。 相似文献
3.
We analyze four-dimensional structures of upwelling and Pearl River plume in the northern South China Sea (NSCS) during the summer of 2008 based on data assimilation. An Ensemble Kalman Smoother scheme is employed in the Princeton Ocean Model. It is found that the Pearl River plume axis extended eastward along with the surface current and swerved offshore twice near (116°E, 22.6°N) and (117.5°E, 22.8°N) before reaching the Taiwan Strait. The vertical transect of salinity along the plume axis indicates that the Pearl River freshwater could affect salinity distribution down to a depth of 10–20 m. Anomalously warm water is found in the upper layer, which could be attributed to the intensified stratification and suppressed vertical mixing caused by the freshwater of the plume capping the upwelling west of 116°E. The varying winds from upwelling favorable to downwelling favorable could induce a low-salinity water lens at the center of the model domain. Upwelling in the NSCS initially occurred at 114.5°E, to the east of the Pearl River Estuary, intensified eastward, and reached its maximum near Shantou (116.7°E, 23.2°N). Since current-induced upwelling appeared mainly in Shantou due to the widened shelf, it is found that even if the wind-induced upwelling was shut down in Shanwei by downwelling favorable wind on July 4, the upwelling still existed in Shantou. Moreover, because the direction of large-scale current was in favor of upwelling in the NSCS that cannot be reversed by varying local winds over a short time period, the upwelling shutdown time is longer for both wind-induced and current-induced upwelling in Shantou than for mainly wind-induced upwelling in Shanwei. The steeper slope in Shanwei also shortens the upwelling shutdown time there. 相似文献
4.
Advection, straining, and vertical mixing play primary roles in the process of estuarine stratification. Estuaries can be classified as salt-wedge, partially-mixed or well-mixed depending on the vertical density structure determined by the balancing of advection, mixing and straining. In particular, straining plays a major role in the stratification of the estuarine water body along the estuarine channel. Also, the behavior of a salt wedge with a halocline shape in a stratified channel can be controlled by the competition between straining and mixing induced by buoyancy from the riverine source and tidal forcing. The present study uses Finite Volume Coastal Ocean Model (FVCOM) to show that straining and vertical mixing play major roles in controlling along-channel flow and stratification structures in the Seomjin river estuary (SRE) under idealized conditions. The Potential Energy Anomaly (PEA) dynamic equation quantifies the governing processes thereby enabling the determination of the stratification type. By comparing terms in the equation, we examined how the relative strengths of straining and mixing alter the stratification types in the SRE due to changes in river discharge and the depth resulting from dredging activities. SRE under idealized tidal forcing tends to be partially-mixed based on an analysis of the balance between terms and the vertical structure of salinity, and the morphological and hydrological change in SRE results in the shift of stratification type. While the depth affects the mixing, the freshwater discharge mainly controls the straining, and the balance between mixing and straining determines the final state of the stratification in an estuarine channel. As a result, the development and location of a salt wedge along the channel in a partially mixed and highly stratified condition is also determined by the ratio of straining to mixing. Finally, our findings confirm that the contributions of mixing and straining can be assessed by using the conventional non-dimensional parameters with respect to salt-wedge behavior. 相似文献
5.
6.
The oceanographic conditions of the Mackenzie River plume in the Arctic Ocean were examined during a 12-day period in August 2007. Field observations in the river channel and the delta region (2–6 m depth), ship-based observations on the shelf and satellite observations of sea surface temperatures indicate that movements of plume density fronts cause changes in water temperatures of over 10 C over a few days. We used a 1D model to compare the strength of stratification versus surface wind stress, and a 3D numerical model to simulate the plume motions under forcing from the river flows, local wind and water level variations from tides and wind-driven surge. The results indicate that the coastal region is stratified with a ∼2 m thick surface plume even in water depths of 3–4 m, resulting in strong vertical variation of horizontal currents. Moderate easterly winds of 5–10 m/s are sufficient to induce offshore transport of the surface plume and onshore transport of the deeper shelf water, leading to large fluctuations in temperature and salinity in the coastal region. This study examined a period of offshore transport and mean water level set-down, and indicates the rapid response of the plume to wind over the shallow delta. 相似文献
7.
The seasonal variation of water circulation in the Seto Inland Sea is investigated using a high resolution, three-dimensional
numerical ocean model. The model results are assessed by comparison with long-term mean surface current and hydrographic data.
The simulated model results are consistent with observations, showing a distinct summer and winter circulation patterns. In
summer the sea water is highly stratified in basin regions, while it is well mixed near the straits due to strong tidal mixing
there. During this period, a cold dome is formed in several basins, setting up stable cyclonic eddies. The cyclonic circulation
associated with the cold dome develops from May and disappears in autumn when the surface cooling starts. The experiment without
freshwater input shows that a basin-scale estuarine circulation coexists with cyclonic eddy in summer. The former becomes
dominant in autumn circulation after the cold dome disappears. In winter the water is vertically well mixed, and the winter
winds play a significant role in the circulation. The northwesterly winds induce upwind (downwind) currents over the deep
(shallow) water, forming a “double-gyre pattern” in the Suo-Nada, two cyclonic eddies in Hiuchi-Nada, and anticyclonic circulation
in Harima-Nada in vertically averaged current fields. 相似文献
8.
泉州湾水体结构的潮周期变化 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
泉州湾6个站点的观测数据显示：内湾涨潮流历时由底层向表层逐渐变短，而落潮流历时则逐渐变长；同时，各个站点实测的盐度水深结构也具有明显的潮周期变化特征，这可能与局地水体的层化和混合机制的交替变化密切相关．进一步定量分析S2站位上影响水体结构变化的四种机制发现：外湾的河口环流作用与潮汐张力、风混合以及潮汐混合作用相比要小一个量级．在一般天气条件下的大潮周期，潮汐混合与潮汐张力相互竞争是导致水体结构交替变化的根本原因；小潮周期由于潮流混合作用减弱，水体层化现象得以持续较长时间，风的搅动在特定时刻可以起到削弱层化结构的作用． 相似文献
9.
分析讨论了季风风应力、大陆坡地形及底摩擦在产生季风逆风流的必要条件和间接逆风流诊断判据中的作用；应用季风逆风流必要条件和间接逆风流诊断判据，解释冬季风和夏季风逆风流是如何产生的。结果表明：季风风应力是产生季风逆风流的主导因素；冬季风风应力、大陆坡地形及底摩擦三者联合作用导致表层海水在大陆坡上产生辐合生成高水位带和高动力高度带，在大陆被北侧产生NE向的冬季逆风流，南侧产生SW向顺风流；夏季风风应力、大陆坡地形及底摩擦三者联合作用导致表层海水在大陆坡上产生辐散生成低水位带和低动力高度带，在大陆被北侧产生SW向的夏季逆风流，南侧产生NE向的顺风流；冬季风盛行期间，风致经巴士海峡流入南海的黑潮水，将加速冬季逆风流的形成，加大冬季逆风流的强度；夏季风盛行期间，风应力的作用使巴上海峡以东的黑潮水不能进入南海，即使别的原因令巴上海峡以东的黑潮水流入南海，但高温、高盐的黑潮水对夏季逆风流具有阻扼作用。 相似文献
10.
Part 1 (P1) of a two‐part study of Akaroa Harbour, Bank's Peninsula, New Zealand, presents observational evidence of the development of a significant wind‐driven circulation in association with strong northerly and southerly wind events. These are common throughout the year though during the 3‐month field campaign (during the Southern Hemisphere spring of 1998) northerly wind events dominated. This wind‐driven circulation resulted in the weakening of density stratification within the Harbour, mixing the water column to depth over a significant portion of the study area. 相似文献
11.
Estuarine processes in the arctic lagoons are among the least studied but important subjects, especially considering the rapid warming of arctic water which may change the length of ice-free period in the summer. In this paper, wind-driven exchange flows in the micro-tidal Elson Lagoon of northern Alaska with multiple inlets of contrasting widths and depths are studied with in situ observations, statistical analysis, numerical experiments, a regression model on the basis of dynamics, and remote sensing data. Water velocity profiles were obtained from a bottom deployed acoustic Doppler current profiler(ADCP) in the northwestern Eluitkak Pass connecting the Beaufort Sea to the Elson Lagoon during a 4.9 day ice-free period in the summer of 2013. The subtidal flow is found correlated with wind(R~2 value ～96%). Frequently occurring east, northeast and north winds from the arctic atmospheric high-and low-pressure systems push water from the Beaufort Sea into the lagoon through the wide inlets on the eastern side of the lagoon, resulting in an outward flow against the wind at the narrow northwestern inlet. The counter-wind flow is a result of an uneven wind forcing acting through the asymmetric inlets and depth,an effect of "torque" or vorticity. Under northwest wind, the exchange flow at the northwestern inlet reverses its direction, with inward flows through the upwind northwestern inlet and outward flows through the downwind eastern inlets. A regression model is established based on the momentum equations and Taylor series expansions. The model is used to predict flows in July and August of 2015 and July of 2017, supported by available Landsat satellite images. About 73%–80% of the time the flows at Eluitkak Pass are out of Elson Lagoon for the summer of 2015 and 2017. Numerical experiments are conducted to corroborate the findings and illustrate the effects under various wind conditions. A quasi-steady state balance between wind force and surface pressure gradient is confirmed. 相似文献
12.
Effect of River Discharge on Bay of Bengal Circulation 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
The seasonal circulation and mixed layer depths in Bay of Bengal is modeled using the three-dimensional Princeton Ocean Model (POM). Along the coastal boundaries a higher resolution is accomplished using the curvilinear orthogonal grid. Model uses a free-surface and terrain following sigma coordinates. The initial climatological salinity and temperature fields for the model are derived from the World Ocean Atlas-2001(WOA01). The Model is forced with wind stress derived from COADS wind climatology. Bilinear interpolation is used to obtain the initial fields and wind stress to the required model specification. Using the seasonal fields and wind stress the model is integrated for simulating Bay of Bengal circulation. The numerical simulations on climatological scale for monsoon months were conducted to study the evolution of dynamics. The simulations bring out not only the typical characteristic features of fresh water plume along the coast but also intensification of the flow over the monsoon period. The increase in the fresh water flow found to affect only the western parts of the BoB. The opposing currents due to monsoon winds and southward flowing fresh water discharge (FWD) were also delineated. The model results show that the wind stress induced turbulence process is subdued in the presence of strong vertical salinity stratification due to the influence of FWD. The simulated mixed layer depths are in agreement with the reported analytical energy required for mixing values. 相似文献
13.
We have constructed a fine-resolution model with realistic bathymetry to study the spatial and temporal variations of circulation in the Taiwan Strait (TS). The TS model with a resolution of 3～10 km derives its open boundary conditions from a larger-scale model. The QSCAT/NCEP winds and AVHRR SST provide forcing at the sea surface. Because of the high resolution in model grids and forcing, the model achieves a previously unavailable level of agreement with most observations. On biweekly time scales surface-trapped current reversals often lead to Strait transport reversals if the northeasterly wind bursts in winter are sufficiently strong. On seasonal time scales the northward current is the strongest in summer since both summer monsoon and pressure gradient force are northward. The summer northward current appears to be relatively unimpeded by the Changyun Rise (CYR) and bifurcates slightly near the surface. With the arrival of the northeast monsoon in fall, downwind movement of China Coastal Water (CCW) is blocked by the northward current near 25.5°N and 120°E. In winter, the northward current weakens even more as the northeasterly monsoon strengthens. The CCW moves downwind along the western boundary; the CYR blocks part of the CCW and forces a U-shaped flow pattern in the northern Strait. Past studies have failed to reveal an anticyclonic eddy that develops on the northern flank of CYR in winter. On interannual time scales a weakened northeast monsoon during El Niño reduces advection of the cold CCW from the north and enhances intrusion of warm water from the south, resulting in warming in the TS. 相似文献
14.
通过简化原始运动方程，得到南海北部季风逆风流诊断方程，对季风逆风流诊断方程进行必要的数学处理后，导出南海北部产生季风逆风流的必要条件和诊断判据；指出南海北部季风逆风流由风生直接逆风流与风生间接逆风流叠加而成，风生间接过风流由风生间接正压地转逆风流与风生间接斜压地转逆风流组成，还导出风致巴士海峡以东的黑潮水影响季风逆风流的判据，在合适的风向及适当的摩擦系数情况下，黑潮水可成为间接逆风流的热源。并首次提出风生直接逆风流、风生间接逆风流、正压逆风流、斜压逆风流、风生间接正压地转逆风流和风生间接斜压地转逆风流概念。 相似文献
15.
A. V. Glazunov 《Izvestiya Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics》2010,46(6):727-747
The dependence that the structure and intensity of turbulent and large-scale quasiordered eddies in the atmospheric boundary
layer (ABL) have on the direction of geostrophic wind has been studied on the basis of a series of numerical experiments with
a three-dimensional nonstationary model of high spatial resolution. The presence of the meridional component of the angular
velocity of the Earth’s rotation results in a significant intensification of velocity fluctuations in a neutrally stratified
turbulent flow during the easterly and northeasterly winds and in their decay during the westerly and southwesterly winds.
This, in turn, results in significant variations in the mean velocity profile. It is shown that these variations are associated
with the largest scale fluctuations and are comparable (in scale) to the depth of Ekman’s turbulent layer. It is found that,
in the neutrally stratified ABL bounded in height and under stable stratification inside the ABL, the wind-direction dependence
significantly decreases. The possibilities of parameterizing these effects in locally one-dimensional ABL models are discussed. 相似文献
16.
横向流 (垂直于海湾主轴方向的流动) 对横向动量以及物质分布具有重要影响。已往研究表明,潮汐应变对横向流的垂向空间结构具有重要的调控作用。但这种认识仅局限于强层化海区,弱层化条件下潮汐应变对于横向流空间结构的影响仍未可知。为此,本文以象山港为例,基于实测数据阐释了弱层化条件下潮汐应变对横向流及其余环流垂向空间结构的调控作用。结果显示,象山港内湾横向流的垂向空间结构随大小潮呈现出明显的变化规律。大潮时,潮汐应变现象明显,涨潮时较强的垂向混合使得横向流在高潮阶段呈现出一层结构;落潮时垂向混合较弱,横向流在低潮时呈现两层结构。小潮时,潮汐应变受到抑制,垂向混合在涨落潮时均较弱,因此横向流在高低潮阶段均呈现出两层结构。经过潮时均进一步得到的横向余环流呈现出上层向南、下层向北的两层结构。由于潮汐应变的大小潮变化,横向余环流的反转深度反转点自大潮到小潮呈现出上升的趋势。 相似文献
17.
强潮河口盐水入侵对饮用水源地危害极大。基于平面二维水动力盐度模型, 对典型强潮河口—钱塘江的水动力及盐水入侵过程进行了数值模拟研究。结果表明枯水径流时盐度变化与潮位过程曲线类似, 潮差对盐度大小影响显著, 径流量的增加将逐渐减小其相似程度。当流量增加到一定程度后, 继续增加的一定径流量所产生的抑咸效果减弱, 水资源有效利用率降低, 此时允许水源地盐度超标并改从蓄淡避咸水库取水可有效节约水资源。盐度平面分布显示, 盐水入侵在强潮河口弯道处受涨潮流主流线影响明显, 靠近主流线一岸的盐度大于对岸, 单从盐水入侵角度考虑, 强潮河口弯道段的取水口应设置在远离涨潮流主流线一岸。钱塘江河口盐度数值模拟对于研究减轻盐水入侵对水源地危害的措施具有指导意义。 相似文献
18.
Low-frequency current and temperature variability on the southeast US continental shelf during summer conditions of weak wind forcing and vertical stratification was found to be similar in many aspects to previous findings for winter, when stronger wind forcing and vertical homogeneity prevails. Subtidal variability in the outer shelf is dominated by the weekly occurrence of Gulf Stream frontal eddies and meanders. These baroclinic events strongly affect the balance of momentum in the outer shelf, but not at mid-shelf. A negative alongshore sea level slope of order −10−7 is required to balance mean along-shelf momentum at the shelf edge, similar to oceanic estimates, and can contribute to the observed northward mean flow over the shelf.Low-frequency flow at mid-shelf and coastal sea level fluctuations appear to occur as a forced wave response to local alongshore wind stress events that are coherent over the shelf domain. Momentum balances indicate a trapped wave response similar to the arrested topographic wave found in the mid-Atlantic Bight (CSANADY, 1978). Density driven currents from river discharge do not appear to be significant at mid-shelf. Cold, subsurface intrusions of deeper, nutrient rich Gulf Stream waters can occasionally penetrate to mid- and inner-shelf regions north of Cape Canaveral, causing strong phytoplankton and zooplankton responses. These events were observed following the simultaneous occurrence of upwellings from northward winds and Gulf Stream frontal eddies at the shelf break during periods when the Stream was in an onshore position. Subsurface Gulf Stream intrusions to mid-shelf occur only during the summer, when the shelf is vertically stratified and cross-shelf density gradients do not present a barrier as in winter. 相似文献
19.
Summertime hydrographic features in the southeastern Hwanghae 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Heung-Jae Lie 《Progress in Oceanography》1986,17(3-4)
CTD casts in the southeastern Hwanghae (Yellow Sea) were made in August 1983 and 1984 to describe the spatial structure of the summertime hydrographic features. Cold coastal water appeared around the southwestern coast of Korea, which was formed by strong tidal stirring. Tidal mixing in the study area seems to have been enhanced by the presence of many small islands. In the deeper region beyond the tidal front, stratification became much stronger and the bottom layer below seasonal thermocline was occupied mostly by the Hwanghae Cold Water characterized by a temperature lower than 10°C and salinity of 32.5–33.0%.The northeastward extension of the Changjiang Diluted Water was shown by a tongue-like plume of relatively warm fresh water, confined to the thin surface layer 10 m thick. There was no evidence for the Hwanghae Warm Current carrying high salinity water into the eastern Hwanghae along the Korean coast. The warm current was found to flow in a narrow band close to the west and north coast of Chejudo (Cheju Island) and then to pass eastward through the Cheju Strait. Thus the eastern part of the cyclonic circulation in the surface layer cannot be considered to be a northward continuation of the Hwanghae Warm Current. The local salinity maximum in the lower layer off Kunsan and the higher salinity on the west side of the central trough than on the east side would imply a northward flow on the west flank of the trough to compensate for the southward intrusion of the Hwanghae Cold Water, from which an anticyclonic circulation could be expected in the lower layer. 相似文献
20.
FPJ Nehama 《African Journal of Marine Science》2015,37(4):593-604
A model for the Zambezi River plume, the largest on the Indian Ocean coast of Africa, is presented and the results of experiments with different discharges and wind forcings are analysed. Although the river plays an important role in the southern African economy through power generation on large dams, artisanal fisheries, and frequent flooding events that impact greatly on local populations, the plume has not been well studied. Observations during the period 2004–2007, when the winds were mainly easterly or south-easterly, indicated that the plume waters can extend both downstream (equatorwards) and upstream (polewards) of the Zambezi Delta with a recirculating bulge near the river mouth. The model is constructed using the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS), with a 40-km long, 3-km wide river discharging into a rectangular coastal ocean with a linearly sloping bottom. When the model is forced only by a constant river discharge of 1 000?m3 s?1 (typical of observed discharge amounts in summer), the Kelvin and Froude numbers for the resulting plume imply a ‘large-scale’ buoyant discharge with a coastal current that is close to being in geostrophic balance with the across-shore pressure gradient and a recirculating ageostrophic bulge near the mouth. The distributions of the bulge and plume waters are found to be relatively insensitive to the discharge amount. Under constant wind forcing, the plume distribution changes dramatically. Northerly and easterly winds produce the largest changes with the latter able to deflect the plume up to 180° due to Ekman drift. When sea breeze-like winds are imposed, accumulation of water in the bulge occurs with substantial spreading upstream. Stronger sea breezes lead to less downstream spreading of the plume than gentle winds. When the winds are mainly across-shore, Ekman drift dominates, but the dynamics become almost geostrophic when the winds are roughly aligned to the coast. These experiments suggest that the Zambezi River plume is sensitive to the winds on diurnal to synoptic time-scales. 相似文献