共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
James G. Wilson 《Estuaries and Coasts》1994,17(1):94-101
Estuarine organisms can be considered three ways as bioindicators—first, as indicators of a defined set of environmental conditions, second, as indicators of contaminant loads on the system, and third, as indicators of the overall health of the system. By their very nature, estuarine organisms are eurytolerant and this, along with the various stratagems that have evolved to cope with the problems of life in estuaries results in a confusing picture for the estuarine manager. The recommended bioindicators for estuarine conditions are plankton; for contaminant loads, a range of species with different feeding types; and for system status, a eurytolerant species, such as the musselMytilus edulis for laboratory monitoring or a “target” species such as the clamMacoma balthica for field monitoring. However, it would be unwise to rely on a single indicator, and the recommendation is that the final choice, and preferably choices, be tailored to the desired goal. 相似文献
2.
This paper reviews the use of Greek industrial minerals into developing low-cost, high-tech solutions to remediate parts of the chemical pollution environmental problem. The remediation strategy, based on the application and implementation of the Greek industrial minerals potential, became a major line of investigation in projects to develop new environmental technologies. Although past and current experiments have been successful on a lab scale in a number of applications, the results have not always been implemented on industrial scales. Greek olivine has been successfully tested as neutralizing agent for acid wastes, co-producing exploitable amounts of silica gel, magnesium sulphate and magnetite. Vermiculite is currently tested as an environmental ‘cleanser' in a variety of applications, i.e. metalliferous mine seepage and processing waters, organically contaminated waste water from the textile/dye industry and absorption material for oil spills. Wollastonite will be applied as long-term fertiliser and dolomite, as a substitute of asbestos in brake linings, as pollution controller of heavy metal concentrations in waste waters and as a binder to stabilize waste solids. Magnesite has been successfully applied for neutralization of acid mine wastes produced from active sulphide deposits. Zeolites (fly ash and perlite converted to zeolites were also considered) is an objective for several environmental applications, i.e. as floating absorbent for waste water ponds, as drinking water purificator or as smell abatement. 相似文献
3.
Pankaj K. Mishra Sankar K. Nath Mrinal K. Sen Gregory E. Fasshauer 《Computational Geosciences》2018,22(5):1203-1218
Scattered data interpolation schemes using kriging and radial basis functions (RBFs) have the advantage of being meshless and dimensional independent; however, for the datasets having insufficient observations, RBFs have the advantage over geostatistical methods as the latter requires variogram study and statistical expertise. Moreover, RBFs can be used for scattered data interpolation with very good convergence, which makes them desirable for shape function interpolation in meshless methods for numerical solution of partial differential equations. For interpolation of large datasets, however, RBFs in their usual form, lead to solving an ill-conditioned system of equations, for which, a small error in the data can cause a significantly large error in the interpolated solution. In order to reduce this limitation, we propose a hybrid kernel by using the conventional Gaussian and a shape parameter independent cubic kernel. Global particle swarm optimization method has been used to analyze the optimal values of the shape parameter as well as the weight coefficients controlling the Gaussian and the cubic part in the hybridization. Through a series of numerical tests, we demonstrate that such hybridization stabilizes the interpolation scheme by yielding a far superior implementation compared to those obtained by using only the Gaussian or cubic kernels. The proposed kernel maintains the accuracy and stability at small shape parameter as well as relatively large degrees of freedom, which exhibit its potential for scattered data interpolation and intrigues its application in global as well as local meshless methods for numerical solution of PDEs. 相似文献
4.
Sensors for borehole deformation measurements in mining panel roofs, as well as a method of high-energy tremors risk evaluation, based on borehole deformation monitoring are described. There are differences in manners in which borehole deformation takes place prior to a high-energy tremor. A method for rock-mass instability detection in copper mining panels is developed and described, as well as a practical procedure for forecasting the rock-mass state. On the basis of 1351 “real time” forecasts made in the 10 copper mine panels during 5451 days and on the basis of the 55 high-energy tremors occurred, the evaluation of forecast effectiveness is presented. The mean chance value of occurrence of the high-energy tremor after a rock-mass stability forecast was evaluated as 1% and after a rock-mass instability forecast, as 20%. 相似文献
5.
Three rock reference samples. W-2, DNC-1, and BIR-1, were analysed five times over several months by classical chemical methods using a Youden Square as the experimental design. A significant variation for the data classified by months was found for SiO2 , CaO, H2 O- , and TiO2 among the 15 constituents determined. Nevertheless, most standard deviations for the five data for each oxide in any sample, as well as the error standard deviations from the analyses of variance, are less than or approximately equal to the allowable difference between duplicate determinations traditionally used as limits of error. We also determined nine constituents in three portions each of two samples, W-2 and DNC-1, the six portions being analysed concurrently. F ratios for 16 comparisons of the variances of the five data for an oxide obtained over several months and of the three data determined as a group were significant for only one oxide, total iron as Fe2 O3 in W-2. We conclude that, if a chemist analyses rock samples carefully, the variation of the determinations will be the same for portions analysed as a group, or analysed over a time interval. 相似文献
6.
Christoph Aubrecht Klaus Steinnocher Mario Köstl Johann Züger Wolfgang Loibl 《Natural Hazards》2013,68(3):1371-1384
For assessing the social dimension of vulnerability, population exposure mapping is usually considered the essential starting point. Integration of social structure then further differentiates situation-specific vulnerability patterns on a local scale. Census data available in heterogeneous spatial reference units are still considered the standard information input for assessing potentially affected people, for example, in case of an emergency. There is a strong demand for population data in homogeneous spatial units that are independent from administrative areas. Raster representations meet this demand but are not yet available for all European countries. In this paper, we present an approach of spatial disaggregation of population data for a European transect referring to current population statistics and anticipated future prospects. Recently published data providing the degree of soil sealing are applied as basic proxy for population density in the spatial disaggregation model. In order to assess future patterns of climate change-related vulnerability, results of a European regional climate model are considered for projecting the situation in the 2030s. “Heat wave frequency” is accounted for as climate variable featuring conditions regarded as especially strenuous for elderly or physically weak persons. Integrated analysis of the population and climate prospects enables identification of hot spots in the European transect examined, that is, regions of particularly demanding projected climatic patterns as well as high population density and case-specific vulnerable structure (elderly people). Integrated and consistent spatial analyses on European scale are essential for decision support in the context of climate change impact mitigation as well as for risk communication and future safety and security considerations. 相似文献
7.
8.
Decomposed and weighted characteristic analysis for the quantitative estimation of mineral resources
Characteristic analysis has been employed as a means of selecting favorable targets for mineral exploration. This paper describes a new version of characteristic analysis that is designed to estimate mineral resources as well as delineating exploration targets. The new version, referred to as decomposed and weighted characteristic analysis, employs a weighting scheme for both samples and variables involved in the model to extract the useful information on tonnages and the order of importance of variables. To construct a decomposed model, an optimum cutting technique for the ordered quantity is developed. The model is demonstrated on a case study of pegmatitic Nb-Ta deposits in China. 相似文献
9.
Marleen Coetsiers Petra Blaser Kristine Martens Kristine Walraevens 《Environmental Geology》2009,57(5):1155-1168
Aquifers from the same typology can have strongly different groundwater chemistry. Deducing the groundwater quality of less
well-characterized aquifers from well-documented aquifers belonging to the same typology should be done with great reserve,
and can only be considered as a preliminary approach. In the EU’s 6th FP BRIDGE project “Background cRiteria for the IDentification
of Groundwater thrEsholds”, a methodology for the derivation of threshold values (TV) for groundwater bodies is proposed.
This methodology is tested on four aquifers in Flanders of the sand and gravel typology. The methodology works well for all
but the Ledo-Paniselian aquifer, where the subdivision into a fresh and saline part is disproved, as a gradual natural transition
from fresh to saline conditions in the aquifer is observed. The 90 percentile is proposed as natural background level (NBL)
for the unconfined Pleistocene deposits, ascribing the outliers to possible influence of pollution. For the Tertiary aquifers,
high values for different parameters have a natural origin and the 97.7 percentile is preferred as NBL. The methodology leads
to high TVs for parameters presenting low NBL, when compared to the standard used as a reference. This would allow for substantial
anthropogenic inputs of these parameters. 相似文献
10.
A simple parameter estimation procedure, designated as integration-based estimation (IBE), was introduced to determine the hydraulic properties of an aquifer using slug test models subjected to certain flow geometries such as radial and spherical flows. The basic idea behind the proposed IBE approach is to link an integration value at pre-defined normalized head levels for field data with that of a theoretical type curve. The IBE method removes the need for the implementation of the classical graphical matching process which would be ineffective to acquire aquifer parameters for non-ideal aquifer conditions. As the second aspect of this study, a new decision tool was suggested to determine the suitable slug test model to be utilized for the site data since diagnosing the flow character properly is of crucial importance for following a convenient analysis procedure. The estimation performance and limitation of the proposed IBE method were tested for several slug test scenarios including radial and spherical flow models with a number of synthetically generated data sets as well as a field application. Results reveal that the IBE together with the identification methodology not only is able to retrieve aquifer parameters as reliable as the existing techniques in the literature but also diagnoses the flow character precisely as demonstrated in this study. 相似文献
11.
Remote computation as well as remote design is a hot topic nowadays and becoming popular and also more diversified in use in the recent years. This study applies the retaining wall design as an example to construct a mechanism for complicated computation in civil engineering directly in a network server for risk assessment, so that a user can easily carry out the computation analysis with any available device via internet by using a personal computer or mobile device. To develop a convenient as well as time-saving operating environment for the remote analysis, an effective interactive interface is also developed. In the retaining wall design, this study provides users with the Rankine method, Coulomb method, and theory of plasticity to perform the objective analysis. The automatic checking system of the program will validate the computation results, under this circumstance, users need not worry about whether their input data and calculated results are consistent with practical standards and regulations or not. Various factors of safety, for risk assessment, resulting from the three kinds of computational methods are compared to verify whether there is any significant difference among them while designing a safe retaining wall overall. 相似文献
12.
Groundwater in contact with ore deposits may acquire a chemical composition that could be used as a guide for exploration. Eight well-water samples are collected from a known uranium-mineralized area near Abu Zenima, west central Sinai to examine the applicability of using the hydrogeochemical technique in the search for uranium mineralization in similar arid areas. The analytical chemical data of the ground water is compared with ground radiometric measurements. The obtained results indicate that groundwater affected by uranium mineralization has a specific relativity of major anions expressed essentially as SO4>Cl>HCO3 and to a lesser extent as Cl>SO4>HCO3, associated as a rule with low magnesium content. This association constitutes a signature of uranium mineralization on the composition of groundwater in west central Sinai and could be used as an important exploration guide in the search for uranium deposits in similar areas. Anomalies in Ni, Fe, Zn and Cr and other pathfinder elements in groundwater can furnish geochemical guides to uranium ores. The immobile trace element anomalies, including Zn, Ni and Fe are strongly distributed near the orebody; whereas the relatively mobile trace elements, including Co, U, V and Cr, constitute the dispersion haloes away from the orebody. A new hydrogeochemical discrimination diagram is constructed to be used as a quick and cost effective exploration tool in the search for uranium occurrences in environmentally similar arid areas. Based on the obtained results, a new site for uranium occurrence, west of W. Baba, is delineated and recommended for future detailed geological and geochemical surveying. 相似文献
13.
Conclusion This short article has made it possible to determine the current conditions of erosion in one sector of the coast of Prince
Edward Island, as well as to calculate, with as great a degree of accuracy as possible, the speed at which the ocean is destroying
the shoreline of this sector.
The intensity of shoreline erosion has varied over the years (Dubois and Longhurst 1984). The variation may perhaps be explained
in part by the fact that water temperature varies in the same proportion as the temperature of the surrounding air (Trites
1984), and that over a period of several decades, the air temperature, and the climate in general, do vary (Trites 1984).
Thus a study of the correlation between coastline erosion and climatological variations over several decades would certainly
be a useful aid for predicting the future state of the coastline.
There is also a need for a map of the various sectors of the PEI coast, showing their degree of susceptibility to various
systems of erosion. Such a map would be extremely useful both for land management purposes (construction, roads, agriculture)
and for security reasons (civil protection, ocean recreation. 相似文献
14.
A numerical model is proposed to analyse elastic as well as elastoplastic behaviour of stone-column reinforced foundations. The stone-columns are assumed to be dispersed within the in situ soil and a homogenization technique is invoked to establish equivalent material properties for in situ soil and stone-column composite. The difficulties encountered in carrying out elastoplastic analyses of composite materials are overcome by adopting a separate yield function for each of the constituent materials and a sub-iteration procedure within an implicit backward Euler stress integration scheme. In the proposed procedure, equilibrium as well as kinematic conditions implied in the homogenization procedure are satisfied for both elastic as well as elastoplastic stress states. The proposed model is implemented in an axi-symmetric finite element code and numerical prediction is made for the behaviour of model circular footings resting on stone-column reinforced foundations. This prediction indicates good agreement with experimental observation. Finally, a new scheme in which the length of stone-column is variable is proposed and its behaviour is examined through a numerical example. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
15.
Mario A. Salgado-Gálvez Daniela Zuloaga Sebastian Henao Gabriel A. Bernal Omar-Darío Cardona 《Natural Hazards》2018,93(1):5-24
A methodology for the development of fully probabilistic seismic risk assessments on water and sewage networks is presented in this paper together with a case study for the system of Manizales, Colombia. These kinds of assessments require the development of probabilistic seismic hazard analysis, the consideration of local site effects, when relevant, the assembly of databases to identify and characterize the exposed elements and the development and assignment of vulnerability models for each type of component. For the case of Manizales, a high-resolution exposure database has been developed (element by element, segment by segment) based on the information and data provided by the owner and operator of the network, Aguas de Manizales. Losses due to earthquakes are obtained after convoluting the hazard and vulnerability inputs in a fully probabilistic manner, using the state-of-the-art methodologies incorporated in the CAPRA risk assessment module. Several risk metrics such as the loss exceedance curve, the loss exceedance probabilities for different time frames and the average annual loss are obtained for the system as a whole as well as disaggregated by component. In addition, repair rates for the pipelines were also calculated. The risk results obtained in this study have been useful for the company in designing and implementing expansion and maintenance plans that explicitly account for seismic risk mitigation issues, as well as to explore and negotiate financial protection alternatives by means of risk transfer and retention schemes, thus becoming a valuable input in the continuous development of good disaster risk management practices in this city. 相似文献
16.
Hani N. Khoury 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2018,11(4):72
The Azraq basin (the Badia region in NE-Jordan) is rich in its industrial rocks and minerals. Most of the commodities are concentrated in one area, which is the Azraq depression (El-Qa’). The climatic changes (wet and dry) of Azraq closed lake contributed in the formation of industrial rocks and minerals in the El-Qa’. Basalt, pyroclastics, zeolites, diatomaceous earth, bentonite, palgorskite, porcelanite, saline brines, chalk, limestone, and gypsum are the potential industrial commodities. The basaltic rocks are of high alkalis content and good homogeneity and are of good potential use in constructions and cast basalt. The scoriaceous pyroclastic material proved to be of excellent properties for use as lightweight aggregates, cultivation purposes, and for the production of pozzolanic cement. Smectite-rich beds (bentonite) from Ein El Badia could be used as binder, absorbent, and additives for feeding farm animals. Palygorskite is potential for use in drilling mud, paint, pharmaceuticals, and as a filtering medium. The diatomaceous earth deposits are Moler type and could be used as filter aid and absorbent. Zeolites are efficient for agricultural purposes, animal waste, and wastewater treatment plants. Saline brine is exploited in the Azraq mudflat area for table salt. Porcelanite could be used as an absorbent of hazardous elements, abrasive, and filler. The softness and high purity of chalk enable its use as filler and in the lime production. The large limestone concretions are of high quality for use as a building stone. Gypsum (gypcrete) could be used after the removal of the undesired chert impurities. The Badia region is a highly potential area for future exploration and mining industry in a manner that achieves the required outcomes and minimizes impacts on ecosystems. 相似文献
17.
Andrew Boulton 《Geoforum》2010,41(2):329-336
This paper is set against the backdrop of an increasingly pervasive discursive coupling of peace with development, and of extremism with underdevelopment. An evolving knowledge economy discourse casts education as both a key determinant of economic development, and as a crucial tool in the battle for “hearts and minds” in a global war against terrorism and extremism. Education for development, and education as anti-extremism are the twin goals of the Filipino CD for Peace - a contribution to the UN-backed International Power Users of ICT (Information Communication Technology) Symposium. In this paper, I examine the ways in which this youth Symposium feeds into and mobilizes powerful logics around the links between education and development/counterterrorism. My argument is that education for development, and one of its articulations, the CD for Peace, are undergirded by and reproduce neoliberal development logics in several overlapping respects. I illustrate the ways in which the language of connection and collaboration reproduces a distinct rationality related both to the transformative potential of (private investment in) ICT and to the production of particular kinds of subjectivities: youth as connected, informed, economically valuable global citizens beyond the reach of extremists. The Power Users project works to (re)construct teenagers as “gurus”; conflict (and poverty, and terrorism) becomes solvable through education and ICT. I show how knowledge economy discourse powerfully constructs youth as learning subjects who come to imagine their own roles and identities in specifically neoliberal ways: not only as learners, but also as advocates for this nexus of technology, education, development and peace. 相似文献
18.
Rod Gerber 《GeoJournal》1990,20(1):15-23
Geography in Australia has a heritage that is strongly British, but more recently has been influenced from other parts of
the world, such as North America and New Zealand. Its popularity has fluctuated and it is now under threat as a separate subject
in the compulsory years of schooling. In higher education, geography has retrieved lost ground to be a popular area of study,
but not a research area in the current national priorities. Geography plays a focal role in the general education of Australians.
It is a medium for education involving the education of people, about, in, and for the society and environment in which they
live. Through education, geography will enable people to explore their life-roles as learners, social beings, recreators,
producers, consumers and citizens. It will develop in people distinctive knowledge, thinking processes, attitudes and values,
and encourage participation in social and environmental actions. Teachers in secondary and higher education have differing
and distinctive roles. Being a geographer in Australia does have benefits including: working in an identifiable area of knowledge
maintaining a bridge across the physical and social sciences; the promotion of inquiry approaches and as a focus for the various
adjectival educations that have emerged. These are tempered by challenges such as: threats from emerging disciplines, current
national research priorities and the movement to social science education. Therefore, promotion of geography in Australia
needs to be much more forceful than it has until now. The work of groups such as the Institute of Australian Geographers and
the Australian Geography Teachers' Association needs to be co-ordinated more closely to develop a strong lobby for geography
in Australian education. 相似文献
19.
区域化探样品元素测定几个问题的探讨 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
化探样品元素测定的要求,因任务的不同而异。区测与普查相比其要求不同。在普查(及详查)阶段,工作限定在较小的范围内,可能发现的矿种有限或可以预测,测定元素的数目也相应较少(约20种元素)．普查的测网较密,主要是圈出含量和衬度较高的异常内带,对灵敏度和准确度要求可以低些。区域化探主要是发现强度低、衬度低而范围大的区域地球化学异常,而且做为地球化学基础资料,是按分幅扫面,最后要拼缩成全国性的地球化学图。由于图幅间的对比拼接,要求较高的灵敏度和准确度。在区测中凡是能形成独立矿产的元素(包括稀有分散元素)以及有指示意义的伴生元素都要测定。区测化探不但用于找矿,目前日益为区域地质、自然区划、环境保护和农林畜牧的研究,提供重要的地球化学资料。目前测定的元素包括成岩特征元素在内已达39种。文中还探讨了在我国目前化验水平和能力的情况下,完成区测化探样品测定的方法和工作步骤。 相似文献
20.
One of the challenges for reservoir simulation is numerical dispersion. For waterflooding applications the effect is controlled
due to the self-sharpening nature of a Buckley–Leverett shock. However, for multi-component flow simulations, incorrect wavespeeds
can develop leading to the excessive smearing of fronts because of the coupling of compositional dispersion with the fractional
flow. Rather than implementing a higher-order discretization method, we propose a simple scheme based on segregation-in-flow
within a gridblock to control numerical dispersion. We extend the method originally proposed for polymer flooding to augmented
waterflooding simulations in general as well as simulations of miscible or near miscible gas injection. For compositional
simulations of gas injection, this is done through a coupled limited-flash/upstream-exclusion assumption. To test the scheme,
an in-house streamline simulator has been modified and validated for modeling low-salinity floods as well as ternary two-phase
displacements. Simulation results presented with and without segregation demonstrate the potential of the approach as a heuristic
method to control numerical dispersion in multi-component flow simulations. 相似文献