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1.
Numerical simulations of CO2 migration for the period June 2008–December 2011 were performed based on a unique data set including a recently revised static geological 3D model of the reservoir formation of the Ketzin pilot site in Brandenburg, Germany. We applied the industrial standard ECLIPSE 100 and scientific TOUGH2-MP simulators for this task and implemented a workflow to allow for integration of complex model geometries from the Petrel software package into TOUGH2-MP. Definition of a near- and a far-field well area allowed us to apply suitable permeability modifiers, and thus to successfully match simulation results with pressure measurements and arrival times in observation wells. Coincidence was achieved for CO2 arrival times with deviations in the range of 5.5–15 % and pressure values in the injection well CO2 Ktzi 201/2007 and the observation well CO2 Ktzi 202/2007 with even smaller deviations. It is shown that the integration of unique operational and observation data in the workflow improves the setup of the geological model. Within such an iteration loop model uncertainties are reduced and enable advanced predictions for future reservoir behaviour with regard to pressure development and CO2 plume migration in the storage formation at the Ketzin pilot site supporting the implementation of monitoring campaigns and guiding site operation. 相似文献
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鄂尔多斯盆地是中国规模最大的低渗透油气资源勘探与开发基地,其低渗透油气藏具有油层物性差、非均质性强、油藏成藏因素复杂、油藏分布受多种因素联合控制等特点。在回顾鄂尔多斯盆地低渗透油气藏成藏理论研究和勘探历史经验基础上,认为目前鄂尔多斯盆地低渗透油气藏成藏研究存在两大理论体系,即沉积学控制成藏理论和运移动力学控制成藏理论,前者从沉积特征出发,强调储层砂体沉积相、非均质性和成岩作用在低渗透性油藏形成中的控制作用,后者从石油运移与聚集过程出发,强调运移动力学在初次运移和二次运移中的重要作用。但是目前低渗透油气成藏研究存在一定的局限性和片面性,过分强调了单个地质因素的作用,其中沉积学控制成藏理论局限于沉积相划分和沉积模式建立方面,过多地强调了沉积相对成藏因素静态的控制作用,而忽视了油气成藏过程的动态属性;运移动力学控制成藏理论却过分强调了油气流体运移过程的模式化和公式化,过分夸大和随意解释了油气运移成藏记录——油气包裹体的作用及其原始地质意义,轻视了深部地层条件下油气运移的复杂性和油气包裹体记录的多解性。因此,传统的单因素控制油气成藏理论和相应的勘探研究方法已经不能确切揭示油气富集规律和有效指导勘探工作。低渗透油气藏成藏理论研究趋势是要重视分析油气藏地质记录,动态研究油气藏形成和演化历史过程,总结油气富集规律,为油气勘探战略部署提供重要资料。 相似文献
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Sandstones of different ages provide economically significant oil, gas, and water reservoirs. In sandstones where heterogeneities are not visually obvious, it is particularly difficult to predict the location of permeability barriers and the scale at which high and low permeability zones occur, yet this is critical in providing information on hydrocarbon reservoir performance. This study uses variogram analysis to investigate spatial variation in permeability in visually homogeneous reservoir sandstone successions. Air permeability measurements were taken using unsteady state probe permeametry following regular grid schemes with centimeter spacing. Spatial variation in permeability was characterized using omnidirectional and directional variograms. This study combines variography with geological interpretation to assess the degree of heterogeneity of permeability in visually homogeneous sandstone successions. Variography indicates spatial dependence and short-range variation at 1 cm grid spacings that is not apparent at a larger 5 cm grid spacing in the visually homogeneous sandstones studied. The range of the models fitted to the variograms provide a potentially important index of spatial variability in permeability for different depositional settings including aeolian, fluvial, shallow marine, and marine/mass- flow turbidite. 相似文献
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准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷深层油气流体相态研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷深层(5000m)是我国深层油气勘探当前的一个热点风险领域。为给区域下步油气勘探提供参考,通过对区内烃源岩和油气进行系统的地质地球化学正演、反演对比综合研究,重点分析了油气流体相态。结果表明,研究区深层稳定发育石炭系—二叠系四套烃源岩,有机质丰度高,普遍达到中等—好质量,类型多种多样,既可生油亦可生气,加之所有烃源岩均已基本进入高—过成熟演化,因此深层油气流体相态总体应高熟轻质,可能包括高熟轻质油、干酪根裂解气、油裂解气等。原油地球化学研究表明,原油随埋藏深度增加、层位变老,油质有逐渐变轻的趋势,成熟度有逐渐增大的趋势,保存条件亦逐渐变好,因此预测深层原油油质更轻、成熟度更高、保存条件更好。天然气地球化学研究表明,中浅层天然气可能属于混合来源,包括干酪根裂解气和油裂解气,规模性的高过成熟天然气可能在深层。因此,研究区深层油气资源丰富,相态轻质,成藏有利,值得勘探。这些认识还可供具有相似油气地质背景地区在研究和勘探时类比参考。 相似文献
5.
Using Sequential Indicator Simulation as a Tool in Reservoir Description: Issues and Uncertainties 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Flow simulation studies require an accurate model of the reservoir in terms of its sedimentological architecture. Pixel-based reservoir modeling techniques are often used to model this architecture. There are, however, two problem areas with such techniques. First, several statistical parameters have to be provided whose influence on the resulting model is not readily inferable. Second, conditioning the models to relevant geological data that carry great uncertainty on their own adds to the difficulty of obtaining reliable models and assessing model reliability. The Sequential Indicator Simulation (SIS) method has been used to examine the impact of such uncertainties on the final reservoir model. The effects of varying variogram types, frequencies of lithology occurrence, and the gridblock model orientation with respect to the sedimentological trends are illustrated using different reservoir modeling studies. Results indicate, for example, that the choice of variogram type can have a significant impact on the facies model. Also, reproduction of sedimentological trends and large geometries requires careful parameter selection. By choosing the appropriate modeling strategy, sedimentological principles can be translated into the numerical model. Solutions for dealing with such issues and the geological uncertainties are presented. In conclusion, each reservoir modeling study should begin by developing a thorough quantitative sedimentological understanding of the reservoir under study, followed by detailed sensitivity analyses of relevant statistical and geological parameters. 相似文献
6.
Corner-point gridding is widely used in reservoir and basin modeling but generally yields approximations in the representation of geological interfaces. This paper introduces an indirect method to generate a hex-dominant mesh conformal to 3D geological surfaces and well paths suitable for finite-element and control-volume finite-element simulations. By indirect, we mean that the method first generates an unstructured tetrahedral mesh whose tetrahedra are then merged into primitives (hexahedra, prisms, and pyramids). More specifically, we focus on determining the optimal set of primitives that can be recombined from a given tetrahedral mesh. First, we detect in the tetrahedral mesh all the feasible volumetric primitives using a pattern-matching algorithm (Meshkat and Talmor Int. J. Numer. Meth. Eng. 49(1-2), 17–30 2000) that we re-visit and extend with configurations that account for degenerated tetrahedra (slivers). Then, we observe that selecting the optimal set of primitives among the feasible ones can be formalized as a maximum weighted independent set problem (Bomze et al. 1999), known to be \(\mathcal {N}\mathcal {P}\)-Complete. We propose several heuristic optimizations to find a reasonable set of primitives in a practical time. All the tetrahedra of each selected primitive are then merged to build the final unstructured hex-dominant mesh. This method is demonstrated on 3D geological models including a faulted and folded model and a discrete fracture network. 相似文献
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鄂尔多斯盆地中部某地区延长组长6油层组属于典型的陆相成因低孔超低渗砂岩储层。开发早期,油藏描述阶段动静态的资料比较缺乏,要对油藏进行全面的研究和评价具有较大的难度。随机建模技术能够描述由于资料的缺乏引起的地质模型的不确定性。文章简要介绍了随机建模的基本原理,建立了鄂尔多斯盆地中部某地区延长组长6油层组的构造模型,用序贯指示模拟方法和序贯高斯模拟方法建立了目的层的沉积微相和物性参数的三维展布模型。生产实际表明,用随机建模方法建立的地质模型与实际生产动态符合率高,表明随机建模技术在我国陆相复杂储层早期油藏描述阶段有很大的适用性和实用性。 相似文献
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Andrea Capolei Eka Suwartadi Bjarne Foss John Bagterp Jørgensen 《Computational Geosciences》2013,17(6):991-1013
In conventional waterflooding of an oil field, feedback based optimal control technologies may enable higher oil recovery than with a conventional reactive strategy in which producers are closed based on water breakthrough. To compensate for the inherent geological uncertainties in an oil field, robust optimization has been suggested to improve and robustify optimal control strategies. In robust optimization of an oil reservoir, the water injection and production borehole pressures (bhp) are computed such that the predicted net present value (NPV) of an ensemble of permeability field realizations is maximized. In this paper, we both consider an open-loop optimization scenario, with no feedback, and a closed-loop optimization scenario. The closed-loop scenario is implemented in a moving horizon manner and feedback is obtained using an ensemble Kalman filter for estimation of the permeability field from the production data. For open-loop implementations, previous test case studies presented in the literature, show that a traditional robust optimization strategy (RO) gives a higher expected NPV with lower NPV standard deviation than a conventional reactive strategy. We present and study a test case where the opposite happen: The reactive strategy gives a higher expected NPV with a lower NPV standard deviation than the RO strategy. To improve the RO strategy, we propose a modified robust optimization strategy (modified RO) that can shut in uneconomical producer wells. This strategy inherits the features of both the reactive and the RO strategy. Simulations reveal that the modified RO strategy results in operations with larger returns and less risk than the reactive strategy, the RO strategy, and the certainty equivalent strategy. The returns are measured by the expected NPV and the risk is measured by the standard deviation of the NPV. In closed-loop optimization, we investigate and compare the performance of the RO strategy, the reactive strategy, and the certainty equivalent strategy. The certainty equivalent strategy is based on a single realization of the permeability field. It uses the mean of the ensemble as its permeability field. Simulations reveal that the RO strategy and the certainty equivalent strategy give a higher NPV compared to the reactive strategy. Surprisingly, the RO strategy and the certainty equivalent strategy give similar NPVs. Consequently, the certainty equivalent strategy is preferable in the closed-loop situation as it requires significantly less computational resources than the robust optimization strategy. The similarity of the certainty equivalent and the robust optimization based strategies for the closed-loop situation challenges the intuition of most reservoir engineers. Feedback reduces the uncertainty and this is the reason for the similar performance of the two strategies. 相似文献
10.
侯俊胜 《物探化探计算技术》2000,22(1):34-39
基于辽河盆地锦99块(兴)稠油油藏地质地球物理测井特征和当前该区油田开发生产的需要,我们提出了利用常规测井资料,计算该区稠油油藏的泥质含量、孔隙度、含油饱和度、渗透率、出砂指数和有效厚度等参数的有效方法,通过实际应用表明了上述方法的实用性。 相似文献
11.
以鄂尔多斯盆地陇东地区三叠系延长组低渗透砂岩油藏为例,基于大量基础地质、地球物理和地球化学分析资料,指出鄂尔多斯盆地陇东地区延长组石油富集主要受稳定构造背景、低孔渗储层与高效优质烃源岩良好配置等多种因素控制。以长7油页岩为主、多层段有效烃源岩的高效生烃是石油富集的基础,低渗储层与高效烃源岩的直接大面积接触及烃源岩的异常高压驱动下的高效排油是低渗储层石油富集的关键;稳定的构造背景和低渗透储层的强烈非均质性是石油保存的根本。在延长组储层普遍致密的背景下,有效烃源岩的排烃范围和有效储层的分布共同控制了石油富集地区。勘探实践已表明,大型内陆坳陷湖盆低渗储层富油理论可有效指导油气勘探,已发现了亿吨级大油气田。 相似文献
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川中地区中上寒武统洗象池组油气勘探一直未取得大规模突破,仅在威远—资阳地区获得了少量产能,研究其储集层形成过程和主控因素可以为勘探提供更可靠的地质依据。本研究基于川中地区的野外露头、岩心、薄片和钻测井等地质资料,对川中地区洗象池组储集层特征进行了详细的研究,在此基础上分析了不同类型颗粒滩沉积组合、准同生溶蚀作用和表生岩溶作用对储集层的影响。结果表明: (1)研究区洗象池组储集岩主要为颗粒白云岩,根据原始结构保存程度,可将颗粒白云岩划分为残余颗粒白云岩和粉晶—细晶白云岩,储集空间以粒间溶孔、晶间溶孔及小型溶洞为主,整体表现为低孔低渗的特征;(2)研究区洗象池组发育潟湖—颗粒滩(—台坪)、颗粒滩—台坪(混积潮坪)、多期颗粒滩垂向叠置3种颗粒滩沉积组合类型,其中多期颗粒滩垂向叠置可形成厚度较大的颗粒岩段,其储集层物性最好;(3)准同生溶蚀作用是川中洗象池组储集层形成的关键,加里东期表生溶蚀作用改善了储集层质量。 相似文献
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模糊评价方法在油气化探中的应用 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
油气化探指标的处理与综合评价是油气化探工作中的重要组成部分,它直接关系到油气化 探找油气藏效果。模糊评价是利用模糊数学中的模糊关系原理,结合已知探区油气化探指标在油气藏 上方或油气藏储层的规律性变化,找出反映油气藏属性的信息,结合地质环境资料,建立模糊评价系 统,对该探区化探指标异常进行评判。 相似文献
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川中地区中上寒武统洗象池组油气勘探一直未取得大规模突破,仅在威远-资阳地区获得了少量产能,研究其储集层形成过程和主控因素可以为勘探提供更可靠的地质依据。本研究基于川中地区的野外露头、岩心、薄片和钻测井等地质资料,对川中地区洗象池组储集层特征进行了详细的研究,在此基础上分析了不同类型颗粒滩沉积组合、准同生溶蚀作用和表生岩溶作用对储集层的影响。结果表明: (1)研究区洗象池组储集岩主要为颗粒白云岩,根据原始结构保存程度,可将颗粒白云岩划分为残余颗粒白云岩和粉晶-细晶白云岩,储集空间以粒间溶孔、晶间溶孔及小型溶洞为主,整体表现为低孔低渗的特征;(2)研究区洗象池组发育潟湖-颗粒滩(-台坪)、颗粒滩-台坪(混积潮坪)、多期颗粒滩垂向叠置3种颗粒滩沉积组合类型,其中多期颗粒滩垂向叠置可形成厚度较大的颗粒岩段,其储集层物性最好;(3)准同生溶蚀作用是川中洗象池组储集层形成的关键,加里东期表生溶蚀作用改善了储集层质量。 相似文献
16.
延长油田页岩气储层埋藏较深,地质条件复杂,页理构造发育,岩石物性极差,页岩易膨胀、分散。由于孔缝并存,页岩气储层比砂岩油藏具有更严重的微粒运移损害、储层应力敏感损害、水锁损害等特性。鉴于延长页岩储层太过致密,不能用常规方法进行渗透率测定。通过采用人造裂缝法测定钻井液对储层裂缝的污染程度来表征钻井液对储层的损害率。经人造裂缝法测定,延长油田现场使用的白油基钻井液体系对页岩气储层的污染渗透率恢复率达到91.060%,初步证实该体系具有良好的储层保护效果,可在延长油田进一步推广使用并验证。 相似文献
17.
Reliable 3D modelling of underground hydrocarbon reservoirs is a challenging task due to the complexity of the underground geological formations and to the availability of different types of data that are typically affected by uncertainties.In the case of geologically complex depositional environments,such as fractured hydrocarbon reservoirs,the uncertainties involved in the modelling process demand accurate analysis and quantification in order to provide a reliable confidence range of volumetric estimations.In the present work,we used a 3D model of a fractured carbonate reservoir and populated it with different lithological and petrophysical properties.The available dataset also included a discrete fracture network(DFN)property that was used to model the fracture distribution.Uncertainties affecting lithological facies,their geometry and absolute positions(related to the fault system),fracture distribution and petrophysical properties were accounted for.We included all different types of uncertainties in an automated approach using tools available in today's modelling software packages and combining all the uncertain input parameters in a series of statistically representative geological realizations.In particular,we defined a specific workflow for the definition of the absolute permeability according to an equivalent,single porosity approach,taking into account the contribution of both the matrix and the fracture system.The results of the analyses were transferred into a 3D numerical fluid-dynamic simulator to evaluate the propagation of the uncertainties associated to the input data down to the final results,and to assess the dynamic response of the reservoir following a selected development plan.The"integrated approach"presented in this paper can be useful for all technicians involved in the construction and validation of 3D numerical models of hydrocarbon-bearing reservoirs and can potentially become part of the educational training for young geo-scientists and engineers,since an integrated and well-constructed workflow is the backbone of any reservoir study. 相似文献
18.
Constraining stochastic models of reservoir properties such as porosity and permeability can be formulated as an optimization problem. While an optimization based on random search methods preserves the spatial variability of the stochastic model, it is prohibitively computer intensive. In contrast, gradient search methods may be very efficient but it does not preserve the spatial variability of the stochastic model. The gradual deformation method allows for modifying a reservoir model (i.e., realization of the stochastic model) from a small number of parameters while preserving its spatial variability. It can be considered as a first step towards the merger of random and gradient search methods. The gradual deformation method yields chains of reservoir models that can be investigated successively to identify an optimal reservoir model. The investigation of each chain is based on gradient computations, but the building of chains of reservoir models is random. In this paper, we propose an algorithm that further improves the efficiency of the gradual deformation method. Contrary to the previous gradual deformation method, we also use gradient information to build chains of reservoir models. The idea is to combine the initial reservoir model or the previously optimized reservoir model with a compound reservoir model. This compound model is a linear combination of a set of independent reservoir models. The combination coefficients are calculated so that the search direction from the initial model is as close as possible to the gradient search direction. This new gradual deformation scheme allows us for reducing the number of optimization parameters while selecting an optimal search direction. The numerical example compares the performance of the new gradual deformation scheme with that of the traditional one. 相似文献
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油气充注对塔中志留系沥青砂岩储集性影响的模拟实验研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
志留系储层原油演化成沥青过程中，沥青充填于粒间孔及填隙物中，占据了孔隙空间，残余孔隙率、渗透率很低。通过模拟实验的方法分析了油气充注对沥青砂岩储集性的影响，早期充填沥青少而残余孔隙率、渗透率很低的砂岩，晚期油气仍不能充注，是非储层；早期沥青均匀充填、充填程度高，残余孔隙率、渗透率低的砂岩，晚期低粘度稀油仍能充注，孔隙率、渗透率有大幅度提高，是有效储层；早期沥青充填较均匀，残余孔隙率相对较高，不同粘度的原油充注后，孔渗条件发生明显的改善。常温的实验表明，原油的物理性质是决定沥青砂岩能否再次充注的关键因素之一，稀油充注是志留系沥青砂岩成藏的必要条件。 相似文献