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南海北部偏北大风的分析预报 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文通过分析1982年—1986年10—5月冷空气影响南海时的船舶投资料,天气图和海洋站等资料,得到了偏北大风发生的主要形势特征及其预报方程。试报结果表明:方程具有良好的准确性,可作为冬半年冷空气大风的预报参考。 相似文献
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本文利用欧洲中心中期数值预报产品,应用天气学分型推理预报,物理量分析诊断预报,相似预报和“MOS”方程预报四种方法,并将各种预报结果进行综合集成,做出东海区域大风的中期预报,业务应用表明,该系统对中期大风天气过程具有一定的预报能力。 相似文献
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一、概述 1983年3月7日02时至14时,黄渤海域出现的偏北大风,具有来势快、历时短的特点,大风实况如图1所示(图1)。这次过程是在冷空气已经偏东、地面大陆高压超于减弱的形势 下,由于高空中亚暖高压脊脊线顺时针旋转使已偏 东的冷空气沿东亚低涡后部回流西进南落,促成地 面大陆高压重新加强而产生的。对这种偏东冷空气 如不注意其回流南落的可能性,往往造成预报失 误。本文通过对形势演变的分析,在提出对这类回 流冷空气预报着眼点的同时,并且举出了利用数值 预报产品预报海面大风的情况,还就湍流与动量下传作用的关系进行了计算和讨论。 相似文献
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上海港东濒东海,北界长江,南临杭州湾,是全国最大的一个港口,单就海运来说,每天有各类大小船只15,000条进出港口,许多小船遇到6—7级大风时,经常在港内碰撞沉没,大船在8级以上大风航行时,也会发生碰撞,造成损失。据上海港1979—1982年四年间统计,因大风造成碰撞、沉船事故102次,损失约32万余元,平均每次大风损失3,100余元。冬季,上海港处于东亚南、北两支西风气流的汇合处,冷空气活动十分频繁,东海、黄海低压活动也较多,而冷空气大风的影响尤为显著。每年11月到翌年1月,阵风8级或8级以上的偏北大风过程月平均有3次,6—7级偏北大风过程月平均有5—6次,大风持续时间一般为1—2天,最长可达10天左右。因此,冷空气大风对上海港船舶航行安全的影响十分严重。为此,本文对单纯冷空气南下,造成上海港8级或8级以上偏北大风的过程,建立开船条件48小时预报天气型,供管理船舶部门在大风前48小时合理调度客货轮和保障船舶安全航行 相似文献
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应用观测资料和MICAPS3气象资料显示系统,分析研究了近十年山东沿海7级以上偏北大风的特征。对两年内36次区域性大风个例,以地面影响系统为主,把偏北大风分为四种类型:冷锋型、温带气旋型、回流冷空气型和北上热带气旋型,建立了偏北大风的天气学模型。分月份、分类型统计分析了偏北大风期间地面气压梯度、锋后冷高压强度、锋前低压强度、高低压之间的气压差、850 hPa锋区强度、850hPa偏北风风速、850hPa24h变温,给出了阈值和平均值;分析研究了各类型9级以上偏北大风气象要素的临界值。对各种类型偏北大风的物理量空间结构和形成机理进行了研究,结果表明:冷锋偏北大风在中低层为较强的下沉运动,低层辐散,有高空动量下传,偏北大风主要是快速南下的冷空气、下沉运动造成的辐散风和高空动量下传的共同作用;气旋型偏北大风在高空为正涡度、低层辐合、整层为上升运动,北大风主要取决于快速旋转的气旋性环流和向气旋中心的辐合运动;回流型偏北大风的中高空为上升,近地面层为下沉,偏北大风主要是低层快速南下的冷空气的水平运动。 相似文献
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近几年来,随着海洋石油开采的迅速发展,海上大风对石油钻井平台拖航、插桩和作业的影响已引起人们的普遍关注。为确保石油钻井平台的安全,必须做好海上大风预报。本文据勘探2号平台1980年11月10日至1981年4月27日在长江口外海区5个月的观测资料,对该期间由于冷空气影响,而产生的33次大风过程进行了初步分析;概括了其天气形势的演变特点,单站曲线的变化特征;讨论了气压梯度、锋区强度和湍流交换对风力的影响。本文可供有关部门研究远海冷空气大风和作海上大风预报时参考。 相似文献
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一、前言气旋大风的预报,实际就是冷空气南下和入海高压加强造成地面加压与气旋东移发展造成地面降压,这两个因素所造成气压梯度变化的预报。本文根据嵊山、嵊泗、大陈、吕四气象站和小庙洪海洋站的冬、春汛大风资料,对江、浙沿海251次气旋大风过程进行天气、气候分析,获得四类气旋强度变化,冬春季频数及路径移动规律等情况。对江苏沿海59次气旋后部偏北大风和37次气旋前部偏南大风例子,应用天气学原理并结合日常预报工作经验,建立700毫巴和地面气压场天气形势模式,提供气象、海洋预报人员参考。 相似文献
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A real-time, event-triggered storm surge forecasting system for the state of North Carolina 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
A new real-time, event-triggered storm surge prediction system has been developed for the State of North Carolina to assist emergency managers, policy-makers and other government officials with evacuation planning, decision-making and resource deployment during tropical storm landfall and flood inundation events. The North Carolina Forecast System (NCFS) was designed and built to provide a rapid response assessment of hurricane threat, accomplished by driving a high-resolution, two-dimensional, depth-integrated version of the ADCIRC (Advanced Circulation) coastal ocean model with winds from a synthetic asymmetric gradient wind vortex. These parametric winds, calculated at exact finite-element mesh node locations and directly coupled to the ocean model at every time step, are generated from National Hurricane Center (NHC) forecast advisories the moment they are inserted into the real-time weather data stream, maximizing the number of hours of forecast utility. Tidal harmonic constituents are prescribed at the open water boundaries and applied as tidal potentials in the interior of the ocean model domain. A directional surface roughness parameterization that modulates the wind speed at a given location based on the types of land cover encountered upwind, a forest canopy sheltering effect, and a spatially varying distribution of Manning’s–n friction coefficient used for computing the bottom/channel bed friction are also included in the storm surge model. Comparisons of the simulated wind speeds and phases against their real meteorological counterparts, of model elevations against actual sea surface elevations measured by NOAA tide gauges along the NC coast, and of simulated depth-averaged current velocities against Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) data, indicate that this new system produces remarkably realistic predictions of winds and storm surge. 相似文献
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《Ocean Modelling》2009,26(3-4):95-119
A new real-time, event-triggered storm surge prediction system has been developed for the State of North Carolina to assist emergency managers, policy-makers and other government officials with evacuation planning, decision-making and resource deployment during tropical storm landfall and flood inundation events. The North Carolina Forecast System (NCFS) was designed and built to provide a rapid response assessment of hurricane threat, accomplished by driving a high-resolution, two-dimensional, depth-integrated version of the ADCIRC (Advanced Circulation) coastal ocean model with winds from a synthetic asymmetric gradient wind vortex. These parametric winds, calculated at exact finite-element mesh node locations and directly coupled to the ocean model at every time step, are generated from National Hurricane Center (NHC) forecast advisories the moment they are inserted into the real-time weather data stream, maximizing the number of hours of forecast utility. Tidal harmonic constituents are prescribed at the open water boundaries and applied as tidal potentials in the interior of the ocean model domain. A directional surface roughness parameterization that modulates the wind speed at a given location based on the types of land cover encountered upwind, a forest canopy sheltering effect, and a spatially varying distribution of Manning’s–n friction coefficient used for computing the bottom/channel bed friction are also included in the storm surge model. Comparisons of the simulated wind speeds and phases against their real meteorological counterparts, of model elevations against actual sea surface elevations measured by NOAA tide gauges along the NC coast, and of simulated depth-averaged current velocities against Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) data, indicate that this new system produces remarkably realistic predictions of winds and storm surge. 相似文献
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Weather in the North Gulf of Alaska is characterized by a high frequency of deep synoptic-scale low-pressure systems, especially during the cold season. The strong pressure gradients of these storms interact with the extremely rugged terrain of the coastal mountains to produce a variety of channeled flows. These surface wind regimes are not well documented in the scientific community, due to the paucity of observations. Modeling of these phenomena in regions of complex terrain is of great interest to those working with hydrodynamic, wave, and pollutant transport models in coastal and shelf areas. Such models, when coupled with ocean and coastal-ecology counterparts, give a broad view of the role surface winds play in shaping local coastal marine ecosystem in this region. This paper presents a climatology of simulated low-level wind jets over the domain of Cook Inlet and Shelikof Strait along Alaska's south-central coast. Daily simulations using the RAMS model were conducted in a 36-h forecast mode for the cold-season period 10/1/03 to 3/31/04. Systematic analysis of the resulting simulated low-level wind field makes it possible to characterize these jets and gap flows in spatial and temporal detail. The comparison between the RAMS winds and the Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)-derived winds when available verifies the existence of these wind jets and the capability of the model to simulate these cases. Clearly, the results of a study in this region depend on the fidelity of the model at these scales (O[5 km]). The SAR comparisons attempt to help establish this. From the 6 months of simulations over Cook Inlet and Shelikof Strait, the low-level wind jets are classified into 10 different regimes by location and orientation. These regimes are categorized into four more general groups: cross-channel westerly, easterly, and up and down Inlet flows. The nature of a particular regime is largely a function of pressure gradient orientation and local topography. Jets in the same group have a similar occurrence distribution with time. Some form of jet occurred in the study region almost daily each month of the period, with December 2003 having the highest frequency of wind jets. 相似文献
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A nested numerical storm surge forecast model for the East China Sea is developed. Aone-way relaxing nest method is used to exchange the information between coarse grid and fine grid. In the inner boundary of the fine grid model a transition area is set up to relax the forecast variables. This ensures that the forecast variables of the coarse model may transit to those of fine grid gradually, which enhances the model stability. By using this model, a number of hindcasts and forecast are performed for six severe storm surges caused by tropical cyclones in the East China Sea. The results show good agreement with the observations. 相似文献
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一个东海嵌套网格台风暴潮数值预报模式的研制与应用 总被引：10，自引：3，他引：10
建立了一个覆盖东海的两重嵌套网格高分辨率台风暴潮数值预报模式.粗、细网格模式分辨率分别为6'和2'.两套网格的嵌套采用单向松弛套网格技术,即在细网格的内边界附近建立了一个“过渡区”,对预报的物理量进行松弛,使粗、细网格模式变量逐步过渡,避免了边界附近寄生波的产生,从而增加了模式的稳定性.利用该模式,对显着影响东中国海地区的6次风暴潮过程进行了后报和预报试验.与观测资料比较,数值结果令人满意. 相似文献
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Robert S. Pickart Michael A. Spall G.W.K. Moore Thomas J. Weingartner Rebecca A. Woodgate Knut Aagaard Koji Shimada 《Progress in Oceanography》2011,88(1-4):78-100
The spin up and relaxation of an autumn upwelling event on the Beaufort slope is investigated using a combination of oceanic and atmospheric data and numerical models. The event occurred in November 2002 and was driven by an Aleutian low storm. The wind field was strongly influenced by the pack-ice distribution, resulting in enhanced winds over the open water of the Chukchi Sea. Flow distortion due to the Brooks mountain range was also evident. Mooring observations east of Barrow Canyon show that the Beaufort shelfbreak jet reversed to the west under strong easterly winds, followed by upwelling of Atlantic Water onto the shelf. After the winds subsided a deep eastward jet of Atlantic Water developed, centered at 250 m depth. An idealized numerical model reproduces these results and suggests that the oceanic response to the local winds is modulated by a propagating signal from the western edge of the storm. The disparity in wave speeds between the sea surface height signal—traveling at the fast barotropic shelf wave speed—versus the interior density signal—traveling at the slow baroclinic wave speed—leads to the deep eastward jet. The broad-scale response to the storm over the Chukchi Sea is investigated using a regional numerical model. The strong gradient in windspeed at the ice edge results in convergence of the offshore Ekman transport, leading to the establishment of an anti-cyclonic gyre in the northern Chukchi Sea. Accordingly, the Chukchi shelfbreak jet accelerates to the east into the wind during the storm, and no upwelling occurs west of Barrow Canyon. Hence the storm response is fundamentally different on the Beaufort slope (upwelling) versus the Chukchi slope (no upwelling). The regional numerical model results are supported by additional mooring data in the Chukchi Sea. 相似文献
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中法海洋卫星散射计近海岸海面风场反演研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
中法海洋卫星散射计(CSCAT)使用扇形波束旋转扫描体制,能够以多角度测量同一海面的雷达后向散射系数,并具有空间分辨率较高的特点。这为近海岸海面风场反演提供了新的机遇。本文介绍了CSCAT近海岸海面风场处理的主要流程和关键技术。特别地,在风场反演之前,利用一种矩形窗算术平均的方法将L1B级的高分辨率条带数据组合平均到相应的风矢量单元中,从而实现近海岸风场反演的快速预处理。通过对比CSCAT、欧洲先进散射计(ASCAT)以及美国QuikSCAT的近海岸风场,发现CSCAT风场的质量在离岸40 km以外区域具有良好的一致性,而在离岸40 km以内显著恶化。分析表明,CSCAT近海岸区域风场统计特征恶化的原因可能是由潜在的海冰污染引起的。总体而言,CSCAT的近海岸风场与模式背景风场和浮标风场都具有良好的一致性。 相似文献
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黄、渤海冷空气海浪场的集合预报试验 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用欧洲集合天气预报系统51个预报风场驱动SWAN海浪模式,对黄、渤海2013年12月-2014年2月期间受冷空气影响的海浪场进行数值模拟试验,并利用浮标观测资料对海浪集合预报结果进行初步检验分析,结果显示:从逐时平均偏差结果可知,24h预报时效内集合平均与控制预报性能相近,48~72h预报时效内,集合平均明显优于控制预报,但均比实况偏小;集合分位值(75、90百分位值和极端值)明显优于集合平均,且预报时效越长,优势越明显,集合预报极端值与实况相当或略偏大;从逐24h平均偏差结果可知,集合分位值(75、90百分位值和极端值)比集合平均和控制预报更接近实况。总的分析表明:集合分位值(75、90百分位值和极端值)对受冷空气影响的海浪场具有较强的分辨能力,可以提高对海浪场的预报水平,且有较好的应用潜力。 相似文献
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W.R. Geyer 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》1997,44(6):713-722
Observations of two small estuaries in Cape Cod, U.S.A. indicate large variations in salinity structure that are forced by variations in along-estuary wind stress. During onshore winds, the estuarine circulation is reduced, and the along-estuary salinity gradient increases as freshwater accumulates. During offshore winds, the surface outflow is enhanced, freshwater is flushed out of the estuary, and the along-estuary salinity gradient becomes weak. Constrictions block the wind-induced flushing, resulting in strong salinity fronts across the constrictions. The residence time of one of the estuaries varies by more than a factor of three in response to variations in wind-induced flushing. The other estuary has little variation of flushing associated with winds, due to a constriction at the mouth that inhibits the wind-induced exchange. The strong influence of winds on the flushing of these estuaries is due in part to their shallow depths, which accentuates the influence of wind stress relative to the effects of the horizontal density gradient. In addition, the residence times of the estuaries are comparable to the time scale of wind forcing, allowing large changes in water properties during wind events. 相似文献