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1.
室外风对高层建筑外保温层火灾发展的影响研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
近年来,由外墙保温材料引起的高层建筑火灾频繁发生,使得高层建筑室外火灾已经成为当下防火安全工程研究的热点议题。高层建筑外墙火灾受室外风影响较大,本研究采用CFD（Computational Fluid Dynamics）火灾模拟软件FDS,针对当前典型高层住宅建筑进行室外风作用下外保温材料火灾特性的模拟研究,分析了不同风向风速作用下外墙保温材料的火灾燃烧性能,研究了室外风对火灾烟气温度、运动速度、CO体积分数、可见度、火灾热释放速率等参数的影响。研究结果表明：室外风对火灾热释放速率等火灾作用参数有着较大影响,并存在一定的规律性。研究成果对未来高层节能建筑的防火设计施工具有一定的借鉴意义。 相似文献
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窗墙面积比对高层住宅外墙外保温火灾蔓延的影响分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
外墙外保温火灾发生后,窗口不仅成为火焰进入室内的通道,而且提供大量的新鲜空气,可能导致室内发生轰燃。为了研究住宅窗墙面积比（以下简称窗墙比）对火势的蔓延速率和火场温度的影响,采用了美国标准与技术研究所开发的场模拟软件FDS（火灾动力学模拟器）,模拟了不同窗墙比情况下的住宅外墙外保温火灾。分析结果表明：随着窗墙比的增大,火灾蔓延速率变快,蔓延范围增大,但峰值温度降低;起火面窗墙比为0.25时,测点峰值温度远大于对照组,起火面窗墙比为0.30时,起火房间有明显的轰燃现象,起火面窗墙比为0.35时,充分对流通风,环境冷空气进入室内,峰值温度较低;非起火面窗墙比变化基本符合上述规律,但当窗墙比过小（0.20）时,火焰难以进入室内,火势较小。 相似文献
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隧道纵向通风对火灾规模和火灾蔓延的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
隧道纵向通风一方面会给火源提供大量氧气,扩大火灾规模,增加火灾蔓延的可能性;另一方面又可以带走大量热量,减小火灾蔓延的可能性。目前,这两方面影响的相对重要性还没有被很好地研究。本文对纵向通风对隧道火灾蔓延的影响进行了研究,首先分析了纵向通风对隧道火灾规模的影响,然后利用火灾动力学模拟程序FDS,对不同通风速率及相应火灾规模条件下隧道内车辆间的火灾蔓延进行了数值模拟,得出了不同通风速率条件下火灾蔓延的规律,并提出了控制隧道火灾蔓延的措施。结果表明,增加通风速率能较大地增加货车火灾的热释放速率,当通风速率小于2m／s时,火灾蔓延的距离随通风速率的增加而增大,当通风速率大于2m／s时,火灾蔓延的距离受通风速率的影响很小;对于客车火灾,通风对火灾的热释放速率影响较小,并且火灾蔓延的距离随通风速率的增大而减小。 相似文献
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对多种墙体保温材料、多种不同构造组成的保温系统进行了多项室内外防火性能试验。两面墙体外保温系统分别为胶粉聚苯颗粒贴砌聚苯板和聚苯板薄抹灰系统。以保温系统的外饰面(涂料饰面和面砖饰面)为例,阐述了保温系统的防火试验方法。通过对试验测试数据的处理,得出了保温系统温度和温度场的变化规律。揭示了保温系统在火灾试验的过程中,两种墙体的保温系统在火灾作用下的燃烧速度和火势蔓延的范围。将温度及温度场变化规律和燃烧后保温系统的破损情况进行比较,得出本构造材料可提高保温系统的防火性能的结论。 相似文献
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2011年3月,某钢结构物流中心发生火灾,过火面积约7000m2,损失惨重。通过对该例火灾的起因、火势蔓延、结构倒塌进行分析,探讨钢结构建筑防火设计和结构抗火措施。研究结果表明:①钢结构因本身抗火性能差,易垮塌,不利于火灾扑救;②在火灾中钢结构易整体破坏,造成重大损失;③由于未采取防火分隔,扩大了火灾蔓延途径和过火面积,加剧了火灾损失,也加大了火灾扑救难度。为了减轻火灾损失,应当:①合理设置防火分隔;②提高或保证钢柱、钢梁的耐火极限,以提升结构抗火能力;③加强对钢构件和结点的防火保护;④保证自动喷水灭火系统的正常运行,有效实施初期灭火。 相似文献
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钢索在大空间建筑火灾升温条件下的力学反应是评价索网结构抗火性能的关键依据。基于非线性有限元方法,建立了钢索在高温下的力学分析模型,模拟了大空间建筑火灾升温历程中钢索力学反应全过程,用参数分析方法得到影响钢索在火灾升温历程中力学反应的关键因素。结果表明:在大空间建筑火灾升温历程中,钢索的水平张力呈下降的趋势;随着钢索的预应力比增加、温度场非均匀性的增强和跨度的增加,其水平张力下降速率增大;荷载比的增加对水平张力下降速率影响较小。上述结论与钢索水平张力的解析解一致,可为索网结构抗火性能分析提供参考。 相似文献
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以实际工程中常用的钢管混凝土组合柱为研究对象,通过ABAQU S大型有限元软件模拟钢管混凝土组合柱在标准火和真实火中的截面温度分布、应力、变形、破坏形态、耐火极限等力学行为。其中标准火选用ISO-834标准火模型,真实火采用欧洲规范Eurocode 1 Part 1-2中的参数火模型来近似模拟真实火灾的温度—时间关系。研究发现,钢管混凝土柱在两种火场环境中的行为差异很大,真实火中的冷却过程对钢管混凝土的破坏起重要的影响。基于本研究,还初步得到火灾过程中环境温度的升温速度、柱火灾荷载比等对钢管混凝土组合柱的抗火性能的影响。 相似文献
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火灾作用下混凝土构件的承载能力总体不断下降且具有明显随机性,采用抗火可靠指标可较好地评估构件的火灾安全性。本文针对混凝土轴压柱的高温承载能力极限状态,考虑材料强度变异性导致的柱高温极限承栽力的随机性,以及高温下柱荷栽效应组合的随机性,采用JC法计算给出了ISO834标准升温曲线作用下不同受火时间对应的柱抗火可靠指标,讨论了主要参数对该可靠指标的影响规律;并根据我国现行建筑防火规范,通过分析和参照对比,初步提出了混凝土轴压柱抗火可靠指标的目标建议值。研究认为：（1）截面尺寸越小,柱抗火可靠指标随受火时间增加而下降的速率越快;（2）现行规范给出的截面（200×200）mm、（240×240）mm、（300×300）mm 3种柱在各自耐火极限时刻的抗火可靠指标较为接近,但截面（370×370）mm柱的抗火可靠指标却明显偏低;（3）混凝土轴压柱的目标抗火可靠指标建议取为1.6。 相似文献
11.
Frederick B. Pierson Peter R. Robichaud Corey A. Moffet Kenneth E. Spaeth Stuart P. Hardegree Patrick E. Clark C. Jason Williams 《水文研究》2008,22(16):2916-2929
Post‐fire runoff and erosion from wildlands has been well researched, but few studies have researched the degree of control exerted by fire on rangeland hydrology and erosion processes. Furthermore, the spatial continuity and temporal persistence of wildfire impacts on rangeland hydrology and erosion are not well understood. Small‐plot rainfall and concentrated flow simulations were applied to unburned and severely burned hillslopes to determine the spatial continuity and persistence of fire‐induced impacts on runoff and erosion by interrill and rill processes on steep sagebrush‐dominated sites. Runoff and erosion were measured immediately following and each of 3 years post‐wildfire. Spatial and temporal variability in post‐fire hydrologic and erosional responses were compared with runoff and erosion measured under unburned conditions. Results from interrill simulations indicate fire‐induced impacts were predominantly on coppice microsites and that fire influenced interrill sediment yield more than runoff. Interrill runoff was nearly unchanged by burning, but 3‐year cumulative interrill sediment yield on burned hillslopes (50 g m?2) was twice that of unburned hillslopes (25 g m?2). The greatest impact of fire was on the dynamics of runoff once overland flow began. Reduced ground cover on burned hillslopes allowed overland flow to concentrate into rills. The 3‐year cumulative runoff from concentrated flow simulations on burned hillslopes (298 l) was nearly 20 times that measured on unburned hillslopes (16 l). The 3‐year cumulative sediment yield from concentrated flow on burned and unburned hillslopes was 20 400 g m?2 and 6 g m?2 respectively. Fire effects on runoff generation and sediment were greatly reduced, but remained, 3 years post‐fire. The results indicate that the impacts of fire on runoff and erosion from severely burned steep sagebrush landscapes vary significantly by microsite and process, exhibiting seasonal fluctuation in degree, and that fire‐induced increases in runoff and erosion may require more than 3 years to return to background levels. Published in 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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表面设置防火涂料高强混凝土柱的耐火极限 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
前期试验表明,表面设置厚度20 mm的某非膨胀型防火涂料可较好地抑制高强混凝土的高温爆裂。本文通过试验反算给出了该涂料对应不同温度区间的平均导温系数;随后,利用结构抗火分析软件SAFIR对表面设置该涂料的高强混凝土柱的耐火极限进行了计算分析,考察了截面尺寸、轴压比、荷栽偏心率及配筋率等因素的影响,在此基础上提出了相应的高强混凝土柱耐火极限实用计算公式。研究结果表明：①该涂料的平均导温系数随温度升高有所降低;②表面设置厚度20 mm的该涂料可明显提高高强混凝土柱的耐火极限,提高幅度达40%～350%。 相似文献
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为缓解城市地面交通压力,城市交通隧道在许多大城市中已经得到越来越多的应用。由于城市交通隧道具有特殊的交通特性、地理位置及建筑结构,其火灾安全问题受到了极大的关注。研究其内部的火灾环境,对于设置相应的防火安全设施来保证内部人员和隧道结构本身的安全至关重要。本文采用数值模拟的手段,对自然通风工况下,有坡度和无坡度隧道在火灾环境下的温度分布特性进行了研究。研究结果表明,2种隧道内的温度分布特性有很大差异;对于由烟囱效应导致的有坡度情况下的温度分布特殊性,在制定相应的防排烟措施时应充分考虑。研究结果对于隧道的结构防火设计、防排烟系统设计及火灾时的人员疏散方案制定有一定的参考价值。 相似文献
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Frederick B. Pierson Corey A. Moffet C. Jason Williams Stuart P. Hardegree Patrick E. Clark 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2009,34(2):193-203
Changing fire regimes and prescribed‐fire use in invasive species management on rangelands require improved understanding of fire effects on runoff and erosion from steeply sloping sagebrush‐steppe. Small (0·5 m2) and large (32·5 m2) plot rainfall simulations (85 mm h–1, 1 h) and concentrated flow methodologies were employed immediately following burning and 1 and 2 years post‐fire to investigate infiltration, runoff and erosion from interrill (rainsplash, sheetwash) and rill (concentrated flow) processes on unburned and burned areas of a steeply sloped sagebrush site on coarse‐textured soils. Soil water repellency and vegetation were assessed to infer relationships in soil and vegetation factors that influence runoff and erosion. Runoff and erosion from rainfall simulations and concentrated flow experiments increased immediately following burning. Runoff returned to near pre‐burn levels and sediment yield was greatly reduced with ground cover recovery to 40 per cent 1 year post‐fire. Erosion remained above pre‐burn levels on large rainfall simulation and concentrated flow plots until ground cover reached 60 per cent two growing seasons post‐fire. The greatest impact of the fire was the threefold reduction of ground cover. Removal of vegetation and ground cover and the influence of pre‐existing strong soil‐water repellency increased the spatial continuity of overland flow, reduced runoff and sediment filtering effects of vegetation and ground cover, and facilitated increased velocity and transport capacity of overland flow. Small plot rainfall simulations suggest ground cover recovery to 40 per cent probably protected the site from low‐return‐interval storms, large plot rainfall and concentrated flow experiments indicate the site remained susceptible to elevated erosion rates during high‐intensity or long duration events until ground cover levels reached 60 per cent. The data demonstrate that the persistence of fire effects on steeply‐sloped, sandy sagebrush sites depends on the time period required for ground cover to recover to near 60 per cent and on the strength and persistence of ‘background’ or fire‐induced soil water repellency. Published in 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Fire is an important and natural process in the lifecycle of chaparral systems, removing old growth and recycling nutrients. Recent catastrophic wildfires in southern California chaparral have heightened concerns about increased runoff and nutrient export. The goal of this study was to improve understanding of how overland flow is generated in unburned and post‐fire chaparral watersheds. Samples of overland flow were collected from burned and unburned watersheds after rainfall events and multiple regression analysis was used to examine the influence of individual storm characteristics and system moisture on overland flow volume. The results indicate that variation in overland flow generation in the unburned watershed is best explained by storm size, while overland flow in the burned watershed was positively related to storm size and time between storms. These findings suggest that the burned system had decreased infiltration rates and increased soil water repellency. In contrast, there is a statistically significant negative relationship between overland flow 1 year after a fire against different system and precipitation factors revealed a negative correlation with drying period and a positive relationship with rainfall intensity, a combination that suggests reduced repellency. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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本文根据经典的火灾蔓延模型，完成计算机火灾模型化和模拟技术的研究。首先分析地震次生火灾因素，建立相应的数学模型，其次使用Mapinfo公司的MapX控件开发了软件，最后以鞍山市为例进行了结果展示。 相似文献
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Depending on the severity of the fire, forest fires may modify infiltration and soil erosion processes. Rainfall simulations were used to determine the hydrological effects of fire on Andisols in a pine forest burned by a wildfire in 2007. Six burned zones with different fire severities were compared with unburned zones. Infiltration, runoff and soil loss were analysed on slopes of 10% and 30%. Forest floor and soil properties were evaluated. Unburned zones exhibited relatively low infiltration (23 and 16 mm h?1 on 10% and 30% slope angles, respectively) and high average runoff/rainfall ratios (43% and 50% on 10% and 30% slope angles, respectively), which were associated with the extreme water repellency of the forest floor. Nonetheless, this layer seems to provide protection against raindrop impact and soil losses were found to be low (8 and 16 g m?2 h?1 for 10% and 30% slope angles, respectively). Soil cover, soil structure and water repellency were the main properties affected by the fire. The fire reduced forest floor and soil repellency, allowing rapid infiltration. Moreover, a significant decrease was noted in soil aggregate stabilities in the burned zones, which limited the infiltration rates. Consequently, no significant differences in infiltration and runoff were found between the burned and the unburned zones. The decrease in post‐fire soil cover and soil stability resulted in order‐of‐magnitude increases in erosion. Sediment rates were 15 and 31 g m?2 h?1 on the 10% and 30% slope angles, respectively, in zones affected by light fire severity. In the moderate fire severity zones, these values reached 65 and 260 g m?2 h?1 for the 10% and 30% slope angles, respectively. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Christopher Spence Newell Hedstrom Suzanne E. Tank William L. Quinton David Olefeldt Stefan Goodman Nicole Dion 《水文研究》2020,34(25):4940-4958
Understanding the role of forest fires on water budgets of subarctic Precambrian Shield catchments is important because of growing evidence that fire activity is increasing. Most research has focused on assessing impacts on individual landscape units, so it is unclear how changes manifest at the catchment scale enough to alter water budgets. The objective of this study was to determine the water budget impact of a forest fire that partially burned a ~450 km2 subarctic Precambrian Shield basin. Water budget components were measured in a pair of catchments: one burnt and another unburnt. Burnt and unburnt areas had comparable net radiation, but thaw was deeper in burned areas. There were deeper snow packs in burns. Differences in streamflow between the catchments were within measurement uncertainty. Enhanced winter streamflow from the burned watershed was evident by icing growth at the streamflow gauge location, which was not observed in the unburned catchment. Wintertime water chemistry was also clearly elevated in dissolved organics, and organic-associated nutrients. Application of a framework to assess hydrological resilience of watersheds to wildfire reveal that watersheds with both high bedrock and open water fractions are more resilient to hydrological change after fire in the subarctic shield, and resilience decreases with increasingly climatically wet conditions. This suggests significant changes in runoff magnitude, timing and water chemistry of many Shield catchments following wildfire depend on pre-fire land cover distribution, the extent of the wildfire and climatic conditions that follow the fire. 相似文献