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1.
《Journal of African Earth Sciences》2000,30(3):475-487
More than 90% of the rural villages and settlements throughout Botswana have water supplies based on groundwater. The annual increase in water demand is about 0.3 × 106 m3 and on average around 60 new boreholes are needed annually. In parallel with construction of new production boreholes for rural villages, there is an on-going rehabilitation of existing boreholes which have lost their original yield due to clogging, corrosion, encrustation, etc. The total annual cost of siting, drilling and testing of around 100 new production boreholes for rural villages water supply is estimated at around US$7.5 million (1997 price).Modelling of every groundwater resource for rural village water supply in Botswana is currently not feasible due to a lack of relevant and detailed information. A modelling exercise will assess the resource of the aquifer being studied, but can not give an assessment of the yield of each production borehole. Groundwater supply to rural villages is therefore currently based on the abstraction possible from established production boreholes. Test pumping data from these boreholes are the prime information in such an assessment. However safety factors and the fact that drought periods of longer duration are common in a semi-arid environment must also be considered. A computer program package TESTCURV developed by the Department of Water Affairs is a most useful tool in the assessment of yields for production boreholes for village water supply in Botswana, based on the performance of the well and the aquifer. No replenishment is assumed and the question of sustainable yield is not addressed by the program. 相似文献
2.
封闭不良钻孔不同程度地连通含水层,形成隐蔽性较强的导水通道,对巷道掘进和工作面回采构成水害威胁。基于全空间瞬变电磁理论,构建掘进工作面前方封闭不良钻孔三维地质-地球物理模型,模拟研究封闭不良钻孔影响区模型的全空间瞬变电磁场响应特征,进而探讨矿井瞬变电磁法用于封闭不良钻孔超前探测的有效性。数值模拟结果表明,封闭不良钻孔附近含水体在感应电动势多测道图上表现为幅值增强,异常特征明显。结合宁夏双马煤矿I0104108工作面运输巷掘进工作面前方封闭不良钻孔超前探测工程开展应用研究,探测结果显示,在钻孔位置的煤层顶板出现局部低阻,表明该钻孔具有一定的导水性,引起顶板局部相对富水性增强。研究结果表明,封闭不良钻孔导致的局部富水性增强可以引起典型且易于识别的瞬变电磁场响应。采用矿井瞬变电磁法进行超前探测,并结合精细化处理解释可以有效查明钻孔附近岩层的相对富水特征,进而对封闭不良钻孔的导水性进行评价,为封闭不良钻孔的治理提供依据,保障矿井安全生产。 相似文献
3.
正冻土水热迁移的移动泵模型 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
通过引入脉冲函数将流量边界条件转化为源（汇）项,冻结锋面处的假想泵从未冻土中抽吸水分并储存在冻结锋面附近的狭窄区域.将水分扩散方程在整体求解域上等效分解为两个方程,避免了处理移动冻融边界的难题.在一个分解方程中引入汇项以表达未冻区水分的流出,在另一个分解方程中引入相同大小的源项以表达冻土中水分的聚集.将移动泵模型相关场方程和变量输入COMSOL Multiphysics模拟软件的数学模块中,对一个封闭系统非饱和土冻结过程中水分和温度的变化过程进行了数值模拟,将模拟结果与前人试验和模拟结果进行了对比. 相似文献
4.
针对煤层顶板承压含水层涌水模式不清的问题,从煤层回采过程中顶板含水层涌水的时空变化特征入手,提出顶板含水层涌水量由静态储存量和动态补给量构成,认为静态储存量主要受来压步距、顶板垮落和导水裂隙(合称冒裂)影响区含水层厚度、含水层给水度控制,动态补给量主要受冒裂影响区外围含水层厚度、渗透性流场中水力梯度和过水断面面积控制;根据导水裂隙波及含水层情况,将顶板含水层涌水模式划分为井底进水的触及井涌水、井壁及井底进水的非完整井涌水和井壁进水的完整井涌水3种模式,并基于地下水渗流理论给出不同涌水模式下动态补给水量计算公式;针对以往疏放水钻孔数量多及疏放水量大的问题,以实现工作面顶板含水层静态储存量疏放后动态补给量可控为目的,提出冒裂区高度控制钻孔深度、单孔水位影响半径控制钻孔布置间距、钻孔疏放水量稳定时间控制超前疏放时间的疏放水钻孔优化设计理念,对疏放水及疏放钻孔布置进行优化,形成系统的顶板含水层水疏放体系。研究结果丰富了煤层顶板含水层涌水量计算和控制方法,对顶板水害防控具有实际的指导意义。 相似文献
5.
对水盐补给条件下硫酸盐渍土中的热质迁移、孔隙流体相变过程以及硫酸盐渍土盐冻胀变形进行了理论和试验研究。基于非饱和土力学和热弹性连续介质理论,建立了非饱和硫酸盐渍土中水-热-盐-力多物理场耦合的数学模型,其中考虑了孔隙内相变对热力学和水力学参数的影响,通过数值模拟分析了开放系统单向冻结条件下土体内部温度场、水分场、盐分场及应力场的变化过程,并利用室内降温试验对理论模型的有效性进行了验证。研究结果表明：盐分在结晶时所析出的潜热会直接影响到水分冻结成冰的过程;土体孔隙溶液浓度在开放系统单向冻结条件的影响下随时间先快速增长至峰值而后逐渐下降,最终趋于稳定;在负温的影响下,土体内部水分相变成冰,并逐渐形成冻结锋面,随着冻结锋面的下移,土体盐冻胀程度越来越大。 相似文献
6.
Vertical electrical sounding was used for assessing the suitability of the drill sites in crystalline areas within a water supply project in Nampula Province in Mozambique. Many boreholes have insufficient yield (<600 L/h). Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) was carried out over seven boreholes with sufficient yield, and five boreholes with insufficient yield, in Rapale District, in an attempt to understand the reason for the failed boreholes. Two significant hydrogeological units were identified: the altered zone (19–220 ohm-m) with disintegrated rock fragments characterized by intermediate porosity and permeability, and the fractured zone (>420 ohm-m) with low porosity and high permeability. In addition to this, there is unfractured nonpermeable intact rock with resistivity of thousands of ohm-m. The unsuccessful boreholes were drilled over a highly resistive zone corresponding to fresh crystalline rock and a narrow altered layer with lower resistivity. Successful boreholes were drilled in places where the upper layers with lower resistivity correspond to a well-developed altered layer or a well-fractured basement. There are a few exceptions with boreholes drilled in seemingly favourable locations but they were nevertheless unsuccessful boreholes for unknown reasons. Furthermore, there were boreholes drilled into very resistive zones that produced successful water wells, which may be due to narrow permeable fracture zones that are not resolved by ERT. Community involvement is proposed, in choosing between alternative borehole locations based on information acquired with a scientifically based approach, including conceptual geological models and ERT. This approach could probably lower the borehole failure rate. 相似文献
7.
温度-湿度-荷载综合作用下路基冻融过程试验研究 总被引：5，自引：3，他引：2
为了研究季节冻土路基内部温度场、水分场及应力场综合效应的变化特性,基于自主研发的温度-湿度-荷载综合模型试验测试系统,进行室内路基模型的冻结与融化循环试验,分析了冻融循环过程路基内部土体水、热及力学性能的变化特性.试验表明:冻结过程中,初期温度变化大,温度梯度从顶端向底部逐渐递减;路基顶冻结后,0℃冻结锋面不断往下移动,0℃分界线两段内温度梯度差异大;路基含水率分为冻结区未冻水含量似稳定段、过渡区未冻水快速相变段、未冻结区含水率减小段.融化过程中,温度变化先大后小,未冻结水含量与温度大小相关,路基内部含水量呈现中间增大,两端减小的情形.水热综合作用下,应力场表现:冻融过程中,路基回弹模量随着冻结深度的增大呈线性增加,随融化深度的增加而减小;路基回弹模量随冻融循环次数增加而衰减,当达到6次时,衰减趋于稳定.结果表明,土体水热耦合作用是影响路基土体力学性能的关键因素. 相似文献
8.
依托自然资源部中国地质调查局部署的"长江中游城市群咸宁-岳阳和南昌-怀化段高铁沿线1：50 000环境地质调查"项目,开展了蒲圻县幅1：50 000环境地质调查。本数据集采取水文地质调查、岩溶地面塌陷调查、水文地质钻探、水质测试分析等方法而形成。数据集包含73个泉水调查点、7个矿泉水测试分析结果、1个岩溶地面塌陷点、7个岩溶洞穴点、10个水文钻孔等5方面数据。其中泉水调查成果包括泉点的分布位置、野外水质检测指标、泉水成因等;矿泉水分析结果为针对区内泉点及水文钻孔所取水样进行室内测试,达到矿泉水标准的测试结果;岩溶地面塌陷数据主要包括岩溶地面塌陷的位置、塌陷坑特征、地质背景、塌陷后状态等信息;岩溶洞穴调查成果包括洞穴点的位置、洞穴发育特征、开发利用情况等信息;钻孔基本情况数据为钻孔位置信息、孔径、孔深等信息。数据集为赤壁市城镇规划建设,土地安全利用,优质地质资源开发提供重要的地质数据源支撑。 相似文献
9.
西部煤矿冻结建井穿越岩层以白垩系、侏罗系等富水弱胶结地层为主,在温度场和地应力场的耦合作用下冻结壁岩体经历了一次完整的冻融过程。以白垩系富水弱胶结红砂岩为研究对象,充分考虑红砂岩冻融过程中受到的温度场与地应力场耦合作用环境,基于力学试验得到白垩系弱胶结红砂岩冻结融化后的力学性质及冻融过程中的地应力对红砂岩力学参数的影响,对白垩系弱胶结红砂岩冻融劣化机理及冻融过程中地应力的影响机制进行了分析。冻融过程中围压分别设置为0、2、4、6、8 MPa,冻结温度分别设置为?5、?10、?15 ℃,融化温度统一设置为20 ℃。试验结果表明,白垩系弱胶结红砂岩胶结差、强度低,对冻融作用非常敏感,仅经历一次冻融后单轴抗压强度即下降28.39 %;冻融过程中的地应力提高了白垩系弱胶结红砂岩孔隙裂隙的约束能力,使冻结作用可以尽可能地向次级微孔隙发展,随着冻结程度的加深,红砂岩内部冻胀力进一步增加,损伤加剧,故而融化后的力学参数相对于无围压冻融进一步降低。研究结果为西部地区煤矿冻结建井井壁设计提供了指导。 相似文献
10.
裂隙渗流会引起裂隙周围岩体中的温度场变化,在低温岩体中其影响更为明显;此外,裂隙水与周围低温岩石介质发生热交换会引起裂隙中的水冰相变过程发生,而裂隙水冻结将阻碍裂隙渗流,引起裂隙渗流场的变化。因此,低温下的裂隙岩体水-热相互作用是一个强耦合过程。考虑裂隙中的水冰相变过程和渗流作用,建立了低温冻结条件下裂隙岩体水-热耦合模型;以冻结法施工为例,考察了低温冻结过程中裂隙水渗流对裂隙冻结交圈的影响。研究结果表明：由于裂隙渗流的存在,距裂隙较远处岩石先冻结,裂隙冻结所需时间远大于周围岩石;裂隙宽度和裂隙水压力差都会影响冻结交圈时间,裂隙越宽、水压力差越大,裂隙冻结需要时间越长;随着冻结时间的推进,裂隙水渗流速度逐渐降低,当裂隙冻结后裂隙渗流停止。最后通过构建随机裂隙网络模型,利用所建立的水-热耦合模型考察了裂隙网络渗流对冻结交圈的影响,说明了在冻结法施工中考虑裂隙的重要性。 相似文献
11.
为研究软土地区埋地管道在土体冻结过程中的管道受力机理, 开展了饱和软黏土中地埋管道冻结模型试验。通过人工冻结技术, 近似还原了管土受冻过程, 研究了人工冻结过程中土体温度场、 水分场、 位移场分布情况, 以及管道的力学特性。结果表明： 在冻结过程中, 土体温度场的变化直接影响着土中水分场的分布; 在冻结锋面前缘存在着剧烈的水分迁移现象, 大量的水分向冻结锋面迁移, 使得土体产生线性冻胀; 冻胀发展速率受外部荷载的直接影响; 当冻结发展到管道处时, 位于冻胀和非冻胀过渡段位置处的管身出现应力最大值。研究结果对于正冻土中管道的安全评估具有重要的意义。 相似文献
12.
青藏高原多年冻土区地温年变化深度的变化规律及影响因素 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
地温年变化深度的准确判断对于多年冻土发育特征评估、寒区冻土模式下边界深度的确定具有重要意义.通过对青藏高原地区典型钻孔地温数据进行分析,初步揭示了多年冻土地温年变化深度的变化规律及其影响因素,并提出一种简化了地表和活动层状态影响的地温年变化深度估算方法.结果表明：研究区低温冻土的地温年变化深度平均值比高温冻土大4.6 m,随着冻土温度升高,地温年变化深度基本上呈减小趋势,部分低温冻土钻孔由于土层含水率过高导致地温年变化深度相对较小;由于活动层水热动态和冻融过程的影响,地温年变化深度与浅层（0.5 m）温度年较差相关性不显著,而与多年冻土上限附近温度年较差的大小呈显著正相关关系;地层介质的热扩散率差异是导致地温年变化深度区域差异和变化的主要原因,土层含水率、温度、质地以及水的相态是影响地层热物理性质重要因素. 相似文献
13.
人工侧向冻结条件下土的冻结试验 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4
在人工侧向冻结、正弦和恒温2种冻结温度、开放和封闭条件下,对含水率为32 %的重塑粉质黏土进行了4组冻结试验。结果表明,补水条件相同时侧向正弦冻结试样的冻结速度比封闭正弦冻结试验的缓慢,当其冻结状态进入稳态之后,试样的整体温度场随着侧向冻结温度的正弦变化而出现相应的波动,但径向各段的温度梯度的相位滞后于正弦温度相位半个周期;正弦冻结试样与恒温冻结试样在同一条件下的冻胀量相近,封闭体系下自上而下轴向冻结试样的冻胀量高于同条件下侧向冻结试样的冻胀量;人工冻结工程中应考虑大气环境温度变化（如昼夜温差）及冷能侧向输入土体内时对冻土温度场的变化的影响。 相似文献
14.
本文讨论了在兼有传导和垂直对流两种传热作用下,一维稳态温度场所具有的特征和利用钻孔温度测量结果判别地下水对流存在与否及定量评定地下水活动对地温场影响的方法。以新郑矿区热异常区的一热水孔为例进行剖析,检验了方法的有效性。这一实例提供了确定新郑地热异常成因的重要基础。 相似文献
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赣南兴国和宁都脱贫攻坚1：50 000水文地质调查数据集依托于自然资源部中国地质调查局统一部署的赣南扶贫找水项目,反映了解决山区群众饮水困难以及为地方政府发展矿泉水等绿色水产业过程中取得的调查成果。本数据集包含“长江中游城市群咸宁-岳阳和南昌-怀化段高铁沿线1：50 000环境地质调查（水环中心）”项目于2017年1月—9月在工程施工过程中取得的钻孔基础数据（7个钻孔）、钻孔地层描述信息（7个钻孔）、矿泉水普查成果（21个调查点）、矿泉水分析结果（15件）、饮用水分析结果（4件）等五组数据。其中钻孔基础数据和地层描述信息主要包括钻孔位置信息、孔径、孔深、钻孔单井涌水量、钻孔取样情况、钻孔揭露地层时代和层底深度（m）,以及地层岩性描述等信息;矿泉水普查成果数据主要包括调查点位置信息、调查点现场测试指标、成因分析等;矿泉水分析结果和饮用水分析结果是工程施工过程中所取水样的实验室测试结果。勘查施工完成的钻孔,直接解决了3 000人的饮水困难;发现的优质矿泉水为支撑地方经济发展开拓了新的思路。 相似文献
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Boreholes drilled in the crystalline rocks of Nigeria have a reputation of failures and low yields. The performance of 256 boreholes drilled in different parts of the crystalline rocks of SW Nigeria were reviewed to determine their failure characteristics. 100% success was claimed for 105 boreholes constructed by one driller. Out of 111 other borehole records supplied by three other drillers 35 were abortive, representing a failure rate of 32%. In contrast, 24 owners of 40 boreholes reported 24 failures representing a failure rate of 60%.The common causes of borehole failure in the crystalline rocks of SW Nigeria are seasonal variations in water level, improper casing of the overburden, damage to pumps and other system failures such as blocked pipelines and malfunctioning tanks. Non-penetration into the water bearing horizon also features as a cause of borehole failure in this study.It is suggested that proper construction, operation and maintenance of boreholes will reduce the incidence of borehole failures in crystalline rocks of SW Nigeria. 相似文献
19.
Two algorithms for in-situ detection and identification of vertical free convective and double-diffusive flows in groundwater
monitoring wells or boreholes are proposed. With one algorithm the causes (driving forces) and with the other one the effects
(convection or double-diffusion) of vertical transport processes can be detected based on geophysical borehole measurements
in the water column. Five density-driven flow processes are identified: thermal, solutal, and thermosolutal convection leading
to an equalization, as well as saltfingers and diffusive layering leading to an intensification of a vertical density gradient.
The occurrence of density-driven transport processes could be proven in many groundwater monitoring wells and boreholes; especially
shallow sections of boreholes or groundwater monitoring wells are affected dramatically by such vertical flows. Deep sections
are also impaired as the critical threshold for the onset of a density-driven flow is considerably low. In monitoring wells
or boreholes, several sections with different types of density-driven vertical flows may exist at the same time. Results from
experimental investigations in a medium-scale testing facility with high aspect ratio (height/radius = 19) and from numerical
modeling of a water column agree well with paramters of in-situ detected convection cells. 相似文献
20.
《Computers and Geotechnics》2006,33(6-7):330-340
Artificial ground freezing is an effective ground improvement technique to deal with diverse geotechnical construction problems as it serves to cut off the water and also improves the ground soil strength. However, ground freezing may produce frost heave and thaw settlement at the ground surface. Predicting and controlling the frost heave is a challenge to engineering construction in a heavily populated city. This paper proposes an analysis model that couples the water freezing, temperature and stress fields. This model is first applied to an underground excavation problem of a corridor where ground freezing is used. The numerical predictions are compared with field measurements. It is then applied for a model tunnel problem to study the effect of the overlying soil thickness, frozen soil wall thickness, excavation radius and brine temperature on the frost heave. It is found that the vertical component of the frost heave follows a normal distribution with a maximum at the tunnel axis, while the horizontal component reaches a maximum at a distance from the tunnel axis. This distance is directly proportional to the thickness of the overlying soil. A critical brine temperature is also found at which the frost heave at the ground surface reaches a maximum. 相似文献