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1.
John Alexander Stevenson Neil Charles Mitchell Michael Cassidy Harry Pinkerton 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2012,74(1):15-31
This study describes the emplacement of the Nesjahraun, a basaltic lava flow that entered the lake Tingvallavatn, SW Iceland.
High-resolution remotely sensed data were combined with fieldwork to map the flow field. Onshore, the Nesjahraun exhibits
a variety of textures related to the widespread inflation and collapse of a pāhoehoe flow field. Its emplacement is interpreted
as follows: Initially, the eruption produced sheet pāhoehoe. In the central part of the flow field, the lava has a platy-ridged
surface, which is similar to some other lava flows in Iceland and on Mars. Here, the texture is interpreted to have formed
by unsteady inflation of the brittle crust of stationary sheet pāhoehoe, causing it to break into separate plates. The ridges
of broken pāhoehoe slabs formed as the plates of crust moved vertically past each other in a process similar to the formation
of shatter rings. Upstream, fresh lava overflowed repeatedly from channels and tubes, covering the surface with shelly pāhoehoe.
Formation of a 250-m-wide open channel through the flow field allowed the inflated central part of the flow to drain rapidly.
This phase produced ‘a‘ā lava, which eroded the channel walls, carrying broken pāhoehoe slabs, lava balls and detaching large
(>200 m long) rafts of compound shelly pāhoehoe lava. Much of this channelized lava flowed into the lake, leaving a network
of drained channels and tubes in the upstream part of the flow. As in other locations, the platy-ridged texture is associated
with a low underlying slope and high eruption rate. Here, its formation was possibly enhanced by lateral confinement, hindered
entry into the lake and an elevated vent location. We suggest that formation of this type of platy-ridged lava, where the
plates are smooth and the ridges are slabs of broken pāhoehoe, can occur without significant horizontal transport, as the
surface crust is broken into plates in situ. This reconstruction of the emplacement of the Nesjahraun also demonstrates that
high-resolution aerial survey data are extremely useful in the mapping and measurement of lithofacies distributions in large
flow fields, but that fieldwork is still necessary to obtain the detailed textural information necessary to interpret them. 相似文献
2.
3.
John Alexander Stevenson Neil Charles Mitchell Fiona Mochrie Michael Cassidy Harry Pinkerton 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2012,74(1):33-46
The Nesjahraun is a basaltic lava flow erupted from a subaerial fissure, extending NE along the Tingvellir graben from the
Hengill central volcano that produced pāhoehoe lava followed by ‘a‘ā. The Nesjahraun entered Iceland’s largest lake, Tingvallavatn,
along its southern shore during both phases of the eruption and exemplifies lava flowing into water in a lacustrine environment
in the absence of powerful wave action. This study combines airborne light detection and ranging, sidescan sonar and Chirp
seismic data with field observations to investigate the behaviour of the lava as it entered the water. Pāhoehoe sheet lava
was formed during the early stages of the eruption. Along the shoreline, stacks of thin (5–20 cm thick), vesicular, flows
rest upon and surround low (<5 m) piles of coarse, unconsolidated, variably oxidised spatter. Clefts within the lava run inland
from the lake. These are 2–5 m wide, >2 m deep, ∼50 m long, spaced ∼50 m apart and have sub-horizontal striations on the walls.
They likely represent channels or collapsed tubes along which lava was delivered into the water. A circular rootless cone,
Eldborg, formed when water infiltrated a lava tube. Offshore from the pāhoehoe lavas, the gradient of the flow surface steepens,
suggesting a change in flow regime and the development of a talus ramp. Later, the flow was focused into a channel of ‘a‘ā
lava, ∼200–350 m wide. This split into individual flow lobes 20–50 m wide along the shore. ‘A‘ā clinker is exposed on the
water’s edge, as well as glassy sand and gravel, which has been locally intruded by small (<1 m), irregularly shaped, lava
bodies. The cores of the flow lobes contain coherent, but hackly fractured lava. Mounds consisting predominantly of scoria
lapilli and the large paired half-cone of Grámelur were formed in phreatomagmatic explosions. The ‘a‘ā flow can be identified
underwater over 1 km offshore, and the sidescan data suggest that the flow lobes remained coherent flowing down a gradient
of <10°. The Nesjahraun demonstrates that, even in the absence of ocean waves, phreatomagmatic explosions are ubiquitous and
that pāhoehoe flows are much more likely to break up on entering the water than ‘a‘ā flows, which, with a higher flux and
shallow underlying surface gradient, can penetrate water and remain coherent over distances of at least 1 km. 相似文献
4.
《中国地震研究》1997,(3)
In this paper,measurements of gaseous radon and gaseous mercury densities were conducted for the first time along the Haiyuan active fault zone,including three longer secondary shear faults from Biangou to Shaokou,faults in the Ganyanchi pull-apart basin,and the Biangou push-up structure as well as the thrust fault at the eastern pediment of Liupanshan Mountain in the terminal compressional area.Then relations between fracture gas densities and faulting activity were analyzed.The results show that there is a distinct corresponding relation between gaseous radon and gaseous mercury densities and faulting activity,when the measurement conditions are basically the same,and it proves that the fault gasmetry method is an effective technique for study the activity and segmentation of active faults. 相似文献
5.
Zinzuni Jurado-Chichay Scott K. Rowland George P. L. Walker 《Bulletin of Volcanology》1996,57(7):471-482
Pyroclastic cones along the southwest coast of Mauna Loa volcano, Hawai'i, have a common structure: (a) an early formed circular outer rim 200–400 m in diameter composed mostly of scoria and lapilli, and (b) one or more later-formed inner rims composed almost exclusively of dense spatter. The spatter activity locally fed short lava flows that ponded within the outer rims. Based on various lines of evidence, these cones are littoral in origin: relationships between the cones and associated flows; the degassed nature of the pyroclasts; and (although not unequivocal) the position of the cones relative to known eruptive vent locations on Mauna Loa. Additional support for the littoral interpretation comes from their similarity to (smaller) littoral cones that have been observed forming during the ongoing Kilauea eruption. The structure of these Mauna Loa cones, however, contrasts with that of standard Hawaiian littoral cones in that there is (or once was) a complete circle of pyroclastic deposits. Furthermore, they are large even though associated with tubefed phoehoe flows instead of 'a'. The following origin is proposed: An initial flow of tube-fed phoehoe into the ocean built a lava delta with a base of hyaloclastite. Collapse of an inland portion of the active tube into the underlying wet hyaloclastites or a water-filled void allowed sufficient mixing of water and liquid lava to generate strong explosions. These explosions broke through the top of the flow and built up the outer scoria/lapilli rims on the solid carapace of the lava delta. Eventually, the supply of water diminished, the explosions declined in intensity to spattering, and the initial rim was filled with spatter and lava. 相似文献
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7.
Based on data of earthquake disaster events during 1954~2005 in the Chinese mainland, the classification and gradation of earthquake disasters have been studied by multivariate statistical analysis. Three fundamental structures of earthquake disasters have been found and an FAPE (factor analysis-principal component-equamax rotation) classification model and an HCWS (hierarchical cluster-ward method-seuclid) gradation model have been constructed. Earthquake disasters are divided into eight classes and five grades respectively in the models, which give a reasonable explanation to the phenomenon of earthquake disasters. 相似文献
8.
黄忠贤 《地震学报(英文版)》1996,9(2):245-253
ＳｉｍｕｌａｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅａｃｔｉｖｅａｎｄｑｕｉｅｔｐｅｒｉｏｄｓｏｆｓｅｉｓｍｉｃｉｔｙＺＨＯＮＧ－ＸＭＮＨＵＡＮＧ（黄忠贤）（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＣｒｕｓｔａｌＤｙｎａｍｉｃｓ，ＳｔａｔｅＳｅｉｓｍｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＢｕｒｅａｕ，Ｂｅｉｊｉ... 相似文献
9.
Based on the author's experience in the siting of nuclear power plants,some important points and methods for investigation of capable fault and the identification of diffuse seismicity are discussed in the paper. 相似文献
10.
《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》2003,205(3-4):325-336
We test the possibility of using the pseudo-Thellier method as a means of determining absolute paleointensity. Thellier analysis of anhysteretic remanent magnetization (ARM) and pseudo-Thellier analysis of thermoremanent magnetization (TRM) have been carried out on a large collection of sized synthetic magnetites and natural rocks. In all samples, the intensity of TRM is larger than that of ARM and the ratio R (=TRM/ARM) is strongly grain size dependent. The best-fit slope (bTA) from pseudo-Thellier analysis of TRM shows a linear correlation with R. The ratio bTA/R yielded approximately correct paleointensities, although uncertainties are larger than in typical Thellier-type determinations. For single-domain and multidomain magnetites, alternating field and thermal stabilities of ARM and TRM are fairly similar. However, for ∼0.24 μm magnetite, ARM is both much less intense and less resistant to thermal demagnetization than TRM, reflecting different domain states for the two remanences and resulting in severely non-linear Arai plots for Thellier analysis of ARM. 相似文献
11.
Experiments of Brittle-Plastic Transition and Instability Modes of Juyongguan Granite at Different Temperatures and Pressures 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
INTRODUCTIONAlargenumberofstudiesindicatethatthelithosphericstresslimit (peakstrength)iscoincidentwiththefocaldepthofstrongearthquakes (Goetzeetal.,1 979;Braceetal.,1 980 ;Kirby ,1 980 ;Meissner ,etal.,1 982 ;Sibson ,1 982 ;Chenetal.,1 983;Smithetal.,1 984 ;andMeissner,1 996 ) ,whicharelocatedinrelativelyhigh velocityzonesabovelow velocityzonesinthecrust.Butthereexistsdifferenttheoriesconcerningthereasonsforthecoincidence ,especiallyconcerningthecontrollingfactorsaboutthefocaldepthofstr… 相似文献
12.
Kuzanyan K. Kleeorin N. Rogachevskii I. Sokoloff D. Zhang H. 《Geomagnetism and Aeronomy》2020,60(8):1032-1037
Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The tilt angle, current helicity and twist of solar magnetic fields can be observed in solar active regions. We carried out estimates of these parameters by two ways.... 相似文献
13.
冯义钧 《地震学报(英文版)》2002,(2)
In the seismological field, attention paid to the problem concerning the normalization of seismic quantities and their units has not been enough all along. In different countries, different seismological organizations and different academic periodicals, seismic quantities and their units are used according to different rules and are expressed in different forms. Some of such examples include that some units unapproved by the International Conference on (CGPM) and some units that can not be u… 相似文献
14.
Ｓｈｏｒｔ┐ｔｅｒｍａｎｄｉｍｍｉｎｅｎｔａｎｏｍａｌｉｅｓｏｆｅａｒｔｈ┐ｑｕａｋｅｏｆｌｏａｄａｎｄｕｎｌｏａｄｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｅｒａｔｉｏｏｆｔｈｅｗｅｌｌｅｖｅｌｔｏｅａｒｔｈｔｉｄｅｓＺＨＡＯ－ＤＯＮＧＺＨＡＮＧ（张昭栋）１）ＸＵＥ－ＺＨＯ... 相似文献
15.
Introduction Hilbert-Huang transform (HHT) is a great break in processing nonlinear and non-stationary data and can be successfully used in many science domains. There are mainly two parts in this method. The first part is to decompose the original data into several intrinsic mode functions (IMF) with the empirical mode decomposition (EMD). IMF components are derived from the original data directly according to the local characteristics in the data under some rules, so that IMF are poste… 相似文献
16.
Introduction The characteristics of generalized foreshock and direct foreshock and their identification,as well as their application to medium and short-term prediction of strong earthquake is a major study objective in seismometry both in China and abroad.China has made many short-term and imminent earthquake predictions.Among the ones with clear hazard-mitigating effect and social manifestation,direct foreshock has made an obvious contribution,for example,the MS=7.2Menglian earthquake occu… 相似文献
17.
Group velocity distribution of Rayleigh waves and crustal and upper mantle velocity structure of the Chinese mainland and its vicinity 总被引：7，自引：6，他引：1
Introduction A lot of results have been achieved on the study of crust and upper mantle structure in Chinese mainland by the surface wave dispersion. The seismometer can be classified into three types based on the development from the analog to digital instrument. FENG, et al (1981) measured the dispersion curves of group and phase velocity along 28 paths, with 19 earthquakes recorded by 15 base analog seismic stations, subdivided the Chinese mainland into 5 blocks and obtained the average c… 相似文献
18.
Phosphorus forms and bioavailability of lake sediments in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：5
Forms of phosphorus in sediments from 25 lakes in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River were analyzed by the sequential extraction procedure. Contents and spatial distrubution of algal available phosphorus (AAP) in sediments of Lake Taihu, the third largest freshwater lake of China, were also studied. Relationships between phosphorus forms in sediment and macrophytes coverage in sample sites, as well as phosphorus forms in sediments and chlorophyal contents in lake water were discussed. Exchangeable form of phosphorus (Ex-P) in surface sediments was significantly positive correlative to total phosphorus (IP), dissolved total phosphorus (DTP) and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) contents in the lake water. Bioavailable phosphorus (Bio-P) contents in sediments from macrophytes dominant sites were significantly lower than that in no macrophyte sites. In Lake Taihu, Ex-P content in top 3 cm sediment was highest. However, content of ferric fraction phosphorus (Fe-P) was highest in 4 - 10 cm. Bioavalilble phosphorus (Bio-P) contents in surface sediments positively correlated to Chlorophyll a contents in water of Lake Taihu with significant difference. Therefore, contents of Bio-P and AAP could be acted as the indicators of risks of internal release of phosphorus in the shallow lakes. It was estimated that there were 268.6 ton AAP in top 1 cm sediments in Lake Taihu. Sediment suspension caused by strong wind-induced wave disturbance could carry plenty of AAP into water in large shallow lakes like Lake Taihu. 相似文献
19.
Surface wave tomography of the crust and upper mantle of Chinese mainland and its neighboring region
Introduction The three-dimensional S wave velocity of Chinese mainland and its neighboring region in-verted by surface wave dispersion data plays an important role in studying the lateral variation of lithosphere and geodynamic process, and understanding the forming and evolution of Chinese mainland and the relationship between shallow and deep structures. The three-dimensional veloc-ity structures of China and its major tectonic blocks were respectively studied by SONG, et al (1993), ZHOU… 相似文献
20.
Inversion of gravity and topography data for the crust thickness of China and its adjacent region 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Introduction Since the middle of the century, gravitational isostasy has been a fundamental hypothesis for inverting the gravity data to find the crust thickness. Geophysicists have done a lot of researches on using gravity data to investigate the depth of Moho discontinuity. Since 1980, the International Lithosphere Program emphasized the importance of investigating the Moho depth variation. Thereafter a lot of results have been published in the world (Braitenberg et al, 2000; Kaban et al,… 相似文献