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1.
A uniaxial mercury-level short baselength tilt transducer constructed at the University of Alberta is described. The design closely follows the differential capacitance tiltmeter ofStacey
et al. (1969), but differs in that aluminum is used for the beam, and how the mercury cups are supported beneath the beam. It also allows gain verification by comparison of the direct capacitances with a known capacitance. It has been found that the gain factor for the instrument changes with time, because of the relaxation of the mercury surfaces. This has been monitored for several years for four instruments at two sites. The gains change rapidly for several months after installation, but more slowly as time progresses. The magnitudes of such changes in instruments of this type may be as large as 3 percent. 相似文献
2.
Since 1990, digital strong-motion accelerographs and global positioning system (GPS) instruments have been widely deployed
in the Taiwan region (Shin et al. 2003; Yu et al. 2001). The 1999 Chi-Chi, Mw 7.6 earthquake and the 2003 Chengkung, Mw 6.8 earthquake were well recorded by both digital accelerographs
and GPS instruments. These data offer a good opportunity to determine coseismic displacements from strong-motion records and
to compare the results with those derived from GPS measurements. As noted by Boore (2001), a double integration of the acceleration data often leads to unreasonable results, and baseline corrections are therefore
required in most cases before the integration. Based on the works of Iwan et al. (1985) and Boore (2001), we developed an improved method for baseline correction and validated it using an extensive set of data from shake-table
tests of a known “step” displacement on 249 accelerographs. Our baseline correction method recovered about 97% of the actual
displacement from the shake-table data. We then applied this baseline correction method to compute coseismic displacements
from the strong-motion data of the Chi-Chi and Chengkung earthquakes. Our results agree favorably with the coseismic displacements
determined by the GPS measurements at nearby sites. The ratio of seismic to geodetic displacement varies from 0.78 to 1.41,
with an average of about 1.05. 相似文献
3.
Olivia Jensen Jacques Hinderer David J. Crossley 《Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors》1995,90(3-4)
In recent years, several claims of detection of weak harmonic signals in the sub-tidal band of frequencies of high-quality gravimeter data have been made. Here, we review our attempts at confirming Smylie's claim of detection of the Slichter mode of inner-core oscillation using the same four data sets he and his colleagues used. We further examine the homogeneous 2 year data sets obtained from the superconducting gravimeters sited in Strasbourg and at Cantley, Quebec. We show that the power spectra of tidal-reduced, pressure and slew-corrected gravity residuals from these data are indistinguishable from a random walk process except in narrow bands dominated by residual earth tides and by harmonics of the diurnal thermal-atmospheric tide. Such a random ‘brown’ residual could result from mechanical instabilities and electronic noise in the instruments themselves, from site-specific tectonic noise, from local hydrological variations and pier instabilities or it could derive from unaccounted for variability in the atmospheric pressure in the vicinity of the instruments. We argue that the homogeneous 2 year data sets show no evidence whatever of Slichter harmonics even though our preprocessing methods reduce ‘apparent noise levels’ in the core-mode band by almost an order magnitude in comparison with the four data sets originally employed by Smylie et al. and, in their first attempted confirmation of his claimed discovery, by Jensen et al. 相似文献
4.
5.
It gradually becomes a common work using large seismic wave data to obtain source parameters, such as seismic moment, break radius, stress drop, with completingof digital seismic network in China (Hough, et al, 1999; Bindi, et al, 2001). These parameters are useful on earthquake prediction and seismic hazard analysis.Although the computation methods of source parameters are simple in principle and the many research works have been done, it is not easy to obtain the parameters accurately. There are two factors affecting the stability of computation results. The first one is the effect of spread path and site respond on signal. According to the research results, there are different geometrical spreading coefficients on different epicenter distance. The better method is to introduce trilinear geometrical spreading model (Atkinson, Mereu, 1992; Atkinson, Boore, 1995; WONG, et al, 2002). In addition, traditional site respond is estimated by comparing with rock station, such as linear inversion method (Andrews, 1982), but the comparative estimation will introduce some errors when selecting different stations. Some recent research results show that site respond is not flat for rock station (Moya, et al, 2000; ZHANG,. et al, 2001; JIN, et al, 2000; Dutta, et al, 2001). The second factor is to obtain low-frequency level and corner frequency fromdisplacement spectrum. Because the source spectrum model is nonlinear function,these values are obtained by eye. The subjectivity is strong. The small change of corner frequency will affect significantly the result of stress drop. 相似文献
6.
7.
V. G. Eselevich V. M. Bogod I. V. Chashey M. V. Eselevich Yu. I. Yermolaev 《Geomagnetism and Aeronomy》2009,49(1):133-135
The solar sources of the magnetic storms of November 8 and 10, 2004, are analyzed. The preliminary results of such an analysis [Yermolaev et al., 2005] are critically compared with the results of the paper [Tsurutani et al., 2008], where solar flares were put in correspondence with these magnetic storms. The method for determining solar sources that cause powerful magnetospheric storms is analyzed. It has been indicated that an optimal approach consists in considering coronal mass ejections (CMEs) as storm sources and accompanying flares as additional information about the location of CME origination. 相似文献
8.
The project's case study area is that of the IllRiver flood plain between Colmar and Strasbourgon the central Alsace plain in northern France.This area has historically been a wetland forestand prairie grassland region and has been homeand resting site to much bird wildlife. Sudden snow meltsand intense precipitation in the adjacentVosges can still cause widespreadflooding. In recent times the ploughingin of much of the prairies and intensivemaize production has led to adestabilised biotope. Therefore, the closeto surface water table is under threatfrom the infiltration of agriculturalpesticides and fertilisers and the baresoils in winter are open to erosion.This wetland has been inscribed inEU circulars under the protection ofwetland areas (79/409) and an officialflood zone has been defined. Prairiegrassland conservation policies havebeen implemented.Given the area's ecological and agricultural importanceit has been the subject of many land-cover, soilmoisture and flood event studies at SERTIT usingoptical and radar remote sensing data(Clandillon et al., 1993; 1995; De Fraipont et al., 1994;Fellah et al., 1995; Fellah and Tholey et al., 1996;SERTIT, 1990; Tholey et al., 1997; Yésou et al., 1995). 相似文献
9.
在干燥条件下对辉长岩的摩擦本构参数进行了实验研究。结果表明 :1 )辉长岩模拟断层泥的摩擦速度依赖性参数 (a -b)基本为正或者接近于没有速度依赖性 ,表明在干燥条件下不具备不稳定滑动的成核条件 ,对下地壳地震成核的可能性有参考意义 ;2 )摩擦强度在干燥条件下与Byerlee定律高度一致 ,表明在下地壳的高温环境下Byerlee定律仍可给出适当的强度估计 ,至少在干燥条件下如此 ;3)Byerlee定律给出的剪应力强度与正应力的关系中有一个截距 ,但是本研究中关于模拟断层泥的结果却没有明显的截距 ,表明断层物质的有无在摩擦强度的表现上存在重要差异 相似文献
10.
O. Troshichev 《Journal of Atmospheric and Solar》2010,72(13):943-950
The paper demonstrates the close relationships between the polar cap magnetic activity, which is characterized by PC index (Troshichev et al., 1988, Troshichev et al., 2006) and some atmospheric phenomena typical of the winter Antarctica, such as enhancement of cloudiness, sudden warmings of the ground atmosphere in near-pole area, and formation of anomalous wind regimes above Antarctica. It was shown previously (Troshichev et al., 2004, Troshichev et al., 2008, Troshichev and Janzhura, 2004) that these atmospheric phenomena are controlled by variations of the geoeffective interplanetary electric field impacting the Earth’s magnetosphere. On the other hand, the polar cap magnetic activity is also determined by the interplanetary electric field influence through the field-aligned magnetospheric currents and electric field in the polar cap ionosphere. The results imply that the PC index, available online at http://www.aari.nw.ru from the near-pole station Vostok, can be used to monitor the anomalous atmospheric processes in winter Antarctica. 相似文献
11.
K-Ar isotopic ages presented by Uysal et al. for illitic clay minerals from drill core samples were interpreted to date the Woodleigh impact event at 359±4 Ma, allegedly implicating Woodleigh in the Late Devonian mass extinction. However, only very equivocal evidence is presented by Uysal et al. to support a link between clay mineral paragenesis and impact-related features, and the K-Ar ages reveal a distribution that is essentially a continuum between 308 and 364 Ma. The ‘age’ computed by Uysal et al. is based on an average of the five oldest ages within this group, which has no geological or statistical basis. The stratigraphic age constraints considered by Uysal et al. to be consistent with this age are much weaker than acknowledged, and the impact could have been much older than mid-Devonian. The size of the Woodleigh crater is poorly constrained (and the subject of an ongoing controversy); Uysal et al.’s suggestion of 120 km diameter is probably overestimated by a factor of two, in which case a link to any mass extinction is unlikely. 相似文献
12.
There are many reports about the abnormal electromagnetic signals observed before great earthquakes. In particular, the signals of electromagnetic anomalies before the Hyogo-Ken Nanbu, Japan, MS=7.2 earthquake on January 17, 1995 (Hayakawa, et al, 1996) and those before the Loma Prieta, USA, MS=7.1 earthquake on October 19, 1989 (Fraser-Smith, et al, 1990) are especially remarkable. However, what the above authors reported are only the phenomena of one or two observatories. In order to … 相似文献
13.
The equations of state (EOSs) of MgO produced by two independent scale-free methods, (1) the simultaneous elastic wave velocity and in situ synchrotron X-ray measurements (Kono et al., 2010; Li et al., 2006) and (2) the first-principles calculations (Wu et al., 2008), agree well with each other to at least 150 GPa and 2000 K. Furthermore, the EOS from first-principles calculations also agrees well with shock wave data, another pressure-scale-free data. These agreements strongly support that these EOSs provide reliable absolute pressure scales. Here we evaluate Au and Pt EOSs based on the EOS of Wu et al. (2008) using the simultaneously measured volume data of MgO, Au, and Pt from the literature. The primary pressure scales developed by Tange et al. (2009) and Yokoo et al. (2009) using only pressure-scale-free experimental data of MgO, Au, and Pt produce internal consistent pressure and agree with EOS of Wu et al. (2008). The Au EOS by Tsuchiya (2003) works well at room temperature but underestimates pressure at high temperature. The Au EOS by Fei et al. (2007) can well describe thermal pressure. The EOSs of Pt by Holmes et al. (1989) and Ono et al. (2011) work well at both room temperature and high temperature. The results also suggest that the discrepancy between bulk modulus of iron from experiments (Mao et al., 1990) and those from Earth’s core (Dziewonski and Anderson, 1981) is not originated from the overestimation of pressure by the EOS of Holmes et al. (1989). At high pressure and temperature, pressure uncertainty resulted from volume error becomes similarly important as the accuracy of the pressure scale. 相似文献
14.
《Journal of Atmospheric and Solar》2002,64(2):159-171
The convection of plasma in the high-latitude ionosphere is strongly affected by the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) carried by the solar wind. From numerous statistical studies, it is known that the plasma circulation conforms to patterns that are characteristic of particular IMF states. Following a change in the IMF, the convection responds by reconfiguring into a pattern that is more consistent with the new IMF. Some early studies reported that the convection first begins to change near noon while on the dawn and dusk flanks and on the nightside it remains relatively unaffected for tens of minutes. Work by Ridley et al. (J. Geophys. Res. 103 (1998) 4023–4039) and Ruohoniemi and Greenwald (Geophys. Res. Lett. 25 (1998) 2913–2916) that was based on measurements with more global sets of instruments challenged this view. A debate ensued as to the true nature of the convection response. We follow the arguments of Lockwood and Cowley (J. Geophys. Res. 104 (1999) 4387–4391) and Ridley et al. (J. Geophys. Res. 104 (1999) 4393–4396) by reviewing recent results on the timing of the onset of the convection response to the changed IMF. We discuss the timing problem from the perspectives of observations and modeling. In our view, the onset of the ionospheric response to changed IMF is globally simultaneous on time scales of a few minutes. A physical basis for the rapid communication of effects in the dayside convection to the nightside has been demonstrated in magnetohydrodynamic simulations. We also offer some cautionary notes on the timing of convection changes and the use of global assimilative techniques to study local behavior. 相似文献
15.
The study on coseismic step-like changes of water-level is of theoretical and practical significance to the mitigation of secondary hazards, identification of earthquake precursors, tracking of the subsequent shocks, and the research of crustal activity (Nur and Booker, 1972; WANG et al, 1988). A lot of researches have been done by previous geoscientists. Among them, ZHANG et al (1994) inverted stress variation in the aquifers through the analysis of coseismic step-like changes of well water level. LI (1995), WANG (2000), and FU et al (2002) studied the relationship between coseismic step-like changes of water level and future seismic activity. HUANG et al (2000) investigated the water-level changes in many wells after the occurrence of one great earthquake. However,the analysis of the quantitative relation between the coseismic step-like changes of water level and earthquakes in China has not been reported so far. This paper describes the coseismic step-like changes of water level in the Dazhai well, Simao city, Yunnan Province, and tries to discuss the possible mechanism of these changes. 相似文献
16.
鉴于中国与美国、日本、俄罗斯等主要地震国家过去三四十年地震预报研究工作的科学思路和技术途径比较接近,主要区别是,中国始终坚持“边研究、边预报”,而其他国家,尤其是西方国家以科学研究为主,本文着重分析了“边研究、边预报”的必要性、优越性与带来的差距,并提出了3点发展建议。 相似文献
17.
R. N. Vakarchuk R. E. Tatevossian Zh. Ya. Aptekman V. V. Bykova 《Izvestiya Physics of the Solid Earth》2013,49(5):653-659
The source of the 1991 Racha earthquake in the Greater Caucasus generally corresponds to thrusting, which is characteristic of the predominant regional compression stress field. A more adequate view of the rupture process is provided by a complex source model composed of three subsources. This model is reconstructed by the body-wave inversion and consistent with the spatial distribution of the aftershocks. In terms of the suggested model, at the last stage of the rupture process, the opposite slip type (normal faulting) is observed in the source, which seems to be objective. It compensates the rapid (probably short) local redistribution of stresses caused by the thrusts in the first two subsources. The surface deformations observed in the epicentral zones of strong earthquakes are probably the analogs of such a compensative mechanism. For example, in the rear parts of the thrusts associated with the surface ruptures, normal faults trending parallel to the strike of the thrust line occur. Another analog of the compensative motion is probably the peculiarities of the aftershock sources. It has long since been noted (Kuznetsova et al., 1976) that some fault plane solutions in the aftershock sequences of strong earthquakes are close to the main shock solution, while others are different. The explanation of this phenomenon is suggested in (Kuznetsova et al., 1976; Kostrov and Das, 1988). In (Kuznetsova et al., 1976), these events are referred to as the aftershocks due to the fracture growth and aftershocks of relaxation, respectively. 相似文献
18.
D. R. Toomey W. S. D. Wilcock J. A. Conder D. W. Forsyth J. D. Blundy E. M. Parmentier W. C. Hammond 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》2002,200(3-4):287-295
The mantle electromagnetic and tomography (MELT) experiment found a surprising degree of asymmetry in the mantle beneath the fast-spreading, southern East Pacific Rise (MELT Seismic Team, Science 280 (1998) 1215–1218; Forsyth et al., Science 280 (1998) 1235–1238; Toomey et al., Science 280 (1998) 1224–1227; Wolfe and Solomon, Science 280 (1998) 1230–1232; Scheirer et al., Science 280 (1998) 1221–1224; Evans et al., Science 286 (1999) 752–756). Pressure-release melting of the upwelling mantle produces magma that migrates to the surface to form a layer of new crust at the spreading center about 6 km thick (Canales et al., Science 280 (1998) 1218–1221). Seismic and electromagnetic measurements demonstrated that the distribution of this melt in the mantle is asymmetric (Forsyth et al., Science 280 (1998) 1235–1238; Toomey et al., Science 280 (1998) 1224–1227; Evans et al., Science 286 (1999) 752–756) at depths of several tens of kilometers, melt is more abundant beneath the Pacific plate to the west of the axis than beneath the Nazca plate to the east. MELT investigators attributed the asymmetry in melt and geophysical properties to several possible factors: asymmetric flow passively driven by coupling to the faster moving Pacific plate; interactions between the spreading center and hotspots of the south Pacific; an off-axis center of dynamic upwelling; and/or anomalous melting of an embedded compositional heterogeneity (MELT Seismic Team, Science 280 (1998) 1215–1218; Forsyth et al., Science 280 (1998) 1235–1238; Toomey et al., Science 280 (1998) 1224–1227; Wolfe and Solomon, Science 280 (1998) 1230–1232; Evans et al., Science 286 (1999) 752–756). Here we demonstrate that passive flow driven by asymmetric plate motion alone is not a sufficient explanation of the anomalies. Asthenospheric flow from hotspots in the Pacific superswell region back to the migrating ridge axis in conjunction with the asymmetric plate motion can create many of the observed anomalies. 相似文献
19.
The discovery of the radiocarbon(14C)dating technique in the mid-twentieth century by Willard Libby and colleagues(Libby et al.,1949)revolutionised such fields as archaeology and palaeoclimatology that require robust chronological information to inform their study.Any sample yielding sufficient quantities of carbon could be dated in this manner,with the older age limit of the method(currently circa 50 to 60 thousand years ago)having been pushed back significantly since its inception. 相似文献
20.
N. R. Minkova 《Geomagnetism and Aeronomy》2009,49(8):1160-1164
A multiparticle statistical approach to plasma (gas) modeling is presented, in which the fact that the macroscopic parameters
are measured with finite resolution scales is taken into account [Minkova, 2004; 2005; 2007]. This approach is based on the
Liouville theorem formulated for a stationary open system in the approximation of detailed dynamic balance with its surroundings.
When the finite resolution scales of measuring instruments are taken into account, the plasma (gas) is described by multiparticle
distribution functions. The latter are used to derive the probability distribution functions of fluctuations and the average
values of macroscopic parameters. The multiparticle statistical approach allows a stationary solar wind model to be constructed
under a number of simplifying assumptions. Its results for the average values of macroscopic parameters coincide with those
of the two-particle kinetic model [Vasenin et al., 2003] and agree with inecliptic observational data. 相似文献