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青藏高原环境气象研究进展 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
近十年来,青藏高原环境气象研究进展迅速,无论是观测研究还是理论研究方面均有新的发现。周秀骥和邹捍等先后发现夏季青藏高原上空的臭氧低值中心并提出了产生这种低值中心的可能原因。高登义等利用１９７５年以来对珠穆朗玛峰北坡水环境的监测资料,分析研究后发现,１９９０￣１９９１年爆发的中东战争油田燃烧曾污染了珠峰地区的水环境,带来珠峰北坡绒布河水十三种化学元素含量的剧烈增加,比其前后各年增加了５￣７倍。 相似文献
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在比印度-欧亚碰撞区更广阔的范围最好地察看了青藏高原的地质学演化。在碰撞之后的50Ma,西藏的中部和西部的地壳缩短,而巨大的岩石层块体从碰撞区域向西太平洋和印度尼西亚的海沟俯冲回转区移动。快速的太平洋海沟迁移的停止（大约15～20Ma前）,与该高原远处块体挤出的变慢相一致,而且可能是由于西藏东部快速的地表隆升和地壳变厚导致的。后来出现的深部地壳快速向东流动可能是和西藏东部下面由地震成像的地壳通道有关。这些事件标志着向符合西藏内部形变的现代结构系统的转变。 相似文献
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本文以震源机制、地震地质、地壳和上地幔速度结构等资料为基础,研究了与青藏高原成因有关的现代构造问题。主要内容有:1.高原边缘地带以反映压缩形变的逆断层活动为主,内部以一系列大致平行、呈弧形弯曲的左旋走滑断裂活动为主;2.喜马拉雅山以北的广大地域内存在着北北东走向的水平压应力,从六盘山到红河断裂带的主压应力轴走向由北东逐渐变为南东方向;3.高原地壳和上地幔顶部的地震波速度小于印度次大陆和阿拉善地块;4.高原的现代构造同地壳和上地幔顶部的横向不均匀性和印度洋板块的碰撞挤压作用有关。其构造形变过程可以同机器制造业中的《锻模加工》相比拟。 相似文献
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从新构造单元划分、活动断层、活动褶皱、地壳升降运动、地震活动及新生代火山活动等方面论述了该地区的新构造及现代构造运动特征，最后讨论了该区和青藏高原形成的地球动力学问题。认为青藏高原在其形成过程中既有印度板块的向北俯冲和碰撞作用，又有塔里木块体的向南楔入，既有高原物质向外扩展作用，又有周边拗陷向高原内部渗透作用，所以青藏高原的岩石圈是处于一个四面受压，上出下入的动力学状态 相似文献
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本文根据１９６５．０年代西藏地区地磁测量资料,选用国际地磁参考场模型和区域地磁场矩谐分析方法,对青藏高原地区地磁异常值进行计算和分析,结果表明该区地磁异常场分布的特征与地质构造,尤其是山脉的展布有密切的联系。山脉及近邻地区地磁异常场,不论是梯度,还是绝对值都明显高于相对增坦的地区。 相似文献
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青藏高原自然地域系统研究 总被引：32，自引：1，他引：32
青藏高原是一独特的自然地域单元。受大气环流和高原地势格局的制约,形成了高原温度、水份状况地域组合的不同,呈现从东南温暖湿润向西北寒冷干旱的变化。高原自然地域系统的划分遵循生物气候原则,即地带性原则,按照温度条件、水份状况和地形差异依次加以划分。以日均温≥10℃的日数作为主要指标、最暖月均温为辅助指标,划分出高原亚寒带和高原温带两个温度带;以年干燥度为主要指标、年降水量为辅助指标,区分出湿润、半湿润、半干旱和干早等不同水份状况的地域类型。青藏高原自然地域系统的修订方案为:2个温度带、10个自然地带、28个自然区。 相似文献
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利用中美合作在青藏高原布设的11台PASSCAL宽频带数字地震记录的瑞利面波资料,测定了青藏高原东部地区周期为10～130 s范围内的平均瑞利波相速度和衰减系数R；反演了该地区地壳、上地幔的平均S波速度结构和Q结构．结果表明，该地区平均Q值偏低，并在地壳中存在地震波强吸收层．地壳中的低Q层(Q=93～141)位于16～42 km的的范围内,它与S波低速层(21～51 km)基本一致.从地壳下部63 km后，Q值由114随深度逐渐低至上地幔180 km处的34.由地壳内低速层与低Q层相对应可以推测，在该深度范围内可能存在岩石的熔融或部分熔融现象.在反演的S波速度结构中，地壳的平均厚度为71 km，51 km处的下地壳存在一明显的速度界面,96～180 km处的低速层(4.26 km/s)可能与软流层相对应. 相似文献
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本文报道通过综合大地电磁调查数据研究青藏高原岩石圈三维电阻率模型的初步成果.大地电磁法调查区域已经覆盖了高原大部分面积,为全区三维电阻率成像研究打下了可靠的基础.对多个测区大地电磁数据进行精细的同化处理和反演成像,取得了青藏高原可靠的岩石圈三维电阻率结构图像.成像的区域为28°N—35°N,80°E—104°E.三维反演计算时采用的网格尺寸为20km×20km,垂直方向不等间距剖分为26层.结果表明,青藏高原现今岩石圈电阻率扰动主要反映印度克拉通对亚欧大陆板块俯冲引起的热流体运动和大陆碰撞和拆离产生的构造.在岩石圈地幔,察隅地块、喜马拉雅地块和拉萨地块东部联成统一的高电阻率地块,它们反映了向北东俯冲的印度克拉通.雅鲁藏布江、班公—怒江和金沙江缝合带都有明显的低电阻率异常,表明岩石圈深处有热流体活动.雅鲁藏布江、班公—怒江和金沙江缝合带都有明显的低电阻率异常,也表明它们的岩石圈还有流体活动.青藏高原东部的低阻区沿100°E向地幔下方扩大,反映了金沙江断裂带有切穿岩石圈的趋势.地幔电阻率平面扰动的模式显示,青藏高原东西部的地体碰撞拼合形式和方向是不同的.在青藏高原西部,羌塘、拉萨和喜马拉雅等地体从北到南碰撞拼合.在青藏高原东部,羌塘—拉萨、察隅、印支、雅安和扬子等地体多方向拆离拼合,在地壳造成不正交的拆离带和压扭构造系.从高阻-低阻区的分布看,东部的地体拼合有地幔的根源,今后还会进一步发展.察隅地块岩石圈对青藏高原东部的楔入,使其北部和东部地块的岩石圈发生拆离撕裂,也造成热流体上涌的低电阻率异常. 相似文献
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In this paper, the changes in sediment transport over 51 years from 1955 to 2006 in the Kuye River in the Loess Plateau in China are assessed. Key factors affecting sediment yield and sediment transport, such as precipitation depth, discharge, and human activities are studied. To investigate the changes in sediment yield in this watershed, a trend analysis on sediment concentration, precipitation depth, and discharge is conducted. Precipitation depths at 2 Climate Stations （CSs）, as well as discharge and sediment transport at 3 Gauging Stations （GSs） are used to assess the features of sediment transport in the Kuye River. The rtmoff modulus （defined as the annual average discharge per unit area, L/（s·km^2）） and the sediment transport modulus （defined as the annual suspended sediment transport per unit area, t/（yr km^2）） are introduced in this study to assess the changes in runoff and sediment yield for this watershed. The results show that the highest average monthly discharge during the study period in the Kuye River is 66.23 m^3/s in August with an average monthly sediment concentration of 88.9 kg/m^3. However, the highest average monthly sediment concentration during the study period in the Kuye River is 125.34 kg/m^3 and occurs in July, which has an average discharge of 42.6 m^3/s that is much less than the average monthly discharge in August. It is found that both the runoff modulus and sediment transport modulus at Wenjiachuan GS on the Kuye River has a clear downward trend. During the summer season from July to August, the sediment transport modulus at Wenjiachuan GS is much higher than those at Toudaoguai and Longmen GSs on the Yellow River. The easily erodible loess in the Kuye River watershed and the sparse vegetation are responsible for the extremely high sediment yield from the Kuye River watershed. The analyses of the grain size distribution of suspended load in the Kuye River are presented. The average monthly median grain size of suspended load in the Kuye River is largest in February and then decreases until June. In July, the average monthly median grain size of suspended load approaches another peak and decreases until September. Then, the median grain size of suspended load starts to increase until February of the following year. However, the average monthly median grain size of suspended load in the Yellow River at Toudaoguai and Longmen GSs is the smallest between early summer and late fall The median grain size in the Yellow River starts to increase in November and approaches the largest size in January. 相似文献
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3He/4He ratios up to 3.5 times the ratio of atmospheric He were found in groundwater samples. The3He enrichment can be attributed to radiogenic3He produced by in-situ beta-decay of3H. This shows that tritiogenic3He is accumulating in confined waters. From tritiogenic3He and3H concentrations, ages of groundwaters can be calculated. Detection of tritiogenic3He gives a tool to trace a tritium contamination which occurred in the past and cannot be assessed only by the3H counting method. 相似文献
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Observations of trace gases (SO2, NH3, NO2 and O3) were made during the period 1981 to 1984 at 6 different locations representative of urban industrial, urban, nonurban, thermal power plant and marine environment. Diurnal variations of the trace gases were studied in an urban environment. Except in the urban industrial environment, the concentration of NH3 was found in the range of background values. Also, the average concentrations of NO2 and O3 at the different environments were in the order of background values. However, the concentrations of SO2 were substantially higher by about 7 times, in urban industrial and thermal power plant environments. The diurnal variations of SO2, NH3 and NO2 showed anitphase relationship with surface temperature at the urban environment station which is relatively free of industrial pollution. Discussion is centred on trace gas variations in different environments in India together with the values reported for various countries in the world. 相似文献
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The aim of this study is to estimate likely changes in flood indices under a future climate and to assess the uncertainty in these estimates for selected catchments in Poland. Precipitation and temperature time series from climate simulations from the EURO-CORDEX initiative for the periods 1971–2000, 2021–2050 and 2071–2100 following the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 emission scenarios have been used to produce hydrological simulations based on the HBV hydrological model. As the climate model outputs for Poland are highly biased, post processing in the form of bias correction was first performed so that the climate time series could be applied in hydrological simulations at a catchment-scale. The results indicate that bias correction significantly improves flow simulations and estimated flood indices based on comparisons with simulations from observed climate data for the control period. The estimated changes in the mean annual flood and in flood quantiles under a future climate indicate a large spread in the estimates both within and between the catchments. An ANOVA analysis was used to assess the relative contributions of the 2 emission scenarios, the 7 climate models and the 4 bias correction methods to the total spread in the projected changes in extreme river flow indices for each catchment. The analysis indicates that the differences between climate models generally make the largest contribution to the spread in the ensemble of the three factors considered. The results for bias corrected data show small differences between the four bias correction methods considered, and, in contrast with the results for uncorrected simulations, project increases in flood indices for most catchments under a future climate. 相似文献
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Cu concentrations in surface (river and lake) and subsurface waters are determined. The geographic pattern of Cu distribution in natural water is identified. This pattern is controlled by the difference between its concentrations in drained rocks and soils and the geochemical redox conditions of its migration. Territories with low, medium, and elevated Cu concentrations in natural waters are identified. The concentrations of Cu in natural waters of the region are found to be generally lower than the Clarke values. 相似文献
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Changes in thermal extremes of the climate of Poland in 1951–2010 are examined. Warm extremes have become more frequent, while cold extremes have become less frequent. In the warming climate of Poland, the increase in the number of extremely warm days in a year and the decrease in the number of extremely cold days in a year have been observed. Also the increase of the maximum number of consecutive hot days in a year and the decrease of the maximum number of consecutive very cold and extremely cold days in a year have been observed. However, the trends are not of ubiquitous statistic significance, as the natural variability is strong. 相似文献
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M. MONIRUL QADER MIRZA 《水文科学杂志》2013,58(5):613-631
Abstract The basin area of the Ganges River in Bangladesh is extremely dependent on a regular water supply from upstream to meet requirements for agriculture, fisheries, navigation, salinity control, and domestic and industrial sectors. In 1975, India commissioned a barrage on the Ganges River at Farakka to divert a significant portion of the dry season flow in order to make the Calcutta Port navigable. Statistical analyses of discharge and water level data have been carried out to determine if significant changes have occurred in the hydrology of the Ganges system in Bangladesh in the post-Farakka period. Siltation of the Gorai River (an offtake of the Ganges River) has also been examined using the stage-discharge relationship and regression analysis. The analyses show that the diversion has caused considerable hydrological changes in the Ganges system in Bangladesh. The water supply in the dry season has been reduced substantially, while siltation of the Gorai River has increased significantly. 相似文献
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