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1.
由于社会经济迅速发展,中国对能矿资源的需求量日益增加。因此,中国和资源大国俄罗斯展开了大量的能源贸易。在全球气候变暖、北极航道通航性逐渐提高的背景下,两国港口间的能源运输可通过东北航道完成,在时间、成本、安全性等方面将优于通过传统航道运输。本文采用加权平均旅行时间量化气候变化情景下2030—2070年中国港口到俄罗斯油气资源的可达时间,并建立海运成本体系,计算经由东北航道进行资源运输的成本,得到如下结论：① 中国港口到达俄罗斯石油资源的可达性优于天然气资源;② 中国港口的资源可达时间每十年平均减少7 h,南通港到达俄罗斯资源的可达性最佳;③ 中国港口的资源海运成本每10 a平均降低0.5万美元,从南通港出发的航线成本在所有港口中最低;④ 在高排放浓度情景下,以商船作为媒介的中国港口资源可达性提升潜力巨大,应用前景乐观。本文量化并评估了2030—2070年中俄港口间能源贸易的时间与成本,为中俄能源海上贸易运输提供了理论参考。 相似文献
2.
改进的灰色模型在中国能源消费及其CO2排放预测中的研究 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：5
中国高速的经济发展导致了快速的能源消费和地球温暖化气体的排放量。本文应用灰色理论建立了中国的终端能源消费量的动态预测模型，同时应用等维递补及带有马尔科夫链符号估计的残差修正，对原始模型进行了改进。后验检验的结果证明了改进的预测模型具有较高的计算精度。预测结果表明，两种经济发展情况（高速及低速）下，从2000年到2030年期间的终端能源消费量的平均增长率将分别达到3．06％和2．18％，2030年CO2 的排放量将分别达到2000年的 2． 15及 1．60倍。其中工业及居民生活的能源消费量的增加速度快于其他部门。这表明了中国将要加快其工业化及都市化的进程．终端消费中，煤炭的消费量所占的比例将要逐年减少，而电力的比例则将逐年增大。 相似文献
3.
Taneomi Harada 《Natural Resources Research》1993,2(3):247-255
Resource recycling reduces the amount of waste discharged into the global environment. The waste reduction achieved by thorough recycling is substantial. Recycling is thus an inseparable part of global environmental protection.We human beings have used mineral resources since the birth of our species. The quantities and increasingly complex forms in which mineral resources have been used at different times in our prehistory and history serve as indices of civilization's advancement. But on the eve of the 21st century, environmental pollution and global warming stemming from spiraling resource and energy consumption pose serious dilemmas for humanity. The rapidity with which our resource consumption has increased approximates exponential growth.The worsening condition of the earth's environment because of massive resource and energy consumption is the result of activity at many stages of production, from the mining of mineral resources to the manufacture of finished products; the culmination of the process is the disposal of products as waste after their use. As we shall see from examples given in this paper, efforts are being made to solve this problem through recycling; but in many areas the problems remain incompletely solved or unsolved altogether. 相似文献
4.
21世纪,中国的人口和经济的持续增长面临着资源短缺和生态脆弱的限制。提高资源利用效率和消减资源利用引起的环境影响是学术界和决策者面临的新课题。本文从资源流动的视角研究资源利用过程及其引起的环境影响。我们把资源流动过程分解为开采、加工、转化、消费等几个关键环节,评价其资源利用效率和环境影响,并寻求改善的途径。因其资源消耗量大、生态环境影响严重,我们选取了林木、煤炭及石油研究其资源与产品流动及其环境影响。林木产品的产量、进出口量和消费量数据来自中国森林统计年鉴(1949-2001)。煤炭、石油的开采量、进出口量和消费量来自中国能源统计年鉴(1980-2006)。研究表明:过去几十年,中国的资源利用效率有所提高,资源消费结构逐步改善,但资源消费总量居高不下,对生态环境构成极大的压力。 相似文献
5.
乌鲁木齐市建设生态城市现状的比较分析及发展对策研究 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
乌鲁木齐是绿洲城市,自然环境比较脆弱,由于城市建设缺乏生态环境规划,能源消费结构不合理以及特殊的自然地理等原因,致使城市的生态环境问题十分突出,建设生态城市是乌鲁木齐市未来发展的必然选择。从城市生态系统的结构、功能和协调度三个方面构建了生态城市的评价指标体系,采用层次分析法对乌鲁木齐市生态城市建设现状进行了定量分析,同时选择北京、上海、成都、西安、兰州等5个城市的生态化程度进行对比,结果表明:乌鲁木齐市的结构指数为0.241,低于对比的5个城市;功能指数乌鲁木齐为0.271,远低于上海(0.615)、北京(0.466)和兰州(0.343),与西安(0.272)接近,略高于成都(0.222);从城市协调度来看,乌鲁木齐市的指数值为0.306,为6个城市的最小值,生态综合指数由高到低分别为北京(0.580)>上海(0.579)>成都(0.382)>西安(0.380)>兰州(0.360)>乌鲁木齐(0.270),乌鲁木齐市生态化程度为第Ⅳ级,即生态化程度较低,为6个城市中的最低值。总体上为较发达地区城市的生态化程度较高,中西部地区城市的生态化程度较低。乌鲁木齐市建设生态城市应采取的关键对策包括以下几个方面:1、编制城市综合生态区划,做好城市生态规划;2、优化能源结构,大力发展清洁能源;3、建立排污权交易制度,控制大气污染;4、采用边际成本定价方法、制定科学的水价、优化配置水资源;5、合理布局城市景观生态,搞好城市绿化及荒山绿化。 相似文献
6.
A vital and indisputable link exists between phosphate rock and world food supply. Phosphate rock is the source of phosphorus used to make phosphatic fertilizers, essential for growing the food needed by humans in the world today and in the future. We modeled the depletion of the known reserves and reserve base (which includes reserves) of phosphate rock based on various scenarios for increasing population and future demand for phosphate. Using these scenarios, the presently known reserves will be depleted within about 50 years, and the remainder of the reserve base will be depleted within the next 100 years. For this model, we used rates of growth of demand for phosphate rock of between 1 and 1.7 percent annually. We also examined demand rates that decrease over time toward demand stasis. Growthrate scenarios that stabilize demand at the year 2100 are little different from unconstrained growth. Demand stabilization by 2025 extends the reserve base by only about 50 years. Additional considerations could affect these depletion scenarios, causing them to be substantially too high or too low. Nonetheless, the incluctable conclusion in a world of continuing phosphate demand is that society, to extend phosphate rock reserves and reserve base beyond the approximate 100 year depletion date, must find additional reserves and/ or reduce the rate of growth of phosphate demand in the future. Society must: 91) increase the efficiency of use of known resources of easily minable phosphate rock; (2) discover new, economically-minable resources; or (3) develop the technology to economically mine the vast but currently uneconomic resources of phosphate rock that exist in the world. Otherwise, the future availability of present-cost phosphate, and the cost or availability of world food will be compromised, perhaps substantially. 相似文献
7.
本文从长江产业带持续发展建设的要求出发,针对能源生产、消费和供需平衡存在的主要矛盾与问题,提出并论证了产业带未来能源资源的合理开发方向及规模、缓解能源运输矛盾的途径和上中下游能源开发方向与重点。 相似文献
8.
“胡焕庸线”是中国人口、经济和社会发展格局特征的真实写照,科学地刻画了中国能源生产与消费的基本特征。定量模拟该线东西两侧能源消耗的空间格局可以为国家实现能源与区域协调发展提供参考。论文根据中国能源统计年鉴(2005—2014年),结合系统动力学模型(System Dynamic, SD)与灰色模型构建了胡焕庸线能源消耗空间格局预测模型(HLECSM-SD);再以省域为基本研究单元,构建50 km×50 km空间格网,模拟2020年并预测2021—2025年“胡焕庸线”东西两侧能源消耗的空间格局,设置3种情景方案分析中国能源消耗情况。结果表明：① HLECSM-SD模型具有较好的拟合效果。② 全国能源消耗总量呈现“东多西少”的空间格局。③ 该线两侧的能源消耗量增长率曲线变化趋势一致,且东侧的增长率低于西侧。④ 在胡焕庸线东侧,煤炭消耗量具有“北部多、南部少”的空间特征,这与中国煤炭资源蕴涵量的空间格局一致;石油、天然气和电力消耗量具有“东部多、中部少”的空间特征,这是由各省区资源禀赋、经济水平、人口规模及产业结构等因素共同决定的。⑤ 在情景设置中,不同影响因子对能源消耗量影响程度不同。 相似文献
9.
京津冀地区作为中国重要的能源消费基地,近年在产业转型与发展中对清洁能源的需求不断增加。光伏发电是中国“十四五”期间加速能源结构转型,早日实现碳中和目标的关键举措与重要抓手。本文以京津冀为研究区,通过构建“地形—气象—成本”光伏开发适宜性综合评价指标体系,计算了光伏开发适宜性指数,刻画出京津冀地区2018年光伏开发适宜性的空间格局特征,进而定量评估不同开发适宜性情景下光伏发电潜力与减排效益。研究表明：① 京津冀地区光伏开发适宜区占到区域总面积的22%,一般适宜区面积最广,“燕山—太行山”一线是适宜区与不适宜区的主要分界线,各类适宜区主要分布在承德、张家口和保定市3个市。 ② 京津冀地区光伏发电发展潜力巨大,开发非常适宜区和较适宜区的年发电潜力是2018年京津冀地区电力消耗的3倍。③ 光伏发电节能减排效果显著。在将非常适宜区和较适宜区全部开发情景下碳减排量为京津冀2018年排放量的47%。④ 土地利用限制、大型输电网络和储能系统是制约光伏发展的主要因素。总体来看,虽然大规模光伏开发仍存在一定的限制条件与技术瓶颈,但在全球气候变化加剧和社会经济发展进入“低碳脱碳”新常态的背景下,京津冀地区的大规模光伏开发仍是助力区域早日实现碳中和目标、优化能源结构和提升人民福祉的重要途径。 相似文献
10.
要实现黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展,需解决流域生态环境与社会经济发展的可持续问题。运用系统动力学方法,构建社会、经济、资源与环境4个子系统,设计维持现状、优先发展社会、优先发展经济、优先节约资源、优先保护环境以及协同发展6个情景,在对不同情景进行模拟仿真的基础上,探寻实现黄河流域生态环境与社会经济可持续发展的最优方案。结果表明：在协同发展情景中,黄河流域的社会经济得到较快发展,总人口和国内生产总值（GDP）于2030年将分别增长10.93%和499.05%;资源的使用效率得到提高,单位GDP水耗和能耗于2030将分别下降78.31%和68.16%;污染物的排放量可有效降低,工业化学需氧量（COD）排放量和工业二氧化硫（SO2）排放量于2030将分别下降80.64%和80.17%。相较于其他情景,协同发展是黄河流域实现生态环境与社会经济可持续发展的最优方案。 相似文献
11.
江苏省能源与经济系统协调发展评价 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
建立能源系统、经济系统发展评价指标体系,构建能源与经济系统协调度模型,利用1995-2009年江苏省能源与经济相关统计数据,定量分析江苏省能源系统与经济系统协调发展水平。研究结果表明两者的协调发展大体经历了如下变化:1995-1997年协调度虽呈现缓慢上升趋势,但两系统各自的发展均处在较低水平;1998年江苏经济系统发展快于能源系统,出现短暂地协调度下降现象;1999-2004年两系统发展速度同步加快,呈现出短暂的"和谐"状态;2005年协调度略微回落,能源资源过度消耗等问题日益突出;为此,政府采取转变经济发展方式、调整产业结构等积极措施,2006-2009年两系统协调度出现回升态势。"十二五"期间,江苏应进一步从产业结构、能源结构、能源利用效率、全民节能降耗意识等四方面实现优化升级,并将解决环境问题放在更为突出的位置,努力把江苏建设成为经济健康型、资源节约型、环境友好型社会。 相似文献
12.
农村能源转型是能源消费革命的重要组成部分。基于问卷调查和入户访谈,对青海省10个县（区）的318户农区家庭用能信息进行调查,辨识了青海省农区不同收入分层家庭的能源消费模式,并通过建立典型家庭能源流模型,总结了家庭能获取-消费-废弃过程的形态变化。结果显示：青海省农区家庭能源消费以煤炭、薪柴和秸秆为主,非商品能源消费占比为49.6%,清洁能源使用率低。煤炭消费在5类家庭中均占比最高,薪柴和秸秆消费在低收入家庭占比较高。高收入家庭能源消费类型更多,消费量也大,能源流动更复杂。最后,根据青海省的经济地理特征,提出相应政策建议。 相似文献
13.
“Energy” presents a number of complex and interrelated challenges regarding the environment, economy, and politics. In this paper, we argue that cartography should help clarify our understanding of energy issues, but ask whether this has in fact been the case. In a review of over 100 articles pulled from twenty‐three peer‐reviewed geography journals, we qualitatively assess energy maps published since the early 20th century, examining trends in topic and cartographic technique. Energy maps in geography journals have focused on North America and Western Europe while relying on proportional symbols, grayscale production, and the analysis of energy phenomena at the national scale—tendencies that in many instances have limited our understanding of the ways in which energy is actually consumed. Simultaneously, cartographers are limited to the energy data available to them, frequently precluding small‐scale consumption analysis or consideration of diurnal and seasonal trends. We argue that the future of energy cartography relies on access to consumption data coupled with greater user interactivity. 相似文献
14.
共享社会经济路径下中国碳中和路径预测 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
科学地预测和分析不同情景下中国碳中和路径有助于碳中和目标的合理推进,但当前研究仍缺少结合碳源—汇变化趋势的综合性分析与应用国际耦合模式情景的系统性分析。本文运用WITCH综合评估模型与IBIS植被动态模型模拟了各共享社会经济路径情景下21世纪中国碳源—汇路径,对中国碳中和时间及路径进行预测分析。研究发现：① 中国碳汇逐年值存在3~4 a的周期性波动。RCP6.0气候情景下中国碳汇总量均值稳定在约0.30 Gt C/a;RCP2.6气候情景下中国碳汇总量均值呈下降趋势,到2065—2100年下降至约0.18 Gt C/a。② 中国碳排放总量受到世界经济社会发展路径与政策强度的共同影响,在中高强度减排政策下中国碳排放均在2025—2030年达峰后呈下降趋势,其中SSP1/SSP4—高强度碳减排政策情景下碳排放在2060年降至约0.30 Gt C/a并实现碳中和目标。③ 基于典型碳中和情景的路径研究,实现碳中和目标应积极促进清洁能源技术进步与应用,推进非电力能源向电力能源转变,推广生物质能源及CCS技术,并积极倡导电动汽车的发展。 相似文献
15.
城市拓展对资源消耗的影响程度分析——以长春市为例 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
构建脱钩状态模型和响应程度模型,通过定量研究1995~2010年长春市城市拓展对资源消耗的影响程度,得到以下结论:①长春市城市拓展与资源消耗总体呈现"双增长"特征,城市快速拓展导致的资源消耗及资源环境压力不断增大;②长春市城市拓展与资源消耗始终处于"相对脱钩"状态,且资源消耗增长速度随着城市拓展呈先相对下降、后又相对提升的趋势。在城市拓展规模保持总体稳定增长的情况下,资源消耗变化是影响二者脱钩状态与脱钩程度演化的关键因素;③随着长春市城市拓展规模的不断扩大,其对资源消耗增长的影响程度持续增大,进一步说明城市拓展作为资源消耗的驱动力,其变化是导致长春市城市拓展对资源消耗影响程度增大的重要推动因素。 相似文献
16.
We examined the potential of geothermal energy development in northern Canadian communities to support local energy demand, along with providing an initial assessment of the economic viability of geothermal energy resources for (a) low enthalpy heating systems and (b) electrical power generation from high temperature resources. We estimate yearly energy production and cost per kWh for geothermal systems using scenarios for thermal and electrical production sustained over 15 years from temperatures reached in the 2–6-km depth range. All the calculations are based on a borehole fluid productivity of 30 kg/s. We assume this to be feasible in sedimentary aquifers and through fractured granites. Under such an assumption and assumptions made on the efficiency of heat exchangers, our modeling shows that thermal energy output for 120°C from 3- to 5-km wells can be as low as 5–8 cents/kWh thermal. For a 6 km depth, the cost of thermal energy can be as low as 1–2 cents/kW thermal for thermal energy production of 100–200 MWh annually. 相似文献
17.
The issue of China’s energy supply security is not only the key problem which affects China’s rapid and sustainable development in the 21st century, but also the one which international attention focuses on. Based on the notable characteristic of spatial imbalance between energy production and consumption in China, this paper takes the evolution of China’s primary energy resources development(excluding hydropower) from 1949 to 2007 as the study object, with the aim to sum up the evolutive characteristics and laws of China’s energy resources development in the past nearly 60 years. Then, based on comprehensive considerations of coal’s, oil’s and natural gas’s basic reserves, qualities, geological conditions, production status, and ecological service function of every province, this paper adopts development potential index (DP)to evaluate the development potential of every province’s energy resources, and divide them into different ranks. Conclusions are drawn as follows: (1) Generally speaking, China’s gross energy production was increasing in waves from 1949 to 2007. From the viewpoint of spatial patterns, China’s energy resources development has shown a characteristic of “concentrating to the north and central areas, and evolving from linear-shaped to “T-shaped” pattern gradually since 1949. (2) The structure evolution of China’s energy resources development in general has shown a trend of “coal proportion is dominant but decreasing, while oil and gas proportions are increasing” since 1949. (3) At the provincial scale, China’s energy resources development potential could be divided into large, sub-large, general and small ranks, four in all. In the future, the spatial pattern of China’s energy production will evolve from “T-shaped” to “Π-shaped pattern”. These conclusions will help to clarify the temporal and spatial characteristics and laws of China’s energy resources development, and will be beneficial for China to design scientific and rational energy development strategies and plans, coordinate spatial imbalance of energy production and consumption, ensure national energy supply, avoid energy resources waste and disorderly development, and promote regional sustainable development under the globalization background with changeful international energy market. 相似文献
18.
The aim of this study is to bring a unique overview of past, current and plausible future land use development in Slovakia. The study assessed land change processes and their spatial determinants related to the most significant socio-political periods that have shaped the former socialist country over the past 30 years, namely, socialism (1980–1990), postsocialism (1990–2000), EU accession (2000–2006), EU membership (2006–2012). Using boosted regression trees, the impact of different biophysical, socioeconomic, policy and distance-based factors was evaluated on land transitions, categorised as urbanisation, agricultural intensification and extensification, afforestation, deforestation and forest disturbance (natural and management-induced). Results show significant shifts in the landscape management associated with the institutional changes, especially in the postsocialist period.Agricultural intensification, which dominated the socialist period, was in subsequent periods substituted by afforestation and agricultural extensification. High relative annual rates of forest disturbance have dominated land-use change over the past 30 years, while deforestation was a minor land-use change during the late socialist period. Urbanisation has played a significant role and changed considerably through the studied periods: high urbanisation rates under socialism, a massive decline in the postsocialism and EU accession periods and increasingly high urbanisation rates during the EU membership period.Taking into account national and international (EU related) demands, we assessed land use development for 2040 within five different future land use scenarios. These scenarios were characterised as either extensions of current development trends, or as developments along axes that target globalisation or regionalisation, and more or less intervention. Results show that afforestation is by far the land-change process that will have the greatest impact on future Slovakian landscapes, mostly in rural areas. Among changes in agriculture, all scenarios uniformly suggest that extensification will exceed intensification mostly at the cost of arable land. In addition, urban areas will expand at the expense of arable land, particularly in the accessible city hinterlands. 相似文献
19.
David D. Blackwell Petru T. Negraru Maria C. Richards 《Natural Resources Research》2006,15(4):283-308
This paper describes an assessment of the enhanced geothermal system (EGS) resource base of the conterminous United States,
using constructed temperature at depth maps. The temperature at depth maps were computed from 3 to 10 km, for every km. The
methodology is described. Factors included are sediment thickness, thermal conductivity variations, distribution of the radioactive
heat generation and surface temperature based on several geologic models of the upper 10 km of the crust. EGS systems are
extended in this paper to include coproduced geothermal energy, and geopressured resources.
A table is provided that summarizes the resource base estimates for all components of the EGS geothermal resource. By far,
the conduction-dominated components of EGS represent the largest component of the U.S. resource. Nonetheless, the coproduced
resources and geopressured resources are large and significant targets for short and intermediate term development. There
is a huge resource base between the depths of 3 and 8 km, where the temperature reaches 150–250°C. Even if only 2% of the
conventional EGS resource is developed, the energy recovered would be equivalent to roughly 2,500 times the annual consumption
of primary energy in the U.S. in 2006. Temperatures above 150°C at those depths are more common in the active tectonic regions
of the western conterminous U.S., but are not confined to those areas. In the central and eastern U.S. there are identified
areas of moderate size that are of reasonable grade and probably small areas of much higher grade than predicted by this analyses.
However because of the regional (the grid size is 5′ × 5′) scale of this study such potentially promising sites remain to
be identified.
Several possible scenarios for EGS development are discussed. The most promising and least costly may to be developments in
abandoned or shut-in oil and gas fields, where the temperatures are high enough. Because thousands of wells are already drilled
in those locations, the cost of producing energy from such fields could be significantly lowered. In addition many hydrocarbon
fields are producing large amounts of co-produced water, which is necessary for geothermal development. Although sustainability
is not addressed in this study, the resource is so large that in at least some scenarios of development the geothermal resource
is sustainable for long periods of time. 相似文献
20.
经济全球化与国家能源安全 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
经济全球化进程的加快对国家经济安全提出了挑战。其中能源安全问题引起我国的关注。伴随着我国经济的快速增长和人民生活水平的提高，我国对能源的依赖程度不断提高。加强能源安全已成为21世纪中国经济社会可持续发展的重要问题之一。 相似文献