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1.
《吉林地质》2017,(1)
海底热液成矿是近年来地质学家关注的热点问题。现代海底热液成矿作用的研究推动了古块状硫化物矿床成矿过程的认识。结合现今研究成果综合分析表明:海底热液成矿作用主要分布在张性活动板块边界,与大地构造活动紧密相连;成矿金属物质来源具有多元性,金属矿化的类型受基底类型(洋壳-陆壳)和岩性组合(基性岩石-中酸性岩石)的控制,岩浆来源的物质也可能对一些块状硫化物矿床有贡献;主导海底热液成矿作用的核心为对流热循环系统,对流循环具有单循环和双扩散对流模式;海底块状硫化物的堆积过程是烟囱的生长、倒塌堆积和热液流体充填与交代的过程,成矿热液流体的温度和密度在这个过程中起关键作用。基于海底热水矿床的重要性,建立完整的热水喷流成矿理论意义重大。 相似文献
2.
《地球科学进展》2020,(7)
海底热液活动一直是当代海洋科学研究的重要前沿领域之一,了解地质构造对海底热液活动的控制作用对于认识热液系统的形成机理及寻找海底硫化物资源具有重要的指示意义。总结了冲绳海槽中部和南部地形与断裂构造、地壳结构、重磁场、热流及岩浆活动等方面的地质构造特征以及海槽热液区分布和热液产物的基本特征。通过比较冲绳海槽与马努斯海盆、马里亚纳海槽、北斐济海盆、劳海盆等基底和扩张阶段不同的弧后盆地构造特征的差异,归纳了冲绳海槽地质构造的特殊性,包括过渡性地壳性质、低扩张程度、高热流值、巨厚沉积层及双峰式火山作用等。冲绳海槽热液活动受到断裂构造、岩浆活动、扩张速率等构造因素的控制,同时受到基岩类型和沉积物盖层等地质条件的影响。海槽中部和南部平行和垂直盆地走向的两组断裂带为流体循环提供了通道,大规模的岩浆活动则为热液系统提供了充足的热量。此外,海槽内广泛分布的酸性火山岩和较厚的沉积盖层与流体相互作用,使得热液产物富含有机质、二氧化碳以及Ag和Au等金属元素。根据冲绳海槽的扩张速率和地质构造特征,推测冲绳海槽仍具有发现新热液区的潜力,其中部和南部两组断裂交汇的部位、轴部火山、受海脊俯冲影响的区域以及靠近岛弧一侧的新火山带是最有潜力的海底热液活动探索远景区。 相似文献
3.
现代海底热液活动与块状硫化物矿床成因研究进展 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
现代海底热液活动的发现及对其分布特征和成矿机理的研究是近年来海洋地质学和矿床地质学的一大进展。对现代海底金属硫化物成矿作用的研究大大推动和促进了对古代块状硫化物矿床成因的认识。有关研究成果综合分析表明：(1)深部热液对流循环系统是块状硫化物成矿的核心，对流循环模式有简单的热液对流模式和双扩散对流模式。(2)块状硫化物矿床集中分布在大洋中张裂性活动板块边界，与大地构造活动紧密联系。(3)成矿流体与成矿物质均有多源性，在强调海水循环淋滤的同时，通过应用新的方法技术，岩浆来源物质(流体及成矿金属等)对一些块状硫化物矿床成矿的直接贡献得到初步确认。(4)在高温热液活动区及金属硫化物沉积中发现大量生命活动和生物群体，意义重大。 相似文献
4.
古代与现代火山成因块状硫化物矿床研究进展 总被引：8，自引：1，他引：8
火山成因块状硫化物（VolcanogenicMas siveSulfide,简称VMS）矿床可见于前寒武纪至现代的各个地质时代。现代海底热液成矿作用为研究VMS矿床提供了一种新的途径,DSDP／ODP钻探资料揭示：①VMS矿床虽然可产生于不同环境,但均与张裂断陷有关。②成矿物质可能来源有 2种：一种是含矿火山岩系及下伏基底物质的淋滤;另一种是深部岩浆房挥发份的直接释放。③洋中脊海底热液循环呈双扩散对流模式。在有沉积物覆盖的洋中脊,热液循环更多地考虑流体与沉积物相互作用产生的效果。④从矿物组合的空间分布来看,热液硫化物堆积体上部以烟囱体为主,下部以块状硫化物为主,深部以网脉状硫化物为主,这在不同热液活动区似乎具有普遍性。
VMS矿床的矿化模式反映的是一种热液成因,这种热液是深部（1～3 km）岩浆侵入所引起并通过海水在热穹隆之上循环产生的。VMS矿床的深入研究要求我们致力于发现新的矿产地,提高样品采集、分析技术,加强海底热液活动与构造、岩浆作用和环境演变的一体化研究。 相似文献
VMS矿床的矿化模式反映的是一种热液成因,这种热液是深部（1～3 km）岩浆侵入所引起并通过海水在热穹隆之上循环产生的。VMS矿床的深入研究要求我们致力于发现新的矿产地,提高样品采集、分析技术,加强海底热液活动与构造、岩浆作用和环境演变的一体化研究。 相似文献
5.
冲绳海槽是西太平洋沟-弧-盆体系中典型的弧后盆地。其独特的大地构造位置,岩浆、热液活动与沉积记录一直是学术界研究的热点。基于前人的研究成果,本文综述了冲绳海槽的构造活动对岩浆、热液与沉积的控制作用。菲律宾海板块的俯冲导致了冲绳海槽的形成,并发生了弧岩浆、弧后岩浆和斜切弧后岩浆作用,这三种岩浆作用导致了热液活动在平面分布上的三种不同分区。岩浆的发育和菲律宾海板块俯冲造成的断裂系统为冲绳海槽热液的发育分别提供了热源和通道。在~416 ka发生的浙闽隆起带沉降,导致了冲绳海槽北部的沉积物由粗变细。最后针对冲绳海槽的研究现状,文章对未来的进一步研究作了展望。 相似文献
6.
海底黑烟囱的识别研究及其科学意义 总被引：22，自引：4，他引：18
现代海底黑烟囱广泛出现于大洋中脊、弧后盆地、浅海及大陆裂谷等环境,形成巨大规模的块状硫化物,并且在黑烟囱周围发现了化学自养细菌。海底硫化物黑烟囱具有明显的柱状-锥状构造形态,常保留通道构造,矿物同心圈状分带明显。黑烟囱的形成涉及热液流体与海水相互作用,外壁快速沉淀及通道内部硫化物结晶等过程。深部岩浆热源、热液沿裂隙集中流动和持续喷发,有利于形成大规模黑烟囱构造。海底硫化物丘体的钻探及其与地史时期块状硫化物的对比研究表明,它们具有相似的内部构造和矿床分带特征。黑烟囱的生长、垮塌以及丘体内部角砾化、交代、重结晶作用,有助于大规模矿床的形成。最后,在块状硫化物中寻找黑烟囱残片的研究,对于探讨成矿过程与早期生命活动具有重要意义。 相似文献
7.
岛弧-弧后盆地是海底热液硫化物发育的重要环境。本文总结了近几十年对西太平洋地区岛弧-弧后盆地热液活动调查及研究的成果,阐述了岛弧-弧后盆地热液活动的分布规律、构造环境、热液喷口水深和流体温度变化关系、相分离过程以及热液硫化物的金属元素组成特征,分析了成矿元素富集规律和控矿因素。研究认为,随着岛弧-弧后盆地热液喷口所处水深的增加,其最高喷口流体温度也相应增加,这与相分离过程有关;岛弧-弧后盆地热液硫化物与洋中脊硫化物不同,以Fe-Zn-Pb型硫化物为主,显著富集Zn、Pb、Au、Ag等金属元素;热液成矿作用主要受到岛弧及弧后扩张处的岩浆作用、相分离、基岩、弧后扩张速率、沉积物盖层等5类因素的制约。 相似文献
8.
现代海底热液多金属硫化物的成矿物源:同位素证据 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
现代海底热液活动的调查研究已经持续了30多年。尽管提出了多种有关海底热液活动的演化模式,但围绕现代海底热液成矿的物源体系和时空演化问题仍然存在许多谜。因此,从80年代初,人们开始广泛关注现代海底热液沉积物的同位素地球化学研究,解决现代海底热液成矿的物源问题,并揭示热液流体的时空演化规律,进而探索海底热液活动与岩浆．构造活动的关系。 相似文献
9.
现代海底热液活动区的分布与构造环境分析 总被引：8，自引：2，他引：6
对全球490多个热液活动区的三维空间分布和构造背景进行了研究,对发育热液活动的构造环境进行了分类,并对各种构造环境发育热液活动的频度进行了统计分析。根据已有的统计数据指出了现代海底热液活动的三维空间分布规律,并对此进行了理论分析。指出现代海底热液活动区主要沿大洋中脊、弧后盆地和板内火山分布,并主要限于40°N和40°S中、低纬度带之间,水深集中在 1300～3700 m之间。出现热液活动概率最高的水深为 2600 m,其次为 1700 m、1900 m、 2200 m、3000 m和 3700 m,平均水深为 2532 m。扩张轴的中轴谷、海底火山口及不发
育中轴谷的扩张脊是发育热液活动的主要构造背景。并提出,现代海底热液活动总是出现在构造活动的部位,但并不是构造活跃的部位就发育热液活动。热液活动的发育和构造并不直接相关但却和岩浆发育密切相关。热液活动的发育在位置上受控于岩浆活动,在时间上,它发生在岩浆活动结束后,是强烈的热膨胀、热冷缩后的释热形式。 相似文献
10.
盆地构造演化、流体系统、矿化作用是当代矿床学研究的新课题。盆地演化过程中,压实流体系统温度场、动力场和地球化学场可以通过地质研究和数字模拟来重塑。粤北晚古生代沉积盆地存在三种类型的矿化流体。大宝山型流体与岩浆热动力作用有关,形成海底火山热液沉积多金属矿床;凡口型流体与深部建造的循环热液有关,形成中低温海底热泉喷溢沉积铅锌银汞矿床;红岩型流体与盆地成岩压实水有关,形成低温单一黄铁矿矿床。粤北晚古生代盆地沉积物主要由透水性较好的粗碎屑物质和碳酸盐组成,沉积建造厚度较薄,数字模拟结果表明,盆地压实流体系统难以形成较高的地热储和流体势,不可能形成自身的突发喷溢。但在同生断裂作用引导下,流体在沉积层的特殊部位汇聚形成红岩型低温黄铁矿矿床。 相似文献
11.
Yuxiang Zhang Zhigang Zeng Xiaoyuan Wang Shuai Chen Xuebo Yin Zuxing Chen 《地球科学进展》1986,35(7):678-690
Revealing the controlling effect of geological structure on seafloor hydrothermal activities is of great significance in understanding the formation mechanism of hydrothermal system and searching for seafloor sulfide resources. This article summarized the topography and faults, crustal structure, gravity and magnetic field, heat flow and magmatism in the middle and southern Okinawa Trough, as well as the general characteristics of hydrothermal field distributions and hydrothermal products. By comparing the Okinawa Trough with the Manus Basin, Mariana Trough, North Fiji Basin and Lau Basin with different rock basements and extension stages, we generalized some specific geological characteristics of the Okinawa Trough, including the transitional crustal nature, low extension degree, high heat flow value, extremely thick sediments, and bimodal volcanism. The hydrothermal activities in the Okinawa Trough are controlled by fault structures, magmatism, and spreading rate, and at the same time, are affected by basement rock types and sediment covers. In the middle and southern parts of the trough, two group of faults that are parallel and perpendicular to the strike of the back-arc basin promote the fluid circulation, and large-scale magmatic activity provides sufficient heat for the hydrothermal system. In addition, the interaction of fluids with the widespread silicic volcanic rocks and thick sediments leads to the enrichment of organic matter, CO 2, and metals such as Ag and Au in the hydrothermal products. According to the extension rate and geological features of the Okinawa Trough, we believe that the Okinawa Trough has potential to have new hydrothermal fields discovered and we speculate that new hydrothermal fields most possibly exist in the regions influenced by ridge subduction as well as the neo-volcanic zones closed to the island arc. 相似文献
12.
《International Geology Review》2012,54(16):1870-1884
The Central Eastern Desert (CED) is characterized by the widespread distribution of Neoproterozoic intra-oceanic island arc ophiolitic assemblages. The ophiolitic units have both back-arc and forearc geochemical signatures. The forearc ophiolitic units lie to the west of the back-arc related ones, indicating formation of an intra-oceanic island arc system above an east-dipping subducted slab (present coordinates). Following final accretion of the Neoproterozoic island arc into the western Saharan Metacraton, cordilleran margin magmatism started above a new W-dipping subduction zone due to a plate polarity reversal. We identify two belts in the CED representing ancient arc–forearc and arc–back-arc assemblages. The western arc–forearc belt is delineated by major serpentinite bodies running ～NNW–SSE, marking a suture zone. Ophiolitic units in the back-arc belt to the east show an increase in the subduction geochemical signature from north to south, culminating in the occurrence of bimodal volcanic rocks farther south. This progression in subduction magmatism resulted from diachronous opening of a back-arc basin from north to south, with a bimodal volcanic arc evolving farther to the south. The intra-oceanic island arc units in the CED include coeval Algoma-type banded iron formations (BIFs) and volcanogenic massive sulphide (VMS) deposits. Formation of the BIFs was related to opening of an ocean basin to the north, whereas development of the VMS was related to rifting of the island arc in the south. Gold occurs as vein-type mineral deposits, concentrated along the NNW–SSE arc–forearc belt. The formation of these vein-type gold ore bodies was controlled by the circulation of hydrothermal fluids through serpentinites that resulted in Au mobilization, as constrained by the close spatial association of auriferous quartz veins with serpentinites along the western arc–forearc belt. 相似文献
13.
现代海底热液成矿作用研究现状及发展方向 总被引：15，自引：0，他引：15
现代海底热水成矿作用研究的重大进展表现在两个方面：（１）大批活动的和窒息的热液活动区和硫化物矿床在洋脊、岛弧、弧后盆地及板内火山活动中心等海底环境相继发现。在沉积物饥饿洋脊，矿床规模较小，Ｃｕ－Ｚｎ为主，沉积物覆盖洋脊，矿床规模巨大，Ｐｂ－Ｚｎ为主。弧后扩张或弧间裂陷盆地，形成Ｐｂ－Ｚｎ→Ｚｎ－Ｐｂ－Ｃｕ→Ｃｕ－Ｚｎ矿床谱系。岛弧环境硫化物矿床不具规模，板内火山活动中心以氧化物－硫化物矿化为特色。（２）现代海底热水成矿作用观察和研究为古代ＶＭＳ矿床成因研究提供了重要信息，对现有成矿理论产生重要影响。现代成矿观念强调：①海底成矿作用虽可产生于不同环境，但均与张裂断陷事件密切相关。矿床规模和分布特点受张裂速率制约；②成矿物质主体来源于热水循环的火山－沉积岩和下伏基底物质；③硫化物堆积发生于丘堤－烟囱联合构成的机构和结壳下部，通过开放空间的硫化物充填和先成矿石淋滤迁移来实现。④热液流体呈双扩散对流循环。现代海底热水成矿作用的未来研究方向可概括为强度方向和广度方向。广度研究将加大力度去发现新的矿床，强度研究将采用地球物理方法并配以必要的钻探，深入揭示矿床的三维结构和热液体系及成矿机制。 相似文献
14.
从REE和硅同位素特征探讨西藏甲马矿床层状夕卡岩成因 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3
在对西藏甲马铜多金属矿床地质特征分析的基础上，对矿床中层状夕卡岩的REE及Si同位素地球化学特征进行了研究，并与典型岩浆热液接触交代夕卡岩、典型热水喷流型矿床和现代海底热流体进行对比，显示该矿床层状夕卡岩与典型岩浆热液接触交代夕卡岩存在较大差异，而与现代海底热流体和喷流型矿床及其共生的热水沉积岩有较大的相似性。因此认为，甲马矿床层状夕卡岩的形成与岩浆热液没有直接的成因联系，而与古海底热水活动有关，应属热水喷流成因。这为其共生矿床的成因提供了有力的证据。 相似文献
15.
本文对北祁连山早古生代弧后盆地熔岩的岩石地球化学研究结果加以报道。样品的分布将南部弧后盆地拉伸最早阶段发育的岛弧裂谷化区和北部的弧后海底扩张区联系起来。熔岩的岩相学和地球化学特点反映了拉伸方式的改变,北部是典型的弧后盆地基性熔岩,向南则逐渐向岛弧熔岩过渡。海底扩张区以玻质(现已脱玻化)、少斑基性熔岩为特征,长英质熔岩和斑状基性熔岩产于南部岛弧裂谷化区。成熟岛弧部分(Y<20×10-6,TiO2<0.60%,Th/Yb>0.60)和弧后扩张区(Y>20×10-6,TiO2>1.0%,Th/Yb<0.60)在地球化学上相互有别。从由海底扩张形成的弧后盆地基性熔岩,向南经过逐渐与岛弧岩石相似的熔岩,直至裂谷区最南部的岛弧熔岩,它们的地球化学成分显示逐渐的变化。这种变化反映了弧后盆地形成过程中弧后盆地之下地幔对流方式和熔体产生作用的改变:从初始岛弧裂谷之下由消减板片俯冲引起的地幔下沉,转变为弧后海底扩张带之下的地幔上隆。早期岛弧裂谷阶段,裂谷轴捕获了岛弧岩浆流,从而使得喷出的熔岩在成分上与岛弧熔岩无法区分;随着弧后拉张继续,弧后盆地变宽,岛弧岩浆流逐渐离开裂谷轴,最终产生一个似洋中脊的减压熔融系统———弧后盆地岩浆系统。 相似文献
16.
Stephen J. Piercey 《Mineralium Deposita》2011,46(5-6):449-471
Throughout Earth??s history, all volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS)-hosting environments are associated with specific assemblages of mafic and felsic rocks with distinct petrochemistry (petrochemical assemblages) indicative of formation at anomalously high temperatures within extensional geodynamic environments. In mafic-dominated (juvenile/ophiolitic) VMS environments, there is a preferential association with mafic rocks with boninite and low-Ti tholeiite, mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB), and/or back-arc basin basalt affinities representing forearc rifting or back-arc initiation, mid-ocean ridges or back-arc basin spreading, or back-arc basins, respectively. Felsic rocks in juvenile oceanic arc environments in Archean terrains are high field strength element (HFSE) and rare earth element (REE) enriched. In post-Archean juvenile oceanic arc terrains, felsic rocks are commonly HFSE and REE depleted and have boninite like to tholeiitic signatures. In VMS environments that are associated with continental crust (i.e., continental arc and back-arc) and dominated by felsic volcanic and/or sedimentary rocks (evolved environments), felsic rocks are the dominant hosts to mineralization and are generally HFSE and REE enriched with calc-alkalic, A-type, and/or peralkalic affinities, representing continental arc rifts, continental back-arcs, and continental back-arcs to continental rifts, respectively. Coeval mafic rocks in evolved environments have alkalic (within-plate/ocean island basalt like) and MORB signatures that represent arc to back-arc rift versus back-arc spreading, respectively. The high-temperature magmatic activity in VMS environments is directly related to the upwelling of mafic magma beneath rifts in extensional geodynamic environments (e.g., mid-ocean ridges, back-arc basins, and intra-arc rifts). Underplated basaltic magma provides the heat required to drive hydrothermal circulation. Extensional geodynamic activity also provides accommodation space at the base of the lithosphere that allows for the underplated basalt to drive hydrothermal circulation and induce crustal melting, the latter leading to the formation of VMS-associated rhyolites in felsic-dominated and bimodal VMS environments. Rifts also provide extensional faults and the permeability and porosity required for recharge and discharge of VMS-related hydrothermal fluids. Rifts are also critical in creating environments conducive to preservation of VMS mineralization, either through shielding massive sulfides from seafloor weathering and mass wasting or by creating environments conducive to the precipitation of subseafloor replacement-style mineralization in sedimented rifts. Subvolcanic intrusions are also products of the elevated heat flow regime common to VMS-forming environments. Shallow-level intrusive complexes (i.e., within 1?C3?km of the seafloor) may not be the main drivers of VMS-related hydrothermal circulation, but are likely the manifestation of deeper-seated mantle-derived heat (i.e., ~3?C10?km depth) that drives hydrothermal circulation. These shallower intrusive complexes are commonly long-lived (i.e., millions of years), and reflect a sustained thermally anomalous geodynamic environment. Such a thermally anomalous environment has the potential to drive significant hydrothermal circulation, and, therefore multi-phase, long-lived subvolcanic intrusive complexes are excellent indicators of a potentially fertile VMS environment. The absence of intrusive complexes, however, does not indicate an area of low potential, as they may have been moved or removed due to post-VMS tectonic activity. In some cases, shallow-level intrusive systems contribute metals to the VMS-hydrothermal system. 相似文献
17.
This paper presents the first hydrogeological model that fully couples transient fluid flow, heat and solute transport associated with the formation of the HYC SEDEX deposit in the McArthur Basin, northern Australia. Numerical results reveal that salinity plays an important role in controlling hydrothermal fluid migration. In particular, it appears that it is the distribution of evaporitic units within a given basin, rather than their absolute abundance, that controls the development of free convection. Relatively saline conditions at the seafloor strengthen the thermally-induced buoyancy force and hence promote free convection of basinal solutions; whereas high salinities at the bottom counteract the thermal function of natural geothermal gradient and suppress the development of convective hydrothermal fluid circulation. In the latter case, higher thermal gradients are required to initiate substantial free convective fluid flow.Numerical experiments also suggest the position of an ore body with respect to its vent system may be controlled by the spatial and temporal salinity distributions in the basin. Vent-distal ore formation, a result of exhalation of brines that are denser than seawater and hence can flow away from the vent region, is promoted by moderate salinity at the seafloor and higher salinity in the aquifer. Vent-proximal ore accumulation, a result of pluming upon exhalation of brines less dense than seawater, is favored by the highest salinity conditions occurring near the level of the seafloor.Editorial Handling: G. Beaudoin 相似文献