共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 125 毫秒
1.
This paper aims to evaluate the carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions reduction performance of 30 mainland provinces in China over 2005?C2009. First, the log-mean Divisia index (LMDI) technique is used to decompose the changes in CO 2 emissions at the provincial level into 4 effects that are carbon intensity effect, energy mix effect, energy intensity effect and gross domestic product (GDP) effect. Next, two indicators, decoupling index and rescaled decoupling index, are implemented to evaluate the performance of 30 provinces in CO 2 emission reduction from 2005 to 2009. The decomposition result shows that the GDP growth is mainly responsible for the CO 2 emissions increase, while the energy intensity effect is the key factor for the decrease in CO 2 emissions in each province. Moreover, according to the evaluation, the performance of each province in what concerns the CO 2 emission reduction varies significantly. Most provinces in China made significant efforts in emissions reduction during 2005?C2009, while some provinces only made weak efforts or even no efforts in decoupling progress. 相似文献
2.
In China, carbon capture and storage (CCS) is recognized as one of the most promising technologies through which to achieve a large reduction in CO2 emissions in future. The choice among different CCS technologies is critical for large-scale applications. With the aim of developing instructive policy suggestions for CCS development, this study proposed an interval programming model to select the optimal CCS technology among the different CCS technologies available in China. The analysis results indicate that the selection of CO2 capture technologies should be based on the actual situation of the project and industry being targeted. If the government implements mandatory CO2 emission reductions, storage in deep saline aquifers is the optimal choice for CO2 sequestration when oil prices are low and the number of available CO2 emission permits is large. In contrast, enhanced oil recovery is the optimal choice when oil prices increase and the availability of CO2 emission permits decreases. It is critical that the government reduce the operating cost and the cost of CO2 capture in particular. 相似文献
3.
AbstractThroughout SE France, 13C-values of CO 2releases suggest that a variable part of the C0 2 emission derives from mantle and/or lower crust. Carbon dioxide emission takes place in various geological settings. Geodynamical analyses lead to the identification of five provinces: the Sub-Alpine Ranges, the French Massif Central, the Mediterranean part of the Languedoc, the western Pyrénées and the Alps at the West of the Penninic front. Possible correlations are suggested between CO 2 flux and tectonic history of the structural provinces.Possible processes by which CO 2 is extracted from the mantle, stored and transferred to the surface are investigated for each of these provinces. Major crustal scale gas movements may have taken place during the Carboniferous (Variscan and Late Variscan tectogenesis), the Lias and Dogger (rifting), the Upper Cretaceous and the Cenozoic (Alpine tectogenesis), A model of successive circulations of fluids on the scale of the whole Southeastern France CO 2-belt is proposed. This integrated isotopic and geodynamic approach contributes to a better understanding of the regional CO 2flux. 相似文献
4.
Using a production-theoretical decomposition analysis, this study evaluated the driving factors impacting CO 2 emissions between 2001 and 2010 in 28 provinces in China. Factors were decomposed into six indicators: scale effect, technical efficiency, technological progress, change in carbon emission intensity, change in inputs, and change in output structure. The results showed that changes in scale effect and change in inputs were the main factors driving CO 2 emissions growth. Conversely, technical efficiency, technological progress, and change in output structure inhibited CO 2 emission growth. Change in carbon emission intensity had little effect on CO 2 emission growth. 相似文献
5.
在整理、介绍主要国际组织、国家、研究机构和一些学者所提出的温室气体减排情景方案、减排目标和设想的基础上,对当前国际上主要的温室气体减排情景方案的温室气体减排目标、大气温室气体浓度目标和温度控制目标进行了归纳、比较和综合分析。研究结果表明：①国际组织和主要国家对温度升高的控制目标总体以2℃为主,即到21世纪末,将大气温度控制在不高于工业革命前2℃的范围内;②国际组织和主要国家的温室气体减排方案一般都倾向于在2050年将大气温室气体浓度控制在450×10 -6~550×10 -6CO 2e（二氧化碳当量）的范围内,但各个方案中有关具体的减排责任分配、减排措施和减排量分歧仍然较大;③在确定温室气体减排目标和减排配额时,国际组织和主要国家一般都按照“共同但有区别”的原则,倾向于为发达国家制定减排目标,但也有个别方案认为发展中国家也应承担量化的减排义务。 相似文献
6.
Based on input–output table to measure inter-industry R&D technology spillover, this paper introduces inter-industry R&D technology spillover into panel econometric model for carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions factor analysis. Using the panel data of 34 industrial sectors in China from 2005 to 2014, the results reveal that there is an inverted “U-shaped” nonlinear relationship between R&D technology spillover (intensity) and carbon emission; it is estimated that R&D technology spillover can reduce carbon emission currently; the indirect impact of R&D technology spillovers or spillovers intensity through R&D intensity on carbon emissions is also beneficial to carbon emission reduction; at last, this study suggests that industrial sectors should improve R&D intensity and strengthen technical exchanges and cooperation with other related sectors for the purpose of R&D technology spillover increase and CO 2 emissions reduction. 相似文献
7.
To investigate the impact of carbon emission reduction paths on energy demand and CO 2 emissions in China, in this study, quantitative carbon emission reduction paths in the period 2014–2020 are established by decomposing the target for emissions reduction. An optimization model of energy demand, into which reduction paths are incorporated, is then constructed from a goal-oriented perspective. The results suggest that energy consumption varies under different emission reduction paths. Coal demand is found to be much more sensitive to the choice of emission reduction path than other forms of energy; in particular, it responds strongly to the decreasing reduction path. We conclude that the decreasing reduction path is a better means than the increasing reduction path of achieving China’s emission reduction target for 2020 with the least amount of energy and the least amount of CO 2 emissions. 相似文献
8.
The utilization of anthropogenic CO 2 for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) can significantly extend the production life of an oil field, and help in the reduction of atmospheric emission of anthropogenic CO 2 if sequestration is considered. This work summarizes the prospect of EOR and sequestration using CO 2 flooding from an Indian mature oil field at Cambay basin through numerical modelling, simulation and pressure study based on limited data provided by the operator. To get an insight into CO 2-EOR and safe storage process in this oil field, a conceptual sector model is developed and screening standard is proposed keeping in mind the major pay zone of the producing reservoir. To construct the geomodel, depth maps, well positions and coordinates, well data and well logs, perforation depths and distribution of petrophysical properties as well as fluid properties provided by the operator, has been considered. Based on the results from the present study, we identified that the reservoir has the potential for safe and economic geological sequestration of 15.04×10 6 metric ton CO 2 in conjunction with a substantial increase in oil recovery of 10.4% of original oil in place. CO 2-EOR and storage in this mature field has a bright application prospect since the findings of the present work could be a better input to manage the reservoir productivity, and the pressure field for significant enhancement of oil recovery followed by safe storage. 相似文献
9.
Imposing any tax among carbon tax, sulfur tax and nitrogen tax on fossil fuels will also reduce the other two air pollutants. Neglecting the synergistic effect of each energy environmental tax and levying carbon tax, sulfur tax and nitrogen tax at the same time will overestimate the abatement cost of air emissions. This study adopts a partial equilibrium model which uses linear demand and supply curves to illustrate the emission reductions in carbon tax, sulfur tax and nitrogen tax. The synergistic reduction effects of CO 2, SO 2 and NO x are firstly evaluated under the implicit tax scenario of resource tax and consumption tax on fossil fuels. Then it is compared with the synergistic reduction effects of CO 2, SO 2 and NO x under different explicit tax scenarios of increasing tax rate on carbon tax, sulfur tax and nitrogen tax. If the synergistic reduction effect of explicit environmental taxes is better, this research aims to find one kind of environmental tax among carbon tax, sulfur tax and nitrogen tax with the best synergistic reduction effect and to provide a decision support for the policy makers of energy environmental taxes. The results indicate that explicit environmental taxes have better synergistic reduction effects compared with the current implicit environmental taxes. And explicit sulfur tax can lead to the largest synergistic reduction effects of CO 2, SO 2 and NO x . Therefore, the policy makers of energy environmental taxes could consider adopting the explicit sulfur tax to reduce various environmental air emissions at the largest amount. 相似文献
10.
Sulfur oxides (SOX) emissions embodied in trade (SEET) may play an important role in affecting national responsibilities toward pollutant emission reduction within the context of global greenhouse gas emission policy. This paper analyzes the change of the SEET associated with energy consumption from the perspective of a country and a sector between 1995 and 2011, exploring the evolution characteristic of the sources and flows of the SEET for 39 countries, as well as measuring the production-based and consumption-based global SOX emissions’ inventory and investigating the impact of international trade on the allocation of national pollutant emissions’ reduction obligations. One important finding is that the volume of SOX emissions embodied in global trade increased dramatically from 1995 to 2011, and the global SOX emissions stemming from anthropogenic energy consumption are mostly from China and the USA. Another important finding is that, referring to specific sectors, whether seen from the total SEET or from the sources of SEET or from the total SOX emissions occurring from economic consumption and production, energy sectors, like electricity, gas, and water supply and coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel, are the main contributors to the increase in the global SOX emissions. Notably, however, our results show that the sector of agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing should be allocated more SOX emission reduction responsibilities under a consumption-based emissions’ accounting inventory.
相似文献
11.
The storage of CO 2(liquid) on the seafloor has been proposed as a method of mitigating the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the Earth's atmosphere. Storage is possible below 3000 m water depth because the density of CO 2(liquid) exceeds that of seawater and, thus, injected CO 2(liquid) will remain as a stable, density stratified layer on the seafloor. The geochemical consequences of the storage of CO 2(liquid) on the seafloor have been investigated using calculations of chemical equilibrium among complex aqueous solutions, gases, and minerals. At 3000 m water depth and 4°C, the stable phases are CO 2(hydrate) and a brine. The hydrate composition is CO 2·6.3H 2O. The equilibrium composition of the brine is a 1.3 molal sodium-calcium-carbonate solution with pH ranging from 3.5 to 5.0. This acidified brine has a density of 1.04 g cm −3 and will displace normal seawater and react with underlying sediments. Seafloor sediment has an intrinsic capacity to neutralize the acid brine by dissolution of calcite and clay minerals and by incorporation of CO 2 into carbonates including magnesite and dawsonite. Large volumes of acidified brine, however, can deplete the sediments buffer capacity, resulting in growth of additional CO 2(hydrates) in the sediment. Volcanic sediments have the greatest buffer capacity whereas calcareous and siliceous oozes have the least capacity. The conditions that favor carbonate mineral stability and CO 2(hydrates) stability are, in general, mutually exclusive although the two phases may coexist under restricted conditions.The brine is likely to cause mortality in both plant and animal comunities: it is acidic, it does not resemble seawater in composition, and it will have reduced capacity to hold oxygen because of the high solute content. Lack of oxygen will, consequently, produce anoxic conditions, however, the reduction of CO 2 to CH 4 is slow and redox disequilibrium mixtures of CO 2 and CH 4 are likely. Seismic or volcanic activity may cause conversion of CO 2(liquid) to gas with potentially catastrophic release in a Lake Nyos-like event. The long term stability of the CO 2(hydrate) may be limited: once isolated from the CO 2(liquid) pool, either through burial or through depletion of the CO 2 pool, the hydrate will decopose, releasing CO 2 back into the sediment-water system. 相似文献
12.
The chemical industry is one of the most important industry sectors in terms of energy consumption and CO2 emissions in China. However, few studies have undertaken accounting of the CO2 emissions in the chemical industry. In addition, there are some shortcomings in the traditional accounting method as a result of poor data availability, such as the incomplete consideration of emission sources and overestimation of actual emissions. Based on the traditional accounting method and the actual situation of the chemical industry, this study proposes a method called the Emission Accounting Model in the Chemical Industry, which covers fossil energy-related emission, indirect emission generated by electricity and heat, carbonate-related process emission and the reuse of CO2. In particular, fossil energy used as feedstock is included. By applying the Emission Accounting Model in the Chemical Industry in China, the calculated CO2 emissions would be 19–30% less than the result from the traditional method. In addition, it is found that the indirect CO2 emissions generated by electricity and heat account for 67% of the total amount, the fossil energy-related emissions account for approximately 37%, the process-related emissions accounted for 2%, and reuse of CO2 accounts for ??6% in 2016. The production of ammonia, ethylene and calcium carbide generated approximately half of the total CO2 emissions in 2016. In addition, in view of emission sources and carbon source flow, two other bottom-up accounting methods are proposed that can take effect when the chemical plant-level data are available. 相似文献
13.
The global warming of Earth’s near-surface, air and oceans in recent decades is a direct consequence of anthropogenic emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere such as CO 2, CH 4, N 2O and CFCs. The CO 2 emissions contribute approximately 60% to this climate change. This study investigates experimentally the aqueous carbonation mechanisms of an alkaline paper mill waste containing about 55 wt% portlandite (Ca(OH) 2) as a possible mineralogical CO 2 sequestration process. The overall carbonation reaction includes the following steps: (1) Ca release from portlandite dissolution, (2) CO 2 dissolution in water and (3) CaCO 3 precipitation. This CO 2 sequestration mechanism was supported by geochemical modelling of final solutions using PHREEQC software, and observations by scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffraction of final reaction products. According to the experimental protocol, the system proposed would favour the total capture of approx. 218 kg of CO 2 into stable calcite/ton of paper waste, independently of initial CO 2 pressure. The final product from the carbonation process is a calcite (ca. 100 wt%)-water dispersion. Indeed, the total captured CO 2 mineralized as calcite could be stored in degraded soils or even used for diverse industrial applications. This result demonstrates the possibility of using the alkaline liquid–solid waste for CO 2 mitigation and reduction of greenhouse effect gases into the atmosphere. 相似文献
14.
The aim of this paper is to analyze the relationship between household expenditure and CO2 emissions among different income groups of urban and rural households in China. Having employed the 2007 Social Accounting Matrix of China, this study examines the direct and indirect CO2 emissions caused by household demand. The results show that within both urban and rural households, the higher the income level is, the higher the per capita emissions are; the CO2 emissions per unit expenditure due to savings and taxes are generally much larger than those from consumption of goods and services; and these emissions per unit consumption expenditures mainly come from indirect emissions. To deeply explore the relationships between consumption patterns and CO2 emissions, two scenarios are established to eliminate the differences in income level and consumption propensity among different groups step by step. Main results indicate that (1) the income gap is the primary cause of the significant differences in emission levels among each group; (2) the difference in consumption propensity is also a notable reason; and (3) the rural higher income groups spend a larger share of their income on those carbon-intensive goods (e.g., electricity, transportation, energy products), thus making their consumption patterns more carbon-intensive, while for the urban, the consumption patterns of lower income groups are more carbon-intensive. Finally, policy recommendations on the reduction of household emissions are also made. 相似文献
15.
Climate change has not only brought about many natural hazards but also threaten the sustainable development of industry.
This study is to investigate the adaptive implications for energy-intensive industries of China in response to climate change
impacts. For this purpose, a deep and comprehensive analysis on the change of CO 2 emission for 6 energy-intensive sectors is explored over the period of 2000–2007. A Log-Mean Divisia Index based on time
series is also introduced in our study to identify the key factors toward the change of CO 2 emission. It is shown that there were 146.1 million metric tons carbon increased in energy-intensive industries from 2000
to 2007. And the excessive growth of industrial output and increasingly fossil-intensive energy consumption structure were
the main driving forces for the increased CO 2 emission. Nevertheless, energy intensity change and declining emission coefficient of electricity played negative role in
the growing trend of CO 2 emission. On the basis of these four determinants (namely industrial output, energy intensity, fuel mix effect, and emission
coefficient), it is suggested that both economic motives and technologically feasible approaches should be implemented to
control the scale of excessive productions and improve energy efficiency toward the energy-intensive industries. And more
importantly, strengthening energy-intensive sectors’ awareness of climate change adaptation should be given stronger emphasis
as long-term work with the help of some propaganda campaigns for instance. 相似文献
16.
Amine post-combustion carbon capture technology is based on washing the flue gas with a solvent that captures CO 2. Thus, a small fraction of this solvent can be released together with the cleaned flue gas. This release may cause environmental concerns, both directly and indirectly through subsequent solvent degradation into other substances in the atmosphere. The paper presents the ammonia emission from CO 2 capture pilot plant (1 tonne CO 2 per day) using 40 wt% aminoethylethanolamine solvent, along with the efficiency of the water wash unit. In addition, the temperature effect of lean amine entering the absorber on ammonia emission was studied. Furthermore, the concentrations of other compounds such as SO 2, SO 3, NO 2, CS 2 and formaldehyde were monitored. The literature review on the NH 3 emission from a pilot plant using aminoethylethanolamine solvent has not been published. The results show that the main source of ammonia emission is the absorber and that emission (in the range 27–50 ppm) corresponds to typical NH 3 release from CO 2 capture pilot plant using an amine solvent. The emission of amines and amine degradation products is a complex phenomenon which is difficult to predict in novel solvents, and for this reason the significance of new solvents testing in a pilot scale has been highlighted. 相似文献
17.
Thermal power, steel, cement, and coal chemical industries account 62.6% energy consumption and 84.6% carbon emissions of China simultaneously in 2015. This research use C3IAM-Tice model to analyze the impact of advanced technologies ratio increasing quantitatively. The model can explore the balance of emission reduction and economy efficiency of energy use, finally got the technology structure optimization for these four industries. The paper uses the historical energy consumption and CO2 emission, combing with the low-carbon developing goal objection, to create the database for these four energy- and carbon-intensive industries. As the result, the scenario-4, which is the most advanced technology-oriented strategy, shows 282 Mt CO2 emission reductions for the 2020 Goal. In this scenario, 26.19%, 47.43%, 65.39%, and 28.98% of the CO2 emissions per unit of added value in thermal power industry, steel industry, cement industry, and coal chemical industry could be reduced comparing with data in 2005. Although the advanced technology-oriented strategy shows the positive impact, we need to consider the cost of elimination of existed technology. On the other hand, the paper notices the future technology, with new energy alternative, low-carbon economy development, and industry restructure together, which are important factors for the low-carbon development of China. 相似文献
18.
四川雪宝顶钨锡铍矿床产于花岗岩体与三叠系地层大理岩的接触带,赋矿石英脉受大理岩中的劈理破碎带控制。绿柱石与白钨矿中的包裹体可分为熔融包裹体、流体熔融包裹体和流体包裹体3类。流体包裹体又可分为H2O包裹体、CO2包裹体和CO2-H2O包裹体,其中,绿柱石中以富含CO2-H2O包裹体为显著特征。加热时,富H2O相CO2-H2O包裹体完全均一至H2O相,富CO2相CO2-H2O包裹体完全均一至CO2相,而二者的完全均一温度和均一压力一致,表明它们是同期捕获的CO2-低盐水不混溶包裹体组合。与绿柱石相比,白钨矿中CO2-H2O包裹体数量明显减少,H2O包裹体数量增多,成矿压力与成矿温度均有所降低。含CO2流体在花岗岩体与大理岩接触带附近发生流体不混溶和相分离,CO2的出溶使成矿流体中pH值升高,f(O2)降低,导致钨的溶解度降低而沉淀,这是形成白钨矿的主要原因。 相似文献
19.
Soil CO 2 efflux from an ecosystem responds to the active layer thawing depth ( H) significantly. A Li-8100 system was used to monitor the CO 2 exchange from a wet meadow ecosystem during a freeze–thaw cycle of the active layer in a permafrost region on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. An exponential regression equation ( $ F_{\text{soil\, flux}} = 1.84e^{0.023H} + 5.06\,R^{2} = 0.96 $ ) has been established on the basis of observed soil CO 2 efflux versus the thawed soil thickness. Using this equation, the total soil CO 2 efflux during an annual freeze–thaw cycle has been calculated to be approximately 8.18 × 10 10 mg C. The results suggest that freeze–thaw cycles in the active layer play an important role in soil CO 2 emissions and that thawed soil thickness is the major factor controlling CO 2 fluxes from the wet meadow ecosystem in permafrost regions on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. It can be concluded that with active layer thickening due to permafrost degradation, massive amounts of soil carbon would be emitted as greenhouse gases, and the permafrost region would become a carbon source with a positive feedback effect on climate warming. Hence, more attention should be paid to the influences of the active layer changes on soil carbon emission from these permafrost regions. 相似文献
20.
Subsurface sequestration of CO 2 in oil and gas provinces where permanence of hydrocarbon accumulations has proven the reliability of potential traps is rightly
seen as a solid option for containment of CO 2 atmospheric concentrations. However, one of the most promising provinces for carbon storage in North America, the Texas Gulf
Coast, has also been heavily drilled for more than a century, puncturing many otherwise perfectly sound seals (>125,000 wells
over ~50,000 km 2). As a result, boreholes and, in particular, older abandoned wells could be major leakage pathways for sequestered CO 2. This article presents statistics on well spatial and depth distribution that have been drawn from public domain sources
and relates these data to historical plugging and abandonment regulations in the Texas Gulf Coast. Surface-well density averages
of 2.4 wells/km 2 can be locally much higher—but also much lower in larger areas. Average well penetration density drops to 0.27 and 0.05 well/km 2 below a depth of 2,440 and 3,660 m, respectively. Natural mitigating factors such as thief zones and heaving “shales” could
also play a role in limiting the impact of these direct conduits to the shallow subsurface and surface. 相似文献
|
