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1.
Women,Politics, Elections,and Citizenship   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  
Abstract

Significantly more women than men are registered voters in the United States, and a higher proportion of women voters actually cast ballots on election day. Yet the 106th Congress (1999-2001) includes only 56 women members, 12% of the total membership of the House and Senate. Likewise, women hold only 22% of the total seats in state legislatures. The purpose of this article is to examine this paradox. It first examines the history of the women's movement in the United States. It then turns to an evaluation of women's progress in gaining elected office. Finally it considers three primary obstacles to women gaining equitable representation: solidarity among women, political culture, and the single-member district system now employed in the United States.  相似文献   

2.
Chemical weathering and associated soil development trends on glacial forelands are commonly assumed to exhibit increases with time elapsed since glaciation. However, this gross trend is complicated by several other factors including elevation, aspect, and microtopography. This paper demonstrates that on the glacial foreland at Storbreen, Jotunheimen, Norway, chemical weathering and associated soil development trends show significant elevational influences. We sampled soils at shallow depths (0–1, 1–5, and 15–20 cm) at two sites on a moraine dated to 1750 at its elevational extremes of 1155 m (site L) and 1385 m (site H). The two moraine sites also differed developmentally from an adjacent 9000-year-old surface (site T) at an intermediate elevation, 1205 m. Analyses were conducted on the fine-earth fractions. Extractable elemental composition exhibited detectable differences between the same-age soils at different elevations with the lower site L tending to have measured parameters intermediate between the high site H and the older site T. Weathering, as indicated by mineralogy, was more pronounced at the 9000-year-old site T and least evident at the high elevation site H. In addition, elevation under the conditions of the field research may inhibit pedogenesis as indicated by the chemical data. Site H, for example, showed little variation with depth and had in general, less organic matter accumulation, smaller C:N ratio, greater pH, and lesser amounts of the measured extractable elements than the soil at site L. Site T generally had smaller pH and larger levels of the measured elements than the other sites. It was concluded that elevation has a significant control on weathering and pedogenesis that may mask the effects of age in this cold and wet environment.  相似文献   

3.
One of the largest outlet glaciers from the ice cap Jostedalsbreen has been studied by various scientists during the 19th and 20th centuries, and a detailed programme of mass balance investigations has been carried out in recent years. The paper summarizes results from earlier studies, even from observations since the large advance about 1740, and particularly recent data. Detailed mass balance studies since 1962 have shown that the glacier is growing in volume (more than 6 m of water equivalent from 1962 to 1975) but this has not yet resulted in any advance of the ice front. The maximum observed ice velocity is 1.4 m/day on the tongue, where the ice thickness is about 200 m in a surveyed profile located below the ice falls.  相似文献   

4.
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5.
ABSTRACT. Wilhelm Richard Wagner fused fantasy based on epic and lore with seamless scores, using landscapes and urban images to forge spatial order on stage. As a footloose composer-conductor, Wagner was considered a globetrotter for his time, and from trans-European tours he drew inspiration for numerous stagings. Nine of his operas have rustic pastoral settings, with actors silhouetted against geological formations, forests, vistas of undulating terrain for pilgrimages, or raging seas, all visually believable scenery. Rienzi and Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg are urban in setting, whereas Die Feen and Das Liebesverbot are set in a castle-like format.  相似文献   

6.
ABSTRACT

In academic and policy discourse, the concept of urban resilience is proliferating. Social theorists, especially human geographers, have rightfully criticized that the underlying politics of resilience have been ignored and stress the importance of asking “resilience of what, to what, and for whom?” This paper calls for careful consideration of not just resilience for whom and what, but also where, when, and why. A three-phase process is introduced to enable these “five Ws” to be negotiated collectively and to engender critical reflection on the politics of urban resilience as plans, initiatives, and projects are conceived, discussed, and implemented. Deployed through the hypothetical case of green infrastructure in Los Angeles, the paper concludes by illustrating how resilience planning trade-offs and decisions affect outcomes over space and time, often with significant implications for equity.  相似文献   

7.
Geography,Race, and Quantification   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
This article reviews how race, quantification, and raced quantification have been used and written about in geography. Its two primary arguments are that race should be more central in the discipline and that a reluctance to address ontological and epistemological issues has left quantitative geography methodologically impoverished. These two issues merge in an examination of two cases where race is employed as a variable in quantitative models. The critique of these cases is not meant as a condemnation of quantitative geography but as an instructive example on which to construct a critical quantitative geography. The article ends by stressing the importance of quantification in geography and by presenting exemplars of race-critical quantification.  相似文献   

8.

This study investigates whether women's short commutes should be interpreted as constrained or convenient work trips by examining how race, gender, travel mode, occupation, residential location, workplace location, and Inc.ome affect commuting time. The analysis is restricted to a sample of European American and African American male and female workers residing in Buffalo, New York, and the surrounding county using data drawn from the Public Use Microdata Samples of the 1990 U.S. census. Given the pervasive gender wage gap, women unsurprisingly have more compromised (short commutes to low-Inc.ome jobs) work trips than do men. Multivariate analysis reveals that among those who reverse commute to suburban locations, African American women have the longest work trips.  相似文献   

9.
Estimates of the number of undiscovered deposits on a statewide basis offer a different perspective on the nation's undiscovered resources of gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc. Mean estimates of the number of undiscovered deposits statewide were extracted from the estimates of undiscovered deposits nationwide. More than 50 undiscovered deposits are estimated to occur in Alaska, Arizona, Nevada, and Wisconsin. Estimating the number of undiscovered deposits statewide serves as a measure of a state's total remaining mineral resources in known conventional deposit types.  相似文献   

10.
This study investigates whether women's short commutes should be interpreted as constrained or convenient work trips by examining how race, gender, travel mode, occupation, residential location, workplace location, and Inc.ome affect commuting time. The analysis is restricted to a sample of European American and African American male and female workers residing in Buffalo, New York, and the surrounding county using data drawn from the Public Use Microdata Samples of the 1990 U.S. census. Given the pervasive gender wage gap, women unsurprisingly have more compromised (short commutes to low-Inc.ome jobs) work trips than do men. Multivariate analysis reveals that among those who reverse commute to suburban locations, African American women have the longest work trips.  相似文献   

11.
陕西五里铺黄土微量元素组成与全新世气候不稳定性研究   总被引：22，自引：8，他引：14  
通过对岐山黄土剖面Pb、Cu、Zn、Cd、Mn元素含量、磁化率及粒度的研究表明,这些元素含量变化实质是气候变化的直接结果,其含量高指示风化成壤作用强烈的湿润环境,含量低指示寒冷的干旱环境。揭示出黄土高原南部全新世气候在总体温暖的情况下有明显波动变化,在5000~6000 a BP出现一次明显气候干旱期,使全新世"大暖期"分裂形成两个主要的成壤期S01和S02。在S01、S02成壤时期仍存在次一级的气候变化事件。全新世时期该地区经历了黄土沉积(Lt)→古土壤发育(S02)→黄土覆盖(L02)→土壤再度发育(S01)→黄土堆积及现代表土(L10)的发展演化阶段。  相似文献   

12.
According to many environmentalists, the U.S. transportation sector is being subsidized by federal, state, and local governments. Whether or not road users are, in fact, paying the cost of using roads is a critical issue in supporting sustainable transportation. Subsidies increase road consumption above levels that would otherwise be dictated by the market. This paper compares different estimates of transportation subsidies, noting their strengths and weaknesses. Following this discussion, the issue of transportation as a public good is covered. How economic efficiency and equity are considered depends in large part on the role of transportation in society. If transportation is deemed a public good, then alternative evaluation criteria must be applied. If not, then economic efficiency would need to be considered. Both efficiency and equity could be enhanced by a pollution tax. Such a measure would improve equity by charging users for the pollution they generate. In addition, economic efficiency could be enhanced by internalizing the environmental externalities associated with transportation. This study, compares different estimates of transportation subsidies as a prelude to discussing economic efficiency and equity issues. The study does not develop a definitive answer to the problem of transportation subsidies, but rather highlights the important public policy issues that exist within this arena.  相似文献   

13.
ABSTRACT. The residential patterns, adaptation experiences, and impacts of immigrants on North American cities have been well documented in the geographical literature. In this article, we build on prior work by testing the theories of Gaim Kibreab, who identified three factors that shape the experiences of recent refugees: attitudes of the receiving society; current policy environments; and employment opportunities in local communities. We analyze some of the ways in which these factors operate as interrelated systems for two comparative groups of foreign‐born migrants in Portland, Oregon: sub‐Saharan Africans; and Russians and Ukrainians. Using a mixed‐methods approach, we triangulate data from a blend of in‐depth interviews, participant observation in the community and at refugee and immigrant social service agencies, census and other statistical records, and cartographic analyses to report on the findings of our work. Data suggest that the residential, economic, and social spaces of new refugees are constructed as a complex multiplicity of networks and relationships that link time and place  相似文献   

14.
A prospective lithochemical survey (scale 1:50,000) was carried out at the Um Garayat gold mine area within the central wadi Allaqi shear zone. The metavolcanic samples were analyzed for Ti, P, Zr, Nb, Y, La, Nd, and Ce. The background and threshold values were determined using histograms, box-plots, and Q-mode cluster analysis. Discriminant analysis classifies the samples into four groups: Group 1 (Au mineralization) characterizes Phase III of the hydrothermal stage; Group 2 (Cu?CAu mineralization) characterizes Phases I and II; Groups 3 and 4 comprise the least altered samples. Cubic trend surface and residual maps display groups of elements: (P, Ti, Zr), (Nb, Y), and (La, Nd, Ce) each group has similar areal distribution pattern. R-mode factor analysis, using the cubic residuals, produces a model with three factors. Factors 1 (P, Ti, Zr) and 2 (Nb, Y) are referred to the magmatic minerals of the least altered volcanic rocks. In addition, Factor 1 associates with the Au-rich site at the shafts area, whereas Factor 2 is referred to albitization western to the shafts area with high contents of Nb and Y. In Factors 1 and 2, major P and Ti with traces Nb and Y are attributed to the accessories rutile, sphene, anatase, and calcite that were developed during propylitization as well as apatite and calcite-accompanying Phase I of the hydrothermal stage. Phosphorous could be considered as an indicator element for the Au mineralization at the study area. The principal elements of Factor 3 (La, Nd, Ce) associate with the Cu?CAu-rich site at the southern adits area, and attributed to the secondary Ca-bearing accessories calcite, sphene, and apatite. In general, these elements associate with the regional propylitization and the three phases of hydrothermal stage in zones of alkali metasomatism. In these alteration zones, La, Nd, and Ce could be used as indicators during geochemical exploration at the study area. In general, the secondary accessory minerals calcite, apatite, rutile, sphene, and anatase associating with zones of alkali metasomatism are significant carriers for the investigated elements. These accessories are possible indicators during geochemical exploration in the adjacent similar mineralizations of the central Allaqi shear zone area.  相似文献   

15.
Although soil texture is an important predictor of upland forest composition in southern Michigan, the relationship in some areas is weak and other environmental factors may exert stronger control on species composition. One of these may be concealed subsoil lithology where coarse-textured glaciofluvial sediments are buried beneath finer-textured till. Samples of forest composition, soil, and subsoil characteristics from 48 less-disturbed woodlots in the south-central Lower Peninsula reveal that upland oaks and hickories are predominant where the till veneer is thin and sand and gravel are relatively near the surface. Where till is relatively thick and outwash is deeply buried, woodlot composition is sugar maple-beech. In each of these cases, soil texture is unrelated to stand composition. The likely effect of buried near-surface glaciofluvial sediments is moisture stress such that xeric species dominate these drier sites. The influence of subsoil on forest geography is a significant new finding with regard to southern Michigan and has possible application elsewhere in glaciated eastern North America.  相似文献   

16.
This paper questions the validity and relevance of the application of procedures of classical statistical inference to population data in geography. Arguments for such procedures include the notions of temporal and spatial samples, measurement error, modifiable areal units, data vetting and stochastic processes. It is concluded that such arguments cannot be justified in terms of statistical theory.  相似文献   

17.
A field study to examine the statistical character of dune morphology and the correlation among dune morphology, discharge, and flow resistance was conducted in a meandering reach of Lillooet River, near Pemberton, British Columbia, Canada. The field season spanned the 1995/1996 hydrologic year with sample day discharge events ranging between 33 and 425 m3 s−1. Surveys of the bed morphology along the thalweg in two dune fields (A and B) were completed using an echo sounder with chart recorder that enabled the measurement of more than 4000 dunes. Dune height ranged between 0.08 and 0.96 m, length between 2.01 and 20.99 m, and steepness between 0.02 and 0.10. Histograms of each dune shape (height, length, steepness) sample most often displayed positive skewness and non-Gaussian distributions (Gamma, Beta, and Weibull); median sample height and length histograms displayed positive skewness; and steepness was nearly Gaussian. Histograms of all dimensionless dunes (i.e., measurement divided by average measurement of sample) were Gaussian and slightly leptokurtic. Neither the height nor length of dunes measured in this investigation were successfully predicted by the empirical models of Allen [Allen, J.R.L., 1984. Developments in Sedimentology. Sedimentary Structures: Their Character and Physical Basis, 2nd edn. Elsevier, New York, vol. 30 (A and B), 1256 pp.], Fredsøe [J. Hydraul. Div., Am. Soc. Civ. Eng. 108(HY8) (1982) 932.], or Yalin [J. Hydraul. Div., Am. Soc. Civ. Eng. 90(HY5) (1964) 105.]. Least-squares regression models for dune–height relations produced here are similar to models published by other field researchers; regression models for dune length only conform to those developed elsewhere if the discharge of the study rivers was similar. The energy gradient in dune field A varied within a smaller range than in field B, enabling dune size to become more fully equilibrated with respect to flow environment. Although the average Froude numbers were much less than critical, dunes appeared to wash out towards a plane bed as discharge increased due to a change from a bedload to suspended-load dominated sediment-transport regime. Flow resistance increased most rapidly during changes in base flow and at the beginning and end of the seasonal flood; resistance tended to be smaller in field A than B, reflecting local differences in energy gradient. Flow resistance increased until a dune steepness of 0.070 was attained and then decreased. The steepness value was considered to be coincident with kolk generation [Dyer, K.R., 1986. Coastal and Estuarine Sediment Dynamics. Wiley, NY, 342 pp.], suggesting that macroturbulent flow structures play an important role in defining the roughness of dunes on a channel bed.  相似文献   

18.
This study examines alpine soil development along a toposequence on Eagle Cap, Wallowa Mountains, northeast Oregon. Soils studied are from Wind Blown (WB) and Minimal Snow Cover (MSC) sites in the Ridge-Top Tundra geomorphic province. The soils are predominantly loamy sands, and exhibit minimal structural development. Soil pH ranges from 6.5 to 7.3 increasing with depth, and organic carbon ranges from 3.9% in the A horizon to 0.8% in the C horizon. The soils display significant input from Cascade volcanic ash infall and eolian influx from the weathered marble nearby. It is postulated that the ash content in the soils originates from Mazama Ash deposits. Though Eagle Cap soils have developed for the most part on granodiorite, the strong influence of the volcanic ash on pedogenesis leads to a preliminary classification of Andisols, most probably Typic and Lithic Haplocryands. [Key words: Alpine soils, Andisols, Wallowa Mountains.]  相似文献   

19.
Four critical challenges for physical geography are examined here: deterioration of common cores of knowledge associated with increasing intellectual niche specialization; the need for conceptual thinking and problem‐framing to catch up with measurement and analysis technology; and the need to explicitly incorporate human decision making in analysis of earth surface systems. The future calls for physical geography to embrace and confront the creative tension between nomothetic and interpretive science, and to fruitfully and explicitly integrate these approaches.  相似文献   

20.
The artesian springs of Tule Valley are similar to those of adjacent Snake Valley and Fish Springs Flat based on conductivity and temperature. All three valleys support Ranidae amphibians and the leechErpobdella punctata. The artesian springs in Snake Valley and Fish Springs Flat contain six and two species of fish and contained up to 18 and 12 species of mollusk respectively, whereas Tule Valley artesian springs contain neither fish nor mollusks. The leechesHelobdella stagnalis, Glossiphonia complanata, andHaemopis grandis were found in Snake Valley whereasHelobdella triserialis, Theromyzon rude, andHaemopis marmorata were found in Tule Valley. These springs which were covered by Lake Bonneville to a depth of several hundred meters, 16 000 BP., became isolated after the paleolake desiccated 13 000 years BP. The marsh snailCatinella is found above the paleolake level in Snake and Tule Valley and has not penetrated to the valley floor habitats once covered by the paleolake, whereas another marsh snailOxyloma has penetrated into these habitats in Snake Valley. The leech and molluscan distributions in Tule, Snake and Fish Springs Valleys suggest that the paleolake did not allow for much movement among the valleys, and successful passive aerial transport has not occurred after the paleolake desiccation 13 000 years BP. Paleozoological models are proposed to explain the presence and absence of these species in Tule Valley. Both lateral movement (along paleolake shorelines) and vertical movement (to new habitats formed after the desiccation of the paleolake) by amphibians, mollusks and leeches is restricted in large terminal lakes and is species dependent in both spatial and temporal scales of the hydrological cycle.  相似文献   

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