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1.

This paper proposes a new approach to the mining exploration drillholes positioning problem (DPP) that incorporates both geostatistical and optimization techniques. A metaheuristic was developed to solve the DPP taking into account an uncertainty index that quantifies the reliability of the current interpretation of the mineral deposit. The uncertainty index was calculated from multiple deposit realizations obtained by truncated Gaussian simulations conditional to the available drillholes samplings. A linear programming model was defined to select the subset of future drillholes that maximizes coverage of the uncertainty. A Tabu Search algorithm was developed to solve large instances of this set partitioning problem. The proposed Tabu Search algorithm is shown to provide good quality solutions approaching 95% of the optimal solution in a reasonable computing time, allowing close to optimal coverage of uncertainty for a fixed investment in drilling.

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2.
Locating additional drillholes based on information gathered from the initial drilling is a very difficult decision-making step in the process of detailed explorations. The most appropriate locations for additional drillholes are those wherein the information gathered from drilling has more value compared to that from other locations. From among the common methods proposed in information systems for measuring the information value, use of the “realistic value” is a very practical one. The realistic value of information is derived from measuring the differences in the decision makers’ performances when provided with different information sets. On this basis, a mathematical model has been proposed in this paper for optimal location of additional drillholes where the information gathered from drillholes has the highest possible value. Due to the combinatorial nature of this model, use has been made of a simulated annealing-based algorithm for its solution. The proposed model has been applied in Sungun copper deposit for locating additional drillholes; results have revealed that the model is valid.  相似文献   

3.
We propose a simple and effective heuristic that allows fast generation of a large set of shortest path alternatives in weighted directed graphs. The heuristic is based on existing deviation path algorithms for exact k shortest paths. It precalculates a backward shortest path tree and thus avoids doing many shortest path computations, but as a result it does not necessarily find the exact set of k shortest paths.

Computational results on real-world road networks are reported. Our tests show that the quality of the paths produced by the heuristic is most satisfactory: typically, the kth path found by the heuristic is less than 1% longer than the exact kth shortest path, for values of k up to 10,000. Moreover, the heuristic runs very fast.

We also show how the heuristic can be enhanced to an exact k shortest paths algorithm, which performs well in comparison with the existing exact k shortest path algorithms.  相似文献   

4.
The electrical resistivity imaging (ERI) technique has been used to calibrate existing successful and dry borehole drilling locations in the Cape Coast Granitoid Complex of the Central Region of Ghana. The area has a low groundwater potential and most of the communities do not have access to potable water. Surface water is generally expensive to treat and is therefore not considered as a good water supply option in such rural and dispersed communities where incomes are low. Supply of water to communities from existing boreholes is inadequate. Therefore, there was the need to construct more boreholes to increase access to potable water to meet coverage targets. Results show that the ERI technique is capable of detecting shallow bowl-shaped conductive zones up to 75 m represented by low resistivity values mainly due to weathered granitoids and/or fractures within the granitoids. Resistivity values typically less than 500 Ω-m obtained between depths of 10–50 m on model resistivity sections accounted for about 80% of successful productive boreholes. Resistivity values in the range 500–1,500 Ω-m represented marginally successful borehole locations which could be suitable for hand-pump installation and values greater than 1,500 Ω-m were confirmation for dry borehole locations.  相似文献   

5.
红层高悬台地"顶平、身陡、谷深",具有独特的水文地质特征和地下水富集规律。依据以抗旱打井取得的数据、资料并结合前人已有成果,探讨红层高悬台地在不同地形地貌和地质构造条件下的地下水赋存特点,显示地貌形态与地质构造协调控水。台地中部尤其是沉积盆地边缘,是抗旱找水打井的有利地段。台地边缘地下水可采资源和储存量较少,但在局部地貌汇水有利部位和构造发育地段,可形成局部富水块段,因而应按"贫区中找富块,贫块中找富点"的思路,寻找微型、小型储水构造,找准补给、径流、排汇和含、隔水层关系,准确定位、打井找水。受地形地貌条件所限,红层高悬台地尤其是边缘地带地下水位埋藏较深,宜尽量打深井揭至侵蚀基准面以下,才更有可能多出水。  相似文献   

6.

The use of spontaneous potential (SP) anomalies is well known in the geophysical literatures because of its effectiveness and significance in solving many complex problems in mineral exploration. The inverse problem of self-potential data interpretation is generally ill-posed and nonlinear. Methods based on derivative analysis usually fail to reach the optimal solution (global minimum) and trapped in a local minimum. A new simple heuristic solution to SP anomalies due to 2D inclined sheet of infinite horizontal length is investigated in this study to solve these problems. This method is based on utilizing whale optimization algorithm (WOA) as an effective heuristic solution to the inverse problem of self-potential field due to a 2D inclined sheet. In this context, the WOA was applied first to synthetic example, where the effect of the random noise was examined and the method revealed good results using proper MATLAB code. The technique was then applied on several real field profiles from different localities aiming to determine the parameters of mineralized zones or the associated shear zones. The inversion parameters revealed that WOA detected accurately the unknown parameters and showed a good validation when compared with the published inversion methods.

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7.
Geomorphological information can be combined with decision-support tools to assess landslide hazard and risk. A heuristic model was applied to a rural municipality in eastern Cuba. The study is based on a terrain mapping units (TMU) map, generated at 1:50,000 scale by interpretation of aerial photos, satellite images and field data. Information describing 603 terrain units was collected in a database. Landslide areas were mapped in detail to classify the different failure types and parts. Three major landslide regions are recognized in the study area: coastal hills with rockfalls, shallow debris flows and old rotational rockslides denudational slopes in limestone, with very large deep-seated rockslides related to tectonic activity and the Sierra de Caujerí scarp, with large rockslides. The Caujerí scarp presents the highest hazard, with recent landslides and various signs of active processes. The different landforms and the causative factors for landslides were analyzed and used to develop the heuristic model. The model is based on weights assigned by expert judgment and organized in a number of components such as slope angle, internal relief, slope shape, geological formation, active faults, distance to drainage, distance to springs, geomorphological subunits and existing landslide zones. From these variables a hierarchical heuristic model was applied in which three levels of weights were designed for classes, variables, and criteria. The model combines all weights into a single hazard value for each pixel of the landslide hazard map. The hazard map was then divided by two scales, one with three classes for disaster managers and one with 10 detailed hazard classes for technical staff. The range of weight values and the number of existing landslides is registered for each class. The resulting increasing landslide density with higher hazard classes indicates that the output map is reliable. The landslide hazard map was used in combination with existing information on buildings and infrastructure to prepare a qualitative risk map. The complete lack of historical landslide information and geotechnical data precludes the development of quantitative deterministic or probabilistic models.  相似文献   

8.
Exploring for groundwater in crystalline rocks in semiarid areas is a challenge because of their complex hydrogeology and low potential yields. An integrated approach was applied in central western Mozambique, in an area covered by Precambrian crystalline basement rocks. The approach combined a digital elevation model (DEM), remote sensing, and a ground-based geophysical survey. The aim was to identify groundwater zones with high potential and to identify geological structures controlling that potential. Lineaments were extracted from the DEM that had been enhanced using an adaptive-tilt, multi-directional, shading technique and a non-filtering technique to characterize the regional fracture system. The shallowness and amount of stored groundwater in the fracture zones was assessed using vegetation indices derived from Landsat 8 OLI images. Then, 14 transient electromagnetic (TEM) survey profiles were taken in different geological settings across continuous lineaments that were considered to be aligned along inferred faults. In the central lineament zones, the TEM soundings gave resistivity values of less than 300 Ωm at a depth of 20–80 m. The values varied with location. Conversely, values greater than 400 Ωm were observed at the sites away from the central zones. This contrast is probably caused by the differences in permeability and degree of weathering along the fractured zones. These differences could be key factors in determining groundwater occurrence. By integrating five water-related factors (lineament density, slope, geology, vegetation index, and proximity to lineaments), high groundwater potential zones were located in the vicinity of the lineaments. In these zones, vegetation remains active regardless of the season.  相似文献   

9.
Additional Samples: Where They Should Be Located   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
Information for mine planning requires to be close spaced, if compared to the grid used for exploration and resource assessment. The additional samples collected during quasimining usually are located in the same pattern of the original diamond drillholes net but closer spaced. This procedure is not the best in mathematical sense for selecting a location. The impact of an additional information to reduce the uncertainty about the parameter been modeled is not the same everywhere within the deposit. Some locations are more sensitive in reducing the local and global uncertainty than others. This study introduces a methodology to select additional sample locations based on stochastic simulation. The procedure takes into account data variability and their spatial location. Multiple equally probable models representing a geological attribute are generated via geostatistical simulation. These models share basically the same histogram and the same variogram obtained from the original data set. At each block belonging to the model a value is obtained from the n simulations and their combination allows one to access local variability. Variability is measured using an uncertainty index proposed. This index was used to map zones of high variability. A value extracted from a given simulation is added to the original data set from a zone identified as erratic in the previous maps. The process of adding samples and simulation is repeated and the benefit of the additional sample is evaluated. The benefit in terms of uncertainty reduction is measure locally and globally. The procedure showed to be robust and theoretically sound, mapping zones where the additional information is most beneficial. A case study in a coal mine using coal seam thickness illustrates the method.  相似文献   

10.
The Capanema Mine, an iron ore deposit, is located in the central portion of the Quadrilátero Ferrífero, State of Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil. Mine development data from approximately 7000 drillholes were used for a comparative study between kriging variance and interpolation variance as uncertainty measurements associated with ordinary kriging estimates. As known, the traditional kriging variance does not depend on local data and, therefore, does not measure the actual dispersion of data. On the other hand, the interpolation variance measures adequately the local dispersion of data used for an ordinary kriging estimate. This paper presents an application of the concept of interpolation variance for measuring uncertainties associated with ordinary kriging estimates of Fe and silica grades. These data were selected for their distinct statistical characteristics with Fe presenting a negatively skewed distribution and, consequently, a low dispersion, and silica a positively skewed distribution and, therefore, a high variability. Comparative studies between the two uncertainty measurements associated with ordinary kriging estimates of Fe and silica proved the superiority of the interpolation variance as a reliable and precise alternative to the kriging variance.  相似文献   

11.
This article presents research regarding the storage or sequestration of carbon dioxide in deep, saline aquifers. Building upon existing research and supplementing it with new numerical modeling simulations, a set of graphical planning curves was developed. Each graphical planning curve plots the value of Ω or the normalized surface footprint per kilogram of CO2 injected versus the aquifer anisotropy ratio. The planning curves present one planning envelope that is subdivided into two parts. One portion of the envelope governs the planning for active injection operations of geologic storage projects typically lasting less than 100 years. The second portion of the envelope governs the planning for long-term monitoring of the carbon dioxide plume as it evolves from mostly free-phase or highly concentrated aqueous-phase carbon dioxide to entirely dilute aqueous-phase carbon dioxide. This approach is innovative and useful for practitioners since it provides a simple way to estimate the CO2 surface footprint regardless of the aquifer anisotropy. Previous approaches for estimating the footprint usually assumed an isotropic and homogeneous aquifer storage zone.  相似文献   

12.
ABSTRACT

Cross-border cooperation is increasingly practised as a spatial planning strategy in health care. This observation is emphasized in numerous reports on transboundary agreements in European border regions. While the projects hint at an ongoing contestation and reconfiguration of nationally bordered health care pathways, they have rarely been subject to critical geographical inquiry. Departing from contemporary border studies debates, the article addresses this gap by providing a nuanced perspective on the socio-spatial complexity of health care practices across Europe’s internal borders. The author demonstrates this empirically by focusing on a framework for emergency care assistance in the northernmost regions of Scandinavia. He uses a heuristic approach to borderscapes as assemblages, and conceptually argues that the strategic reconfiguration of emergency care provision through cross-border cooperation is not adequately captured by a narrative of dissolving topographically bordered sovereignty (i.e. the commonplace notion of overcoming national boundaries). Based on a qualitative analysis of motives, procedures and hurdles, the author concludes that the attempt to cope with demography and distance in rural northern health care formats a socio-spatial arrangement in its own right, a case-specific geography of emergency care that is characterized by a complex interplay between different sites and their multiple bordering trajectories.  相似文献   

13.
王加胜  刘永学  李满春 《地理研究》2013,32(11):2143-2152
海洋钻井平台的位置信息对溢油监测和航道安全有重要意义。针对目前海洋钻井平台遥感信息提取难、验证难的现状,根据海洋钻井平台位置基本保持不变的特性,本文提出了一种基于恒虚警率算法的海洋钻井平台提取方法。该方法包括三个主要步骤：首先利用GDEM数据制作陆地掩膜,然后基于双参数恒虚警率算法对两景成像时间靠近的ENVISAT ASAR影像进行海上目标提取,最后对两时期提取结果进行对比,去除舰船虚警目标,完成海洋钻井平台提取。研究以越南东南海域为实验区,对提出的方法进行实验,结果表明,该方法可以较为有效的确定钻井平台目标。在实验区内,共提取钻井平台30 个,主要分布在越南石油招标区块09-1的白虎油田和龙油田。  相似文献   

14.
《The Journal of geography》2012,111(6):285-295
Abstract

The purpose of this article is to describe a capstone course in undergraduate student geographical research in which GIS and other geospatial tools were used to teach undergraduate students basic geographical principles. The course uses the “cooperative learning” pedagogical approach to address one of a number of client-supplied research projects, chosen on the basis of logistical difficulty, time, student ability, and project importance. In the connection of primary data with existing data, students confronted a number of important research issues such as mapping ethics, database design and management, time management, group dynamics, and research limitations.  相似文献   

15.
Many automated generalisation methods are based on local search optimisation techniques: Starting from an initial state of the data, one or several new child states are produced using some transformation algorithms. These child states are then evaluated according to the final data requirements, and possibly used as new candidate state to transform. According to this approach, the generalisation process can be seen as a walk in a tree, each node representing a state of the data, and each link a transformation. In such an approach, the tree exploration heuristic has a great impact on the final result: Depending on which parts of the tree are either explored or pruned, the final result is different, and the process more or less computationally prohibitive. This article investigates the importance of exploration heuristic choice in automated generalisation. Different pruning criteria are proposed and tested on real generalisation cases. Recommendations on how to choose the pruning criterion depending on the need are provided.  相似文献   

16.
A new approach for treating multi-objective spatial optimization problems is introduced in this study, aiming at deriving the optimal spatial allocation of Wind Farms on a Greek Island (Lesvos). This work builds on the knowledge gained from numerous applications of multi-objective genetic algorithms, either for spatial planning purposes or for other engineering-related topics, by incorporating modified genetic operators and sophisticated planning criteria. Hence, a stand-alone genetic optimizer was developed that incorporates the controlled non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II (CNSGA-II), in which the user can model all planning criteria and constraints for every spatial entity to be allocated, and handle the genetic solver via a built-in computational framework that permits the analysis of large terrains. The presented paradigm provides interesting findings for the optimal development of renewable energy sources projects whose spatial allocation is governed by conflicting criteria and strict constraints.  相似文献   

17.
In this contribution, we used discriminant analysis (DA) and support vector machine (SVM) to model subsurface gold mineralization by using a combination of the surface soil geochemical anomalies and earlier bore data for further drilling at the Sari-Gunay gold deposit, NW Iran. Seventy percent of the data were used as the training data and the remaining 30 % were used as the testing data. Sum of the block grades, obtained by kriging, above the cutoff grade (0.5 g/t) was multiplied by the thickness of the blocks and used as productivity index (PI). Then, the PI variable was classified into three classes of background, medium, and high by using fractal method. Four classification functions of SVM and DA methods were calculated by the training soil geochemical data. Also, by using all the geochemical data and classification functions, the general extension of the gold mineralized zones was predicted. The mineral prediction models at the Sari-Gunay hill were used to locate high and moderate potential areas for further infill systematic and reconnaissance drilling, respectively. These models at Agh-Dagh hill and the area between Sari-Gunay and Agh-Dagh hills were used to define the moderate and high potential areas for further reconnaissance drilling. The results showed that the nu-SVM method with 73.8 % accuracy and c-SVM with 72.3 % accuracy worked better than DA methods.  相似文献   

18.
From a single-attribute raster layer in which each cell is assigned a numerical value, a connected set of a specified number of cells that has the maximum (or minimum) total value is selected. This is a highly common decision problem in the context of raster-based geographic information systems (GIS) and seems general enough to deserve inclusion in the standard functionality of such systems. Yet it is a computationally difficult optimization problem, for which no efficient exact solution method has been found. This article presents a new dynamic programming-based heuristic method for the problem. Its performance is tested with randomly generated raster layers with various degrees of spatial autocorrelation. Results suggest that the proposed heuristic is a promising alternative to the existing integer programming-based exact method, as it can handle significantly larger raster data with fair accuracy.  相似文献   

19.
《The Journal of geography》2012,111(8):385-390
Abstract

An intensive and comprehensively planned program of mineral exploration and discovery is the most important single factor in maintaining an adequate supply of available minerals.

This program requires the services of a large staff of geologists and geophysicists adequately equipped with the essential instruments of exploration.

Exploration, even tho it results in substantial discoveries, will not be adequate without the aid of the miners, metallurgists, engineers, architects, and contributions from deposits in foreign countries.

Developments in mining—such as diamond drilling, block caving, and removal of overburden—have contributed toward making ore deposits of low grade economically exploitable, thereby increasing the supply of metal that can be made available.  相似文献   

20.

This paper traces the emergence of coastal management in the late twentieth century and assesses the social and spatial implications of the new Integrated Coastal Management (ICM) philosophy that guides national regulatory programs worldwide. A review of the epistemology of ICM reveals its link to the United Nations marine regulatory regime (the Law of the Sea) and the sustainable development paradigm embraced at the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development. I suggest that the resulting regulatory regime facilitates the opening of coastal zones worldwide to aggressive state and global capital investment. By promoting the overhaul of existing social and spatial organization in coastal zones and by asserting the primacy of resource access for modern economic interests, ICM may introduce more rather than less social conflict and ecological degradation. To illustrate this dynamic, I examine the case of coral reef management in general, and in the context of the Sri Lankan ICM program.  相似文献   

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