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1.
对新疆准噶尔地区浅成低温热液型金矿床中富硫型的阔尔真阔腊金矿、贫硫型的石英滩金矿进行了流依包裹体的均一温度、爆裂温度、包裹体气液相成分、H、O 同位素、矿体围岩及脉石英包裹体 C 同位素、矿体中黄铁矿等 S、Ph 同位素等系统地进行了研究,综合研究表明,本区该类型金矿成矿流体一般温度低、盐度低,来源主要为循环的大气水、矿石中黄铁矿的 S、Pb 同位素均为深源,暗示金的深部来源:矿体石英包裹体中 CO_2的δ~(13)C 为低于-10‰的有机碳,反映了本区年轻的富含有机质的沉积地层参与了金的成矿。此外,本文首次提出了富硫型阔尔真阔腊金矿床成矿流体中有侵入岩浆热液参与,深部有多金属成矿远景;贫硫型石英滩金矿没有侵入岩浆热液的参与,成矿仅与火山古热液活动有关,其成矿较单一。此外,阔尔真阔腊金矿中低温流体活动较强,金矿化也较强:石英滩金矿低温流体活动相对较弱,金矿化也较弱,也体现了该类型金矿床低温流体活动的越强烈,金矿化越强的规律。  相似文献   

2.
韧性剪切带型金矿床是新疆准噶尔-东天山地区重要金矿类型。本文以科克萨依、康古尔、红石金矿为典型矿床,研究它们的流体包裹体均一温度、爆裂温度、包裹体成分、包裹体水的来源等,并进行了硫、铅同位素及近矿围岩碳同位素、矿体石英包裹体中CO2、CH4气体的碳同位素分析。结果表明,硫、铅为深源,暗示了本区金成矿物质的地幔来源。部分碳为有机碳,反映了本区年轻碳质沉积地层中有机碳参与了金的迁移与成矿作用。综合研究表明,在本区特定的后碰撞地质背景下,在构造挤压与伸展作用中形成的韧性剪切带中的金矿床金成矿物质源于深源,成矿流体主要是变质水。岩浆作用、变质作用、碳质围岩地层有机碳参与成矿,变质流体与岩浆热液及天水等流体的不同程度的混合与叠加,形成本区特征的韧性剪切带型金矿床。  相似文献   

3.
镰子沟金矿是小秦岭驾鹿金矿田内的一个十分重要的金矿床,主要赋存于太古宇太华群秦仓沟组深变质片麻岩系中。金矿体受构造破碎蚀变带控制,主要呈脉状产出,走向与矿区主要断裂方向(北东向)基本一致。在金矿体两侧由内向外可见以钾长石化+硅化、绢云母化+硅化+黄铁矿化、绿泥石化+绿帘石化为特征的蚀变分带现象。氢氧同位素组成显示成矿流体具有岩浆水和大气降水混合的特征。氦氩同位素结果说明成矿流体具有壳幔混合来源的特点。硫同位素组成表明,矿石硫明显富集轻硫的特征,可能和成矿过程中硫同位素分馏作用有关。矿石铅同位素组成较为稳定,可能来源于太华群围岩。氢、氧、硫、铅同位素均指示了成矿过程中的水-岩反应:成矿流体在早期为富含K+的碱性热液,在上涌过程中与浅部流体逐渐混合,同时与围岩发生充分接触,通过水-岩反应进行物质和能量的交换,在矿体和围岩接触带形成了以钾长石化为特征的蚀变分带。随着成矿作用的进行,含矿热液的物理化学条件不断发生变化,同时金可能以Au(HS)2-和Au(HTe)2-形式在流体中迁移,最终在适宜的条件下沉淀、富集成矿。  相似文献   

4.
五道沟金矿位于太平岭金-铜多金属成矿带,矿体呈脉状赋存于下二叠统双桥子组碳质板岩中,并严格受NE向断裂控制。根据野外观察和岩相学研究,将五道沟金矿成矿划分为早期石英阶段、石英-黄铁矿阶段、石英-碳酸盐阶段3个阶段,其中石英-黄铁矿阶段为主要成矿阶段。石英流体包裹体显微测温和拉曼光谱分析表明,金成矿期流体为中低温、低盐度的含CO2流体。氢氧同位素分析表明,成矿流体是岩浆水和大气降水的混合流体。黄铁矿微量元素特征表明矿区内黄铁矿为岩浆热液成因;矿石硫同位素数据显示其具有岩浆硫和地层硫的混合特征。铅同位素组成图上,矿石铅、围岩铅和岩浆岩铅三者呈线性关系,具有同源特征,矿石中207Pb/204Pb和208Pb/204Pb值明显高于围岩的相应值,暗示了矿石铅为围岩铅淋滤产物。矿石同位素特征表明双桥子组碳质板岩应为金矿矿源层。综合矿床地质特征、流体包裹体和H-O-S-Pb同位素分析,认为五道沟金矿为造山型金矿。  相似文献   

5.
卡拉麦里金矿带位于准噶尔北缘和阿尔曼太至北塔山以南地区,成矿带划分属卡拉麦里—达尔布特成矿带(Ⅲ级成矿带)的卡拉麦里—莫钦乌拉成矿带(Ⅳ级成矿带),是新疆重要的金多金属成矿带。对双泉、南明水、苏吉泉等金矿床流体包裹体,氢、氧同位素和硫同位素研究表明,主成矿期成矿温度一般在200～230℃,属中低温;盐度(质量分数)一般为3.55%～4.5%,属低盐度;成矿流体为C-O-H-N-S体系。除库布苏金矿床成矿流体主要为岩浆水外,其他金矿床的成矿流体以变质水为主,但也兼具有岩浆水、建造水和/或大气降水的特征。双泉、南明水金矿中的硫主要来自变质的围岩,可能有部分深源岩浆硫的混入;金山沟、柳树泉金矿床的硫同位素组成具有深源硫的特征,成矿可能与火山、次火山活动有关。  相似文献   

6.
袁万春  李院生 《矿物学报》1997,17(4):422-426
滇黔桂地区分布着众多大中型Hg、Sb、Au矿床。通过对碳、氢、氧、硫等同位素的分析表明：大厂锑矿的硫来自地幔，木利、马雄锑矿的硫主要来自海水硫酸盐。各金矿的硫主要来自围岩，但碳大部分来自围岩。氢氧同位素数据表明，本区锑、金、汞等矿床的成矿流体来源相似，其主要来源为与围岩进行了氢氧同位素交换的大气降水。  相似文献   

7.
查汗萨拉金矿是近年在新疆西天山新发现的一处金矿床,处于依连哈比尔尕构造带西端.矿体旱不规则脉状产于细品闪长岩构造破碎蚀变带及其接触带附近的上石炭统奇尔古斯套组蚀变围岩中,围岩蚀变较弱.矿石中硫化物主要为黄铁矿,并含少量磁黄铁矿、黄铜矿、方铅矿等.硫化物矿物呈自形粗晶或半自形结构,斑杂状分布在构造蚀变岩石中.金矿物以自然金和银金矿为主,还发现有硫(碲)银金矿和金铀化物等独特矿化线索,金矿物多赋存在黄铁矿中,以包体金、裂隙金和少量粒间金形式存在.金矿物形态以粒状和长角状为主,多为细、微细粒金(粒度<10 μm).矿石中矿物流体包裹体均一温度为220～340℃.热液脉三石矿物石英流体包裹体的δD为-92‰～-74‰,δ18Ov-SMOW为11.8‰～12.6‰,成矿流体显尔岩浆热液和变质建造水混合的特征.热液方解石脉的占δ13Cv-PDB为-8.92‰～-8.06‰,δ18Ov-SMOW为13.45‰～17.18‰,反映成矿流体中CO2主体米源于岩浆.硫化物206pb/204Pb为18.036～18.173,207pb/204pb为15.536～15.612,208pb/204pb为37.940～38.097,成矿金属具岩浆来源特征.矿石中硫化物δ34Sv-CDT为-9.8‰～-7.3‰,显示其可能与地层有关.查汗萨拉金矿为构造蚀变岩型中温岩浆热液矿床.小同于本区阿希金矿,是西天山金矿勘查中值得关注的新类型.  相似文献   

8.
提要：陕西双王金矿床位于西秦岭凤太矿集区东部,为一大型含金钠长角砾岩型金矿床。矿床赋存于上泥盆统星红铺组,为一套由钙质粉砂岩、粉砂质绢云板岩和灰岩组成的类复理石沉积建造。金矿体明显受角砾岩体控制,呈断续带状分布,矿石硫化物主要为黄铁矿,主要围岩蚀变类型为钠长石化。矿床稳定同位素地球化学特征研究表明：早阶段和主阶段成矿流体以岩浆热液和建造水的混合热液为主,晚阶段由岩浆热液向大气降水热液演化;碳主要来源于深部,并混有碳酸盐岩地层溶解形成的碳;硫具有地壳硫和岩浆硫混合来源的特征;铅的来源以上地壳为主,并混有少量地幔铅。结合区域地质构造背景,认为双王金矿床成矿作用与始于印支晚期的陆内碰撞造山作用有关,成矿过程经历了隐爆前的热液交代成矿期和隐爆后的热液充填成矿期,其中隐爆后的热液充填交代阶段是金矿床的主要成矿阶段,双王金矿床成因类型为隐爆角砾岩型金矿床。  相似文献   

9.
杨凤超  宋运红  张朋  柴鹏  李斌 《地质学报》2016,90(10):2775-2785
青城子矿集区地处辽东-吉南裂谷带西端,是金银多金属的重要矿集区,其成矿作用复杂,为了深入揭示其成矿流体特征和成矿物质来源,近期作者对矿集区内典型的金银矿床(高家堡子银矿、小佟家堡子金矿、杨树金矿和林家三道沟金矿)的地质特征研究的基础上,开展了流体包裹体测温和激光拉曼成分分析,H、O、C、S、Pb同位素的分析,进行了多元同位素体系的综合示踪。青城子矿集区金银矿床最为发育富液相包裹体,局部发育气相包裹体,个别石英脉中少量发育H_2O-CO_2三相包裹体和CO_2两相包裹体,成矿温度范围大,是多阶段成矿作用发展演化的反映,主成矿温度在120~210℃之间。成矿流体为中温低盐度低密度的水盐流体。激光拉曼成分特征,成矿流体总体属于含H_2的H_2O-NaCl-CH_4-CO_2体系,属于还原性流体,具有深源的特征。氢氧同位素结果显示,成矿热液主要来源于岩浆水和大气降水。碳氧同位素结果显示,成矿流体起源或流经含有大量有机质的地层,地层中的有机质可能参与了金的富集成矿。硫同位素特征表明,矿体中的硫来自海水硫酸盐还原硫与深部岩浆热液来源的混合,可能主要来自海水硫酸盐的还原。铅同位素结果表明,金银矿石中铅是地层与岩浆岩的混合铅。  相似文献   

10.
内蒙古赛乌素金矿是产于中-新元古代白云鄂博群变质碎屑岩中的石英脉型金矿,矿床稳定同位素地球化学特征表明,成矿热液来源复杂,可能有岩浆水和大气降水的混合作用;成矿早期的硫来自花岗岩浆,成矿晚期的硫有一部分可能来自地层,铅同位素特征表明铅来自地幔,因此推断成矿物质主要来自于岩浆活动.  相似文献   

11.
Lithological, chemical, and stable isotope data are used to characterize lacustrine tufas dating back to pre-late Miocene and later unknown times, capping different surfaces of a Tertiary carbonate (Sinn el-Kedab) plateau in Dungul region in the currently hyperarid south-western Egypt. These deposits are composed mostly of calcium carbonate, some magnesium carbonate and clastic particles plus minor amounts of organic matter. They have a wide range of (Mg/Ca)molar ratios, from 0.03 to 0.3. The bulk-tufa carbonate has characteristic isotope compositions: (δ13Cmean = −2.49 ± 0.99‰; δ18Omean = −9.43 ± 1.40‰). The δ13C values are consistent with a small input from C4 vegetation or thinner soils in the recharge area of the tufa-depositing systems. The δ18O values are typical of fresh water carbonates. Covariation between δ13C and δ18O values probably is a reflection of climatic conditions such as aridity. The tufas studied are isotopically similar to the underlying diagenetic marine chalks, marls and limestones (δ13Cmean = −2.06 ± 0.84‰; δ18Omean = −10.06 ± 1.39‰). The similarity has been attributed to common meteoric water signatures. This raises large uncertainties in using tufas (Mg/Ca)molar, δ13C and δ18O records as proxies of paleoclimatic change and suggests that intrinsic compositional differences in material sources within the plateau may mask climatic changes in the records.  相似文献   

12.
对于变质岩 Sm-Nd 和 Rh-Sr 同位素年代学来说,其中一个重要问题是等时线矿物之间在一特定的变质事件过程中是否达到并在随后保持同位素平衡。矿物 O 同位素地质测温也是如此。由于许多情况下 Nd、Sr 和 O 在变质矿物中的扩散速率具有可比性,变质矿物之间 O 同位素平衡状况能够为矿物 Sm-Nd 和 Rb-Sr 内部等时线定年结果的有效性提供制约。为了验证其适用性,本文对大别造山带双河超高压榴辉岩和片麻岩 Sm-Nd 和 Rh-Sr 等时线矿物进行了 O 同位素地质测温。尽管Sm-Nd 等时线给出一致的三叠纪年龄(213～238Ma),同一样品 Rb-Sr 等时线却给出侏罗纪年龄(171～174Ma)。片麻岩、榴辉岩和榴闪岩矿物对 O 同位素测温得到600～720℃和420～550℃两组温度,分别对应于约225±5Ma 榴辉岩相变质和约 175±5Ma 角闪岩相退变质条件下停止同位素扩散交换的温度。同一样品三叠纪 Sm-Nd 等时线年龄的保存、侏罗纪 Rh-Sr 等时线年龄的出现以及有规律的 O 同位素温度,表明在角闪岩相退变质过程中,Sr 和 O 在含水矿物(如黑云母和角闪石)中的扩散速率在手标本尺度上比石榴石 Nd 和多硅白云母 Sr 的扩散速率快。在退变质作用过程中,等时线矿物之间的初始同位素比值均一化速率主要受扩散速率慢的矿物控制,而矿物等时线时钟的启动主要受具有高母/子体比值的矿物控制。只有当高母/子体比值矿物具有快的放射成因同位素扩散速率时,才能够应用合理的矿物等时线确定变质再造的时间。  相似文献   

13.
Modelling of tree-ring δ13C and δ18O data from the Columbia Icefield area in the eastern Rocky Mountains of western Canada provides fuller understanding of climatic and hydrologic variability over the past 1000 yr in this region, based on reconstruction of changes in growth season atmospheric relative humidity (RHgrs), winter temperature (Twin) and the precipitation δ18O-Twin relation. The Little Ice Age (~ AD 1530s-1890s) is marked by low RHgrs and Twin and a δ18O-Twin relation offset from that of the present, reflecting enhanced meridional circulation and persistent influence of Arctic air masses. Independent proxy hydrologic evidence suggests that snowmelt sustained relatively abundant streamflow at this time in rivers draining the eastern Rockies. In contrast, the early millennium was marked by higher RHgrs and Twin and a δ18O-Twin relation like that of the 20th century, consistent with pervasive influence of Pacific air masses because of strong zonal circulation. Especially mild conditions prevailed during the “Medieval Climate Anomaly” ~ AD 1100-1250, corresponding with evidence for reduced discharge in rivers draining the eastern Rockies and extensive hydrological drought in neighbouring western USA.  相似文献   

14.
Isotope ratios and elemental concentrations in otoliths are often used as natural tags to reconstruct migratory movements and connectivity patterns in marine and anadromous fishes. Although differences in otolith geochemistry have been documented among geographically separated populations, inter-annual variation within locations is less frequently examined. We compared otolith isotope (δ18O and 87Sr:86Sr) and elemental ratios (Sr:Ca and Ba:Ca) from several annual cohorts of juvenile American shad (Alosa sapidissima) in three rivers. These four geochemical signatures distinguished among river-specific populations of this species at both large and small geographic scales, with δ18O and 87Sr:86Sr generating the majority of multivariate variation. We found significant variation among years for all variables in two to three rivers. However, the magnitude of variability differed among ratios, with δ18O ratios showing substantial inter-annual shifts while 87Sr:86Sr ratios were relatively stable across years. Sr:Ca and Ba:Ca ratios also varied among years. These results imply that investigators using environmentally labile signatures must quantify geochemical signatures for each cohort of interest in order to confidently identify origins of migrants.  相似文献   

15.
Stable isotopes (H, O, C) were determined for ground and surface waters collected from two relatively undisturbed massive sulfide deposits (Halfmile Lake and Restigouche) in the Bathurst Mining Camp (BMC), New Brunswick, Canada. Additional waters from active and inactive mines in the BMC were also collected. Oxygen and hydrogen isotopes of surface and shallow groundwaters from both the Halfmile Lake and Restigouche deposits are remarkably uniform (− 13 to − 14‰ and − 85 to − 95‰ for δ18OVSMOW and δ2HVSMOW, respectively). These values are lighter than predicted for northern New Brunswick and, combined with elevated deuterium excess values, suggest that recharge waters are dominated by winter precipitation, recharged during spring melting. Deeper groundwaters from the Restigouche deposit, and from active and inactive mines have heavier δ18OVSMOW ratios (up to − 10.8‰) than shallow groundwaters suggesting recharge under warmer climate or mixing with Shield-type brines. Some of the co-variation in Cl concentrations and δ18OVSMOW ratios can be explained by mixing between saline and shallow recharge water end-members. Carbon isotopic compositions of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) are variable, ranging from − 15 to − 5‰ δ13CVPDB for most ground and surface waters. Much of the variation in the carbon isotopes is consistent with closed system groundwater evolution involving soil zone CO2 and fracture zone carbonate minerals (calcite, dolomite and siderite; average = − 6.5‰ δ13CVPDB). The DIC of saline Restigouche deposit groundwater is isotopically heavy (∼+ 12‰ δ13CVPDB), indicating carbon isotopic fractionation from methanogenesis via CO2 reduction, consistent with the lack of dissolved sulfate in these waters and the observation of CH4-degassing during sampling.  相似文献   

16.
Cathodoluminescence (CL) imaging of polished sections of a diamond from the Guaniamo region of Venezuela suggests a history of the diamond involving two periods of growth separated by a period of resorption and possibly brittle deformation. In situ electron probe analysis of multiple eclogitic garnet inclusions reveals a correlation between garnet composition and location in the stone. An early-formed garnet in the diamond core has higher Ca/(Ca+Mg) and lower Mg/(Mg+Fe) values than later garnets associated with the second period of diamond growth. This variation conforms to an extensive trend of variation in the suite of eclogitic garnets extracted from Venezuelan diamonds. The diamond is zoned in carbon isotope composition (in situ secondary ion mass spectrometry, SIMS, data). The core compositions (δ13C PDB), corresponding to the first stage of growth, average −17.7‰. The second period of growth is apparently in two sub-sets of CL zones with mean values of −13.0‰ and −7.9‰. Nitrogen contents of diamond are low (30–300 atomic ppm) and do not correlate with carbon isotope composition. Oxygen isotope ratios of the garnet inclusions are elevated substantially above those expected for “common mantle”; δ18O VSMOW of early garnet is approximately +10.5‰ and two late garnets average +8.8‰. The evolutionary trend of magnesium enrichment in garnet is unlikely to represent igneous fractionation. The stable isotope data are consistent with diamond formation in subducted meta-basic rocks that had interacted with sea water at low temperatures at or near the sea floor and contained a substantial biogenic carbon component. During or following subduction, diamonds continued to form in an evolving system that was progressively modified by interaction with mantle material.  相似文献   

17.
Granitic magmatism in the Cachoeirinha‒Salgueiro and Alto Pajeú terranes in the Transversal Zone Domain of the Borborema Province, northeastern Brazil, occurred in three main time intervals: 650–620 Ma, 590–560 Ma and 545–520 Ma. The oldest one is characterized by intrusions of magmatic-epidote (mEp) bearing calc-alkalic (some with trondhjemitic affinities) and high-K calc-alkalic plutons, synkinematic to the main regional foliation, under contractional tectonic regime, and exhibits TDM < 2.0 Ga and ƐNd (0.6 Ga) from −1 to −4, and δ18O (zircon) values from 7.1 to 10‰VSMOW. O- and Nd-isotope data for the 650‒620 Ma group of plutons is compatible with partial fusion of subducted oceanic basaltic crust (mEp-bearing calc-alkalic tonalites/granodiorites, equivalent to adakites). Voluminous intrusions in the 590–560 Ma interval are represented by abundant mEp-free high-K calc-alkalic, peralkalic, ultrapotassic, mEp-bearing high-K calc-alkalic, and less abundant shoshonitic magmas. Nd-model ages for this group of plutons vary from 1.5 to 2.5 Ga and ƐNd (0.6 Ga) ranges from −8 to −20; δ18O (zircon) varies from 6.4 to 7.9‰VSMOW. Values of δ18O (zircon) for the 590‒560 Ma old group of plutons coupled with Nd isotope data are compatible with remelting of crustal (negative ƐNd, 1.6 to 2.0 Ga old) source rocks. O- and Nd-isotope data for this group of plutons are compatible with underplating of basaltic magma in the base of the lower crust for the high-K calc-alkalic granitoids, coeval to transcurrent movements along sigmoidal shear zones. Intrusion of one shoshonitic (Serrote do Arapuá), one calc-alkalic (Riacho do Icó) plutons besides the peralkalic Manaíra-Princeza Isabel dike set have witnessed this transition from contractional to transcurrent movements along shear zones, around 610‒600 Ma.  相似文献   

18.
The Boehls Butte anorthosite consists predominantly of an unusual bimodal assemblage of andesine and bytownite–anorthite. Oxygen isotope compositions of the anorthosite were profoundly altered by high temperature, retrograde interaction with meteoric-hydrothermal fluids that varied in composition from isotopically evolved to nearly pristine meteoric water. Oxygen isotope ratios of bulk plagioclase separates are in the range +7.0 to −6.2‰ V-SMOW, however, secondary ion mass spectrometry indicates spot-sized isotope values as low as −16‰. Typical inter- and intra-plagioclase grain variability is 3–6‰, and extreme heterogeneity of up to 20‰ is noted in a few samples. High-temperature hydrothermal alteration of intermediate plagioclase is proposed to explain the origin of bytownite–anorthite in the anorthosite and creation of its unusual bimodal plagioclase assemblage. The anorthite-forming reaction created retrograde reaction-enhanced permeability which, together with rapid decompression, extension, and unroofing of the anorthosite complex, helped to accommodated influx of significant volumes of meteoric-hydrothermal fluids into the anorthosite.  相似文献   

19.
δ18 O and δ13C of G.sacculifer have been measured in five cores from the northern Indian Ocean. In addition, high resolution analysis (1 to 2 cm) was performed on one core (SK-20-185) for both δ18O and gd13C in five species of planktonic foraminifera. CaCO3 variation was measured in two cores. The results, presented here, show that
–  • the summer monsoon was weaker during 18 ka and was stronger during 9 ka, relative to modern conditions;
–  • δ13C variations are consistent with independent evidence that shows that during the last glacial maximum (LGM; 18 ka) the upwelling was reduced while during 9 ka it was vigorous;
–  • calculation of CaCO3 flux shows that the LGM was characterized by low biogenic productivity in the Arabian Sea while during the Holocene productivity increased by ∼65%, as a direct consequence of the changes in upwelling. Similar changes (of lesser magnitude) are also seen in the equatorial Indian Ocean. The amount of terrigenous input into the Arabian Sea doubled during LGM possibly due to the higher erosion rate along the west coast.
–  • δ18O values indicate that the Arabian Sea was saltier by 1 to 2%o during LGM. The northern part was dominated by evaporation while in the equatorial part there was an increased precipitation.
  相似文献   

20.
The crystallisation of soluble sulphate salts is one of the most important factors of stone monument degradation. The origin of these salts is variable: marine, air pollution, building or restoration material. The lack of certainty about these sources represents a problem for restoration campaigns. The use of sulphur and oxygen isotopic tracers allows to discriminate the origins of materials and some stone deterioration patterns like black crusts (e.g. [Šrámek J., 1988. Sulfur Isotopes in the revealing corrosion mechanism of stones. 6th International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone,. Proceedings, ed. J. Ciabach. Nicholas Copernicus University, Torun, Poland, 341–345.]). First results obtained on the Bourges cathedral (France) show that the sulphur and oxygen isotopic composition of sulphates from external (atmospheric pollution) and internal (mortars, plasters and sulphates coming from stone sulphide oxidation) origins constitute well differentiated poles. The isotopic composition of sulphates implied in different stone deterioration patterns is well explained by a combination of these poles. The present study will be extended to other French monuments located in different lithological and hydroclimatic settings where contributions of sea salts and ancient chemical treatments are suspected.  相似文献   

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