共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
S.B. Lavrov M.K. Bandman K.P. Kosmachev G.V. Sdasyuk S.S. Artobolevsky L.M. Shevchenko 《Geoforum》1979,10(3):333-344
A major field of research since the 1920s has been methods and theories of economic regionalization. The territorial-production complex is now recognized as a key developmental tool within the framework of economic-planning regions. Recently, there has been a more marked growth of study into problems of natural-resource development, social progress and change in the U.S.S.R. as well as into the spatial structure of other nations, particularly other socialist countries and non-socialist developing countries. 相似文献
2.
J.A. Allan 《Geoforum》1983,14(3):243-247
The development of agriculture is recognised to be an essential preliminary and on-going element in the economic development strategies of most developing countries. The contribution of agricultural production to gross domestic product, food self-sufficiency and export income are amongst the major development goals exercising the governments of such countries. In addition, in many countries the agricultural sector is regarded as one with a potential for generating a surplus to sustain other economic activities and to have an important stabilising role in reducing the movement of population from rural areas. This article discusses renewable natural resources, soil and water, as the basis for agricultural development and especially of irrigated farming. A number of case studies will be referred to which illustrate the idea that many national governments attribute quite unreal qualities to soil and water resources. Once development schemes were launched appropriate rhetoric was mobilised to invest the reclamation of ‘virgin lands’ and ‘new lands’, with the character of ‘green revolutions’. These ventures have been sustained not because of their success but because the ‘fantasies’ have been circulated amongst ill-formed urban populations, remote from the arduous realities of land reclamation. Case studies in the Soviet Union and the Middle East are discussed. 相似文献
3.
The productive restructuring process has affected more than just the economic field, because its effects have been felt on
urbanisation processes, on social relations, and on the spatial organisation of society. Starting from the ‘metapolis’ concept,
developed by Ascher (1995), we analyse the evolution of new forms of urban space in Portugal, arguing that new urban forms
generate new social inequalities and, in extreme cases, social exclusion. Portugal is a semi-peripheral country that combines
certain of the trends in social and economic organisation common to core countries, with certain trends more common in the
developing world. Thus the understanding of urban change in Portugal is a complex task, made more difficult by the rapidity
of processes since the mid 1970s. The Lisbon Metropolitan Area has been deeply affected by the productive restructuring process.
The role of economic and urban policies in the Lisbon region is discussed, and an assessment is made of certain measures aimed
at solving economic and social problems.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
4.
推广浅层地热能开发利用是节能减排、转变发展方式的重要途径。上海近三年来已在浅层地热能调查评价、地源热泵系统技术规程编制、浅层地热能开发利用管理政策制定、浅层地热能开发利用规划、浅层地热能科学实验场建设等方面取得显著进展。扎实推进浅层地热能开发利用,将促进上海经济社会可持续发展。 相似文献
5.
P. R. Pryde Ph.D. 《GeoJournal》1982,6(6):533-538
The experience of San Diego County, California, indicates that none of the commonly used legislative methods of preserving valuable agricultural land (large lot zoning, differential taxation, purchase or transfer of development rights, creation of exclusive agricultural districts) may be successful in very rapidly urbanizing metropolitan areas. Unless a local municipality can purchase the land outright, the profits to be made from selling greatly appreciated suburban land for development will tempt even the most dedicated farmer to sell and seek out less vulnerable land elsewhere. Steps such as large lot zoning need to be taken early to keep large blocks of agricultural land intact, the retention of these lands must be made part of a mandatory rather than a voluntary program in order to be successful, and the local jurisdictions must be sure that adequate economic incentives are available for those persons who do wish to continue farming the land. 相似文献
6.
Parisa Sarzaeim Omid Bozorg-Haddad Elahe Fallah-Mehdipour Hugo A. Loáiciga 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2017,76(14):498
Iran is a developing country with arid and semiarid regions. Poor management of water resources combined with the effects of climate change is leading to the drying of several rivers and wetlands. Several planned water development projects, primarily for agricultural expansion, will be implemented in the coming years which could worsen impacts on vulnerable aquatic ecosystems. Proper water resources management is essential to meet present and future residential, environmental, industrial, and agricultural demands in semiarid regions. This paper presents projections of how the availability of water resources will change in the Karkheh river basin of Iran for the period 2010–2059 employing sustainability criteria in the form of time-based reliability, volumetric reliability, resiliency, and vulnerability. This paper’s results show that consideration of environmental receptors as a stakeholder of water use places limitations on agricultural development within the Karkheh river basin. 相似文献
7.
《International Geology Review》2012,54(5):401-405
Economic and social development throughout the world is frequently interrupted by extreme events. The Pacific Rim is particularly vulnerable to natural disasters, thus to social and economic losses. Although disaster events impact both developed and developing countries, in the latter, they can cause a sharp increase in poverty. As disasters pose an important challenge to the development of the Pacific Rim, it is important to assess their global, regional, economic, and social impacts. Most economic assessments of the impacts of disasters have concentrated on direct losses—that is, the financial cost of physical damage. Equally important are indirect and secondary impacts of disasters, including the destruction of communities and their negative impacts on families. The challenges posed by potential disasters in the Pacific Rim countries require rapid action, and also an energetic risk-management strategy. To help reduce those negative impacts, countries need an overall evaluation of their risks, including: (i) risk identification, (ii) risk reduction, and (iii) risk transfer. It is expected that concerted action on risk management will help create an increased awareness of the economy—wide significance of natural disasters and the problems they pose for long—term development. Accordingly, this growing awareness will lead to an increased resilience in the countries of the Pacific Rim. 相似文献
8.
气候变化与农业——最新的研究成果与政策考虑 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
全球气候变化将严重地限制农业生产，并引起广泛的饥荒，这种预计的灾害情景已经引起世界的关注和这样的争论，即是否要大幅度地削减温室气体到大气中的排放量。未来气候变化对农业的可能影响现在已经进行了一些详细的研究，虽然可以想象还有很多不确定性，但已进行的所有研究还都没有发现全球的食物供应会受到严重的威胁。采取适应对策在一些国家可以产生节省成本的后果，但采取适应对策所需的新增成本会给发展中国家的发展造成严重的障碍。农业减缓对策的顺利实施，也取决于能否减少技术转让与扩散的障碍，是否能获取可用资金以支持发展中国家的能力建设和其它帮助全球所有地区落实行为转变和技术机遇的措施 相似文献
9.
Spatio-temporal patterns of agricultural expansion and its effect on watershed degradation: a case from the mountains of Nepal 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
K. C. Krishna Bahadur 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2012,65(7):2063-2077
Expansion of agricultural at the cost of forested land is a common cause of watershed degradation in the mountain zones of
developing countries. Many studies have been conducted to demonstrate land use changes in such regions. However, current knowledge
regarding the changes, driving forces and implications of such change within the context of watershed development is limited.
This study analyses changes in spatial patterns of agricultural land use and their consequences for watershed degradation
during the 1976–2000 period along an altitude gradient in a watershed in Nepal, by means of remote sensing, GIS and the universal
soil loss equation. Estimated soil loss ranged from 589 to 620 t ha−1 y−1, while areas of extreme hazard severity (>100 t ha−1) increased from 9 to 14.5% from 1990 to 2000. Spatial distribution of soil loss in 2000 was characterized by 88% of total
soil losses being from upland agricultural areas. The study determined that without considering other forms of land degradation,
only water erosion was responsible for erosion of a substantial area in a short timeframe. Areas under upland cultivation
are in an extremely vulnerable state, with these areas potentially no longer cultivable within a period of 6 years. As sustainability
of the watershed is dependent on forests, continued depletion of forest resources will result in poor economic returns from
agriculture for local people, together with loss of ecosystem services. Thus, in order to achieve the goal of watershed development,
remaining forest lands must be kept under strict protection. 相似文献
10.
Around the globe, developing countries have reported different cases of successfully implemented Renewable Energy (RE) program supported by bilateral or multilateral funding. In developing countries subsidy has played a big role in RE program marketing and whether this will lead to sustainable development is yet to be determined. The adoption of implementation strategies that will support sustainable development and overcoming barriers that hinder expansion of Renewable Energy Technologies (RETs) still remains as a big challenge to stakeholders involved in promotion of RE resources in developing countries. In this respect, developing countries need to re-examine their environmental policy for promotion of RETs in order to define its role in revitalization of their economies. This paper reviews the policy incentives for promotion of RETs in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Setting-up international collaborative business ventures between local industry in Iran and RE companies in developed countries is proposed as an implementation strategy that will appropriate diffusion of RETs in the country. An organizational framework that may help to attain this objective is discussed and a structural model for RE business partnership is presented. It is concluded that with appropriate policy formulations and strategies, RETs can bring about the required socio-economic development in Iran. 相似文献
11.
The role of economic sectoral structure in regional growth and development is widely acknowledged. However, there has been scarce reflection on its role as a policy instrument, particularly for peripheral regions. In reaction, this paper investigates the role of economic sectoral structure as a policy instrument towards more resilient peripheral regions. Through a multiple country policy analysis, the paper determines to what degree economic sectoral structure is reflected in regional development policies of 18 countries with predominantly rural characteristics and lagging regions. Moreover, the role of economic sectoral structure towards more resilient regions is quantified and measured for a specific peripheral region case in South Africa as developing country exhibiting poor economic resilience. The paper highlights related variety as a key ingredient for a region to reach a state of dynamic stability between adaptation and adaptability towards enhanced long-term resilience capacity of the peripheral region. The research concludes that policy focus should support the maintenance of the sectors and industries of comparative advantage on the regional scale, but strongly focus on sectoral comparative advantage within the national scale (if present) to establish a more robust region. This will establish and strengthen the identified peripheral growth centres as centres of national competitiveness and specialisation. Primary policy actions as emanated from the literature and the multiple country policy analysis will promote more efficient sectoral composition as key towards more resilient peripheral regions. It is acknowledged that these policy actions must be informed by a detailed regional economic analysis for different peripheral regions to determine inherent and latent economic potential and link with interdependent industries. This paper will highlight that regional policy should become more explicit by exploiting the role of economic and natural resources as growth engines for the peripheral regional economy in a more effective way through a multi-centred territorial structure.
相似文献12.
This paper reviews the major achievements of geography in China over the past 60 years. It points out that such accomplishments are unmatched by any other countries in the world in the diversity of fields, scale, and their contributions to solve significant practical problems in the development of our country and society. The theoretical progress made in certain important fields also takes a leading position in the world in general. The 33rd International Geographical Congress which will be held in Beijing in August 2016 will be a rare opportunity for Chinese geography to display its notable achievements to the world systematically and thoroughly. We should take full advantage of this conference and make it a good opportunity for Chinese geography to comprehensively reach out to and lead the world in the new development of geography. 相似文献
13.
Michael Flitner 《Geoforum》2003,34(2):175-185
The article deals with the role of genetics in the state-led agricultural modernization efforts that took place in different industrialized countries during the course of the 1920s and 1930s. A comparison between Germany, the Soviet Union and the United States shows substantial similarities in their attempts to increase the productivity of agriculture on different geographical scales. Following advances in scientific knowledge about the geography of cultivated plants, these countries sent out numerous expeditions to collect plant breeding material from all over the world. At the same time, states tightened their grip on farmers’ and breeders’ activities inside the country by establishing legal rules for the use of plant varieties and seed. But this was only one side of a larger “genetic modernization” project. In all three countries, concepts of agricultural modernization were substantially linked to social-darwinist thought which embraced programs of eugenics and “racial hygiene”. These links are outlined for each of the cases, highlighting the widely differing intermingling of scientific concepts and terminologies with political ideologies. It is then discussed what role geography and in particular geopolitical thinking of the time were to play in the development of “genetic modernization”, and more specifically, with regard to the nexus between agriculture and eugenics. While the discipline’s involvement in both fields remained comparably marginal in practical terms, clearly there were conceptual contributions toward the development of the broader field. Going back to Ratzel’s and Kjellén’s work, it is argued that geography had an important role in the establishment of a political field in which ideas of managing human reproduction were fused with concepts of economic development and environmental determinism. 相似文献
14.
Stages in the emergence of a participatory tourism development approach in the Developing World 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Cevat Tosun 《Geoforum》2005,36(3):333-352
This study has attempted to examine and explain the stages in the emergence of the participatory tourism development approach under prevailing socio-economic, cultural and political conditions in developing countries without ignoring rural, peripheral areas of the developed world. It identifies three stages. These are: (1) the emergence of the pressures from external and internal factors on the central government to accept, support and facilitate the implementation of a participatory development approach, (2) the emergence of political will at central level, and (3) enacting legal measurements, re-structuring administrative systems at operational level and the actual community consultation or participation process. These stages are explored and elaborated under the guidance of three propositions. It concludes that political will at central level, enacting relevant legal measurements, empowering local communities and cooperation of dominant elite groups are sine qua non for the emergence and operationalization of the participatory tourism development approach as a pro-active tourism development strategy in a given developing country. 相似文献
15.
Local economic development policies have surged in Brazil over the past decade—a major shift in this regionally diverse country of 27 states, over 5000 municipalities, and the largest economy in Latin America. We review the stylized facts, expected patterns and policy recommendations from the foundational studies in regional and urban economics. We then provide a summary of a more recent stream of scholarship focused on local economic development (LED) studies in developed and developing countries that have surged in the last 20 years. Based on this review, we then systemize the findings emerging from studies focused on analyzing local economic development policies in Brazil recognizing the distinctive contributions emerging from both the empirical and the case studies literatures. We identify key lessons for (and from) the Brazilian experience and conclude that Brazil and Latin American countries need a new generation of studies that undertake more rigorous evaluations of these policy experiments. Finally, we recommend steps to advance such research. 相似文献
16.
H. Uhlig 《GeoJournal》1982,4(1):31-44
Some karst regions of Indonesia (Java, Sulawesi, Bali, Madura), on closer examination geomorphologically and hydro-geologically quite distinct from each other, are checked with regard to land-use, settlement and other economic and cultural significance. Brief comparisons are made to similar regions from the Philippines (Bohol), Thailand etc.An amazingly strong differentiation, especially of the rice-cultivation systems, is determined by the varying access to water. Some densely populated limestone regions are suffering even from critical water supply for human consumption, cattle etc. Proposals for improvement and rural development are given.The comparison of agricultural landscape types under changing geo-ecological conditions yield fine examples of closely interwoven man-earth eco-systems. 相似文献
17.
O. D. Komarova 《GeoJournal》1980,4(1):31-44
Some karst regions of Indonesia (Java, Sulawesi, Bali, Madura), on closer examination geomorphologically and hydro-geologically quite distinct from each other, are checked with regard to land-use, settlement and other economic and cultural significance. Brief comparisons are made to similar regions from the Philippines (Bohol), Thailand etc. An amazingly strong differentiation, especially of the rice-cultivation systems, is determined by the varying access to water. Some densely populated limestone regions are suffering even from critical water supply for human consumption, cattle etc. Proposals for improvement and rural development are given. The comparison of agricultural landscape types under changing geo-ecological conditions yield fine examples of closely interwoven man-earth eco-systems. 相似文献
18.
干旱区农业生态经济系统的能值分析--以黑河流域中游张掖地区为例 总被引：31，自引：0，他引：31
能值理论(emergy theory)是综合分析生态经济系统的各种能量流的转换机理,并定量研究生态效益与经济效益及其关系的重要理论.在简要阐述能值理论有关内容的基础上, 以黑河流域中游张掖地区农业生态经济系统为例进行了实证研究.根据能值的投入产出分析的结果表明, 张掖地区的农业发展存在许多问题:环境负荷不断增加, 产出率降低, 产品经济成本增加, 能值持续性指数下降等, 这使得该区农业的持续发展受到严重影响.应采取一定的措施来增加农业生态经济系统的产出能力,减小农业生态环境的压力. 相似文献
19.
In 1956, in view of the growing international disparities in rates of development, Myrdal asserted that it was risky to maintain that there had been economic progress in the last few decades for mankind as a whole. Today, after three decades of efforts to examine in greater depth the theory and practice of regional development, efforts of which the papers of the I.G.U. Commission on Regional Aspects of Development represent part, w can permit ourselves to re-examine the question which he posed. The aim of the present paper, then, is to attempt to set out the contribution of the contemporary theory of regional growth to the analysis and solution of the problems facing the developing countries. The first section reviews the important achievements of this contemporary theory, which provided the context out of which the papers of the Committee have developed. The second section analyses the contribution made by the I.G.U. Commission, while that third deals with limitations of the theory in the light of the actual situation in the developing countries. 相似文献
20.
近40 a来基于低分辨率遥感数据和GIS的全球城市时空变化研究 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
近几十年来, 全球生态系统、气候和生物多样性已不同程度受到人口快速增长和城市持续扩张带来的负面影响. 使用低分辨率遥感影像数据和GIS技术定量分析了近40 a全球城市时空变化. 世界数字化图(Digital Chart of the World, DCW)城市图层代表1960年至1970年的全球城市面积, 利用MODIS影像数据、稳定夜间光数据和城市格网人口密度数据编制的全球土地覆盖数据城市图(Global Land Cover by National Mapping Organization, GLCNMO)代表2003年时的全球城市面积. 计算了1960年和2003年全球城市的城市用地比重和年城市增长率指数, 从区域尺度、国家尺度和单个城市尺度分析了全球城市扩展的时空变化过程. 结果表明: 在1960年代发达国家城市面积较大, 而发展中国家城市面积小得多; 到2003年发展中国家有相当大的变化, 新增长的城市区域快速扩大. 近40 a来发展中国家城市区域发展速度远快于发达国家, 与欧洲和北美国家相比, 发展中国家城市结构更紧凑和密集. 相似文献