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1.
Progressive leaching of plagioclase for Sr isotopes and microdrilling for Sr and Pb isotopes from grains of plagioclase and orthopyroxene from the Critical Zone and the Lower Zone indicates that these minerals are not in isotopic equilibrium. Leaching suggests Critical Zone plagioclase either lost Rb or had a more radiogenic Sri rim relative to the core, whereas plagioclase from an Upper Zone sample is isotopically homogeneous for Sri. Microdrilling analyses of plagioclase from the Lower and Critical Zones consistently have a higher initial 87Sr/86Sr (Sri) and a less radiogenic modeled 238U/204Pb composition (μ2) than coexisting orthopyroxene. The range of calculated Sri for plagioclase and orthopyroxene is 0.70506–0.70662(34) and 0.70290–0.70654(36), respectively. The average difference in Sri between mineral pairs was 0.00095. The range of calculated μ2 for plagioclase and orthopyroxene is 9.42–10.30 (average 9.7) and 9.83–15.75 (average 10.1), respectively. The range of measured 208Pb/206Pb for plagioclase and orthopyroxene is 34.757–36.439(33) and 36.669–41.845(85), respectively. One orthopyroxenite without evidence for more than one population of crystal size distribution, nonetheless had Sri = 0.70654 (36) with calculated μ2 of 10.32 for larger grains as compared with Sri = 0.70290 (32) and calculated μ2 of 9.97 for smaller grain-size fractions. Isotopic results from this study demonstrate that whole-rock isotopic data may not provide the appropriate level of detail necessary to address some processes in the Bushveld Complex. However, systematic changes have the potential to elucidate the timing of contamination with regard to other processes (crystal aging, compaction-driven recrystallization, and mineral exsolution) occurring within a slowly cooled crystal–liquid–vapor mush system.  相似文献   

2.
Halogen-bearing minerals, especially apatite, are minor butubiquitous phases throughout the Bushveld Complex. Interstitialapatite is near end-member chlorapatite below the Merensky reef(Lower and Critical Zones) and has increasingly fluorian compositionswith increasing structural height above the reef (Main and UpperZones). Cl/F variations in biotite are more limited owing tocrystal-chemical controls on halogen substitution, but are alsoconsistent with a decrease in the Cl/F ratio with structuralheight in the complex. A detailed section of the upper LowerZone to the Critical Zone is characterized by an upward decreasein sulfide mode from 0·01–0·1% to trace–0·001%.Cu tends to correlate with other incompatible elements in mostsamples, whereas the platinum-group elements (PGE) can behaveindependently, particularly in the Critical Zone. The decreasein the Cl/F ratio of apatite in the Main Zone is associatedwith a shift to more radiogenic Sr isotopic signature, implyingthat the unusually Cl-rich Lower and Critical Zones are notdue to assimilation of crustal rocks. Nor is the Main Zone moreCl rich where it onlaps the country rocks of the floor, suggestinglittle if any Cl was introduced by infiltrating country rockfluids. Instead, the results are consistent with other studiesthat suggest Bushveld volatile components are largely magmatic.This is also supported by apatite–biotite geothermometry,which gives typical equilibrium temperatures of 750°C. Theincreasingly fluorian apatite with height in the Upper Zonecan be explained by volatile saturation and exsolved a Cl-richvolatile phase. The high Cl/F ratio inferred for the Lower andCritical Zone magma(s) and the evidence for volatile saturationduring crystallization of the Upper Zone indicate the Lowerand Critical Zones magma(s) were unusually volatile rich andcould easily have separated a Cl-rich fluid phase during solidificationof the interstitial liquid. The stratigraphic distribution ofS, Cu and the PGE in the Critical Zone cannot readily be explainedeither by precipitation of sulfide as a cotectic phase or asa function of trapped liquid abundance. Evidence from potholesand the PGE-rich Driekop pipe of the Bushveld Complex implythat migrating Cl-rich fluids mobilized the base and preciousmetal sulfides. We suggest that the distribution of sulfideminerals and the chalcophile elements in the Lower and CriticalZones reflects a general process of vapor refining and chromatographicseparation of these elements during the evolution and migrationof a metalliferous, Cl-rich fluid phase. KEY WORDS: Bushveld Complex; chlorine; platinum-group elements; layered intrusions  相似文献   

3.
The northern lobe of the Bushveld Complex is currently a highly active area for platinum-group element (PGE) exploration. This lobe hosts the Platreef, a 10–300-m thick package of PGE-rich pyroxenites and gabbros, that crops out along the base of the lobe to the north of Mokopane (formerly Potgietersrus) and is amenable to large-scale open pit mining along some portions of its strike. An early account of the geology of the deposit was produced by Percy Wagner where he suggested that the Platreef was an equivalent PGE-rich layer to the Merensky Reef that had already been traced throughout the eastern and western lobes of the Bushveld Complex. Wagner’s opinion remains widely held and is central to current orthodoxy on the stratigraphy of the northern lobe. This correlates the Platreef and an associated cumulate sequence that includes a chromitite layer—known as the Grasvally norite-pyroxenite-anorthosite (GNPA) member—directly with the sequence between the UG2 chromitite and the Merensky Reef as it is developed in the Upper Critical Zone of the eastern and western Bushveld. Implicit in this view of the magmatic stratigraphy is that similar Critical Zone magma was present in all three lobes prior to the development of the Merensky Reef and the Platreef. However, when this assumed correlation is examined in detail, it is obvious that there are significant differences in lithologies, mineral textures and chemistries (Mg# of orthopyroxene and olivine) and the geochemistry of both rare earth elements (REE) and PGE between the two sequences. This suggests that the prevailing interpretation of the stratigraphy of the northern lobe is not correct. The “Critical Zone” of the northern lobe cannot be correlated with the Critical Zone in the rest of the complex and the simplest explanation is that the GNPA-Platreef sequence formed from a separate magma, or mixture of magmas. Chilled margins of the GNPA member match the estimated initial composition of tholeiitic (Main Zone-type) magma rather than a Critical Zone magma composition. Where the GNPA member is developed over the ultramafic Lower Zone, hybrid rocks preserve evidence for mixing between new tholeiitic magma and existing ultramafic liquid. This style of interaction and the resulting rock sequences are unique to the northern lobe. The GNPA member contains at least seven sulphide-rich horizons with elevated PGE concentrations. Some of these are hosted by pyroxenites with similar mineralogy, crystallisation sequences and Pd-rich PGE signatures to the Platreef. Chill zones are preserved in the lowest Main Zone rocks above the GNPA member and the Platreef and this suggests that both units were terminated by a new influx of Main Zone magma. This opens the possibility that the Platreef and GNPA member merge laterally into one another and that both formed in a series of mixing/quenching events involving tholeiitic and ultramafic magmas, prior to the main influx of tholeiitic magma that formed the Main Zone.  相似文献   

4.
Origin of the UG2 chromitite layer, Bushveld Complex   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
Chromitite layers are common in large mafic layered intrusions.A widely accepted hypothesis holds that the chromitites formedas a consequence of injection and mixing of a chemically relativelyprimitive magma into a chamber occupied by more evolved magma.This forces supersaturation of the mixture in chromite, whichupon crystallization accumulates on the magma chamber floorto form a nearly monomineralic layer. To evaluate this and othergenetic hypotheses to explain the chromitite layers of the BushveldComplex, we have conducted a detailed study of the silicate-richlayers immediately above and below the UG2 chromitite and anotherchromitite layer lower in the stratigraphic section, at thetop of the Lower Critical Zone. The UG2 chromitite is well knownbecause it is enriched in the platinum-group elements and extendsfor nearly the entire 400 km strike length of the eastern andwestern limbs of the Bushveld Complex. Where we have studiedthe sequence in the central sector of the eastern Bushveld,the UG2 chromitite is embedded in a massive, 25 m thick plagioclasepyroxenite consisting of 60–70 vol. % granular (cumulus)orthopyroxene with interstitial plagioclase, clinopyroxene,and accessory phases. Throughout the entire pyroxenite layerorthopyroxene exhibits no stratigraphic variations in majoror minor elements (Mg-number = 79·3–81·1).However, the 6 m of pyroxenite below the chromitite (footwallpyroxenite) is petrographically distinct from the 17 m of hangingwall pyroxenite. Among the differences are (1) phlogopite, K-feldspar,and quartz are ubiquitous and locally abundant in the footwallpyroxenite but generally absent in the hanging wall pyroxenite,and (2) plagioclase in the footwall pyroxenite is distinctlymore sodic and potassic than that in the hanging wall pyroxenite(An45–60 vs An70–75). The Lower Critical Zone chromititeis also hosted by orthopyroxenite, but in this case the rocksabove and below the chromitite are texturally and compositionallyidentical. For the UG2, we interpret the interstitial assemblageof the footwall pyroxenite to represent either interstitialmelt that formed in situ by fractional crystallization or chemicallyevolved melt that infiltrated from below. In either case, themelt was trapped in the footwall pyroxenite because the overlyingUG2 chromitite was less permeable. If this interpretation iscorrect, the footwall and hanging wall pyroxenites were essentiallyidentical when they initially formed. However, all the modelsof chromitite formation that call on mixing of magmas of differentcompositions or on other processes that result in changes inthe chemical or physical conditions attendant on the magma predictthat the rocks immediately above and below the chromitite layersshould be different. This leads us to propose that the Bushveldchromitites formed by injection of new batches of magma witha composition similar to the resident magma but carrying a suspendedload of chromite crystals. The model is supported by the commonobservation of phenocrysts, including those of chromite, inlavas and hypabyssal rocks, and by chromite abundances in lavasand peridotite sills associated with the Bushveld Complex indicatingthat geologically reasonable amounts of magma can account foreven the massive, 70 cm thick UG2 chromitite. The model requiressome crystallization to have occurred in a deeper chamber, forwhich there is ample geochemical evidence. KEY WORDS: Bushveld complex; chromite; crystal-laden magma; crustal contamination; magma mixing; UG2 chromitite  相似文献   

5.
Processes of crystal separation in a magma heavily laden withcrystals without phase change are investigated from observationson frozen magma systems: Nosappumisaki and other shoshoniteintrusions in the Nemuro peninsula, Japan, for which the originof the crystals and the initial conditions are well constrained.The Nosappumisaki intrusion is 120 m in thickness and extendsfor more than 1·5 km. It exhibits a wide range of lithologicalvariation, principally as a result of crystal redistributionafter intrusion. Crystals in each lithology can be clearly dividedinto two kinds according to their composition and texture: thosepresent before the intrusion of the magma (‘phenocrysts’)and those that crystallized in situ after intrusion. From thevertical change in mode and size of ‘phenocrysts’,it is shown that (1) augite ‘phenocrysts’ were rapidlydeposited, with little overgrowth after intrusion, by significantcoagulation or clustering on a time-scale of more than a fewyears, and (2) plagioclase ‘phenocrysts’, definitelydenser than the melt but concentrated in the upper level, floatedby counter flow of massive deposition of augite ‘phenocrysts’.These results indicate that in a magma heavily laden with crystalsof a few millimeters in size (>20 vol. %), crystal–crystaland crystal–melt interaction play an important role inthe separation of crystals from the host melt. KEY WORDS: magma chamber; sill; crystal settling; plagioclase flotation; Nosappumisaki  相似文献   

6.
We report in situ Sr isotope data for plagioclase of the Bushveld Complex. We found disequilibrium Sr isotopic compositions on several scales, (1) between cores and rims of plagioclase grains in the Merensky pyroxenite, the Bastard anorthosite, and the UG1 unit and its noritic footwall, (2) between cores of different plagioclase grains within thin sections of anorthosite and pyroxenite of the Merensky unit, the footwall anorthosite of the Merensky reef and the footwall norite of the UG1 chromitite. The data are consistent with a model of co-accumulation of cumulus plagioclase grains that had crystallized from different magmas, followed by late-stage overgrowth of the cumulus grains in a residual liquid derived from a different level of the compacting cumulate pile. We propose that the rocks formed through slumping of semi-consolidated crystal slurries at the top of the Critical Zone during subsidence of the center of the intrusion. Slumping led to sorting of crystals based on density differences, resulting in a layered interval of pyroxenites, norites and anorthosites.  相似文献   

7.
The crystal size distributions (CSDs) of plagioclase and amphibolewere determined from andesites of the Soufrière Hillsvolcano, Montserrat. Plagioclase occurs as separate crystalsand as chadocrysts in large amphibole oikocrysts. The chadocrystsrepresent an earlier stage of textural development, preservedby growth of the oikocryst. Seventeen rock and eight chadocrystplagioclase CSDs are considered together as a series of samplesof textural development. All are curved, concave up, and coincident,differing only in their maximum crystal size. Three amphiboleCSDs have a similar shape and behaviour, but at a differentposition from the plagioclase CSDs. A dynamic model is proposedfor the origin of textures in these rocks. Crystallization ofplagioclase started following emplacement of andesite magmaat a depth of at least 5 km. A steep, straight CSD developedby nucleation and growth. This process was interrupted by theinjection of mafic magma into the chamber, or convective overturnof hotter magma. The magma temperature rose until it was buffered,initially by plagioclase solution and later by crystallization.During this period textural coarsening (Ostwald ripening) ofplagioclase and amphibole occurred: small crystals dissolvedsimultaneously with the growth of large crystals. The CSD becameless steep and extended to larger crystal sizes. Early stagesof this process are preserved in coarsened amphibole oikocrysts.Repetitions of this cycle generated the observed family of CSDs.Textural coarsening followed the ‘Communicating Neighbours’model. Hence, each crystal has its own, unique growth–solutionhistory, without appealing to mixing of magmas that crystallizedin different environments. KEY WORDS: Ostwald ripening; textural coarsening; oikocryst; CSD; texture  相似文献   

8.
The genesis of the pegmatitic pyroxenite that often forms thebase of the Merensky Unit in the Bushveld Complex is re-examined.Large (>1 cm) orthopyroxene grains contain tricuspidate inclusionsof plagioclase, and chains and rings of chromite grains, whichare interpreted to have grown by reaction between small, primaryorthopyroxene grains and superheated liquid. This superheatedliquid may have been an added magma or be due to a pressurereduction as a result of lateral expansion of the chamber. Therewould then have been a period of non-accumulation of grains,permitting prolonged interaction with the crystal mush at thecrystal–liquid interface. Crystal ageing and grain enlargementof original orthopyroxene grains would ensue. Only after thepegmatitic pyroxenite had developed did another layer of chromiteand pyroxenite, with normal grain size, accumulate above it.Immiscible sulphide liquids formed with the second pyroxenite,but percolated down as a result of their density contrast, evenas far as the footwall anorthosite in some cases. Whole-rockabundances of incompatible trace elements in the pegmatiticpyroxenite are comparable with or lower than those of the overlyingpyroxenite, and so there is no evidence for addition and/ortrapping of large proportions of interstitial liquid, or ofan incompatible-element enriched liquid or fluid in the productionof the pegmatitic rock. Because of the coarse-grained natureof the rock, modal analysis, especially for minor minerals,is unreliable. Annealing has destroyed primary textures, suchthat petrographic studies should not be used in isolation todistinguish cumulus and intercumulus components. Geochemicaldata suggest that the Merensky pyroxenite (both pegmatitic andnon-pegmatitic) typically consists of about 70–80% cumulusorthopyroxene and 10–20% cumulus plagioclase, with a further10% of intercumulus minerals, and could be considered to bea heteradcumulate. KEY WORDS: Bushveld Complex; Merensky Reef; pegmatitic textures; cumulate processes; heteradcumulates; recrystallization; incompatible trace elements  相似文献   

9.
The Panzhihua gabbroic layered intrusion is associated withthe 260 Ma Emeishan Large Igneous Province in SW China. Thissill-like body hosts a giant Fe–Ti–V oxide depositwith 1333 million ton ore reserves, which makes China a majorproducer of these metals. The intrusion has a Marginal zoneof fine-grained hornblende-bearing gabbro and olivine gabbro,followed upward by Lower, Middle, and Upper zones. The Lowerand Middle zones consist of layered melanogabbro and gabbrocomposed of cumulate clinopyroxene, plagioclase, and olivine.These zones also contain magnetite layers. The Upper zone consistschiefly of leucogabbro composed of plagioclase and clinopyroxenewith minor olivine. Most rocks in the body show variable-scalerhythmic modal layering in which dark minerals, primarily clinopyroxene,dominate in the lower parts of each layer, and lighter minerals,primarily plagioclase, dominate in the upper parts. The oxideores occur as layers and lenses within the gabbros and are concentratedin the lower parts of the intrusion. Ore textures and associatedmineral assemblages indicate that the ore bodies formed by verylate-stage crystallization of V-rich titanomagnetite from animmiscible oxide liquid in a fluid-rich environment. The rocksof the Panzhihua intrusion become more evolved in chemistryupward and follow a tholeiitic differentiation trend with enrichmentin Fe, Ti, and V. They are enriched in light rare earth elementsrelative to heavy rare earth elements, and exhibit positiveNb, Ta, and Ti anomalies and negative Zr and Hf anomalies. Thesilicate rocks and oxide ores of the Panzhihua intrusion formedfrom highly evolved Fe–Ti–V-rich ferrobasaltic orferropicritic magmas. The textures of the ores and the abundanceof minor hydrous phases indicate that addition of fluids fromupper crustal wall-rocks induced the separation of the immiscibleoxide melts from which the Fe–Ti–V oxide ore bodiesin the lower part of the intrusion crystallized. KEY WORDS: magnetite; Fe–Ti-rich gabbro; layered intrusion; Panzhihua; SW China  相似文献   

10.
MORSE  S. A. 《Journal of Petrology》1979,20(3):591-624
The mode of the Kiglapait intrusion carries 73 per cent feldspar,but average rocks near the base of the Upper Zone contain aslittle as 48 per cent feldspar. Olivine remained stable throughoutthe crystallization, but was locally suppressed by abundantcrystallization of augite and titano-magnetite. Red biotiteoccurs as rims on Fe–Ti oxide minerals and is probablyfluorine oxybiotite; its frequently similar occurrence in troctoliticrocks may, perversely, indicate dry magmas rather than dampones. Excluded modal components follow Rayleigh fractionation behaviour;their presence in trace amount permits estimation of residualporosity in the Lower Zone. This porosity diminishes directlywith accumulation rate from 0.14 to 0.03 over the first 80 percent of crystallization history. The saturation ratio of excludedmodal components is a well-behaved function of fraction solidified,and implies that the decrease in porosity continues above the80 per cent solidified level. The saturation ratio links withbulk composition, porosity, and FL, allowing one of these parametersto be estimated from the others. The cumulus arrival of apatite is abrupt, but the earlier arrivalsof augite, oxide minerals, and sulfide each occur over an interval,followed by an interval of overproduction. This behaviour isattributed to feedback on concentration gradients generatedby a long history of plagioclase + olivine extraction, in theabsence of perfect stirring. Diffusion plays a role in the differentiationof large, slowly cooled magma systems because radial mixingby convection is inefficient. Inherited potential supersaturationis the inevitable result. This leads to modal irregularities,and to crystallization effectively on metastable extensionsof field boundaries. The track of the liquid in the Lower Zone is closely parallelto that in the system Fo–Di–An, but offset fromit by the combined effects of Ab and P (toward plagioclase)and Fa (away from plagioclase). The latter effect is important,with the result that the shedding of plagioclase by an ascendingmagma will be much less marked than predicted from iron-freeexperimental systems.  相似文献   

11.
The Ross of Mull pluton consists of granites and granodioritesand intrudes sediments previously metamorphosed at amphibolitefacies. The high grade and coarse grain size of the protolithis responsible for a high degree of disequilibrium in many partsof the aureole and for some unusual textures. A band of metapelitecontained coarse garnet, biotite and kyanite prior to intrusion,and developed a sequence of textures towards the pluton. InZone I, garnet is rimmed by cordierite and new biotite. In ZoneII, coarse kyanite grains are partly replaced by andalusite,indicating incomplete reaction. Coronas of cordierite + muscovitearound kyanite are due to reaction with biotite. In the higher-gradeparts of this zone there is complete replacement of kyaniteand/or andalusite by muscovite and cordierite. Cordierite chemistryindicates that in Zone II the stable AFM assemblage (not attained)would have been cordierite + biotite + muscovite, without andalusite.The observed andalusite is therefore metastable. Garnet is unstablein Zone II, with regional garnets breaking down to cordierite,new biotite and plagioclase. In Zone III this breakdown is welladvanced, and this zone marks the appearance of fibrolite andK-feldspar in the groundmass as a result of muscovite breakdown.Zone IV shows garnet with cordierite, biotite, sillimanite,K-feldspar and quartz. Some garnets are armoured by cordieriteand are inferred to be relics. Others are euhedral with Mn-richcores. For these, the reaction biotite + sillimanite + quartz garnet + cordierite + K-feldspar + melt is inferred. Usinga petrogenetic grid based on the work of Pattison and Harte,pressure is estimated at 3·2 kbar, and temperature atthe Zone II–III boundary at 650°C and in Zone IV asat least 750°C. KEY WORDS: contact metamorphism; disequilibrium  相似文献   

12.
The Lower Zone of the Bushveld Complex comprises an up to 2-km-thick package of different ultramafic rock types with an approx. 90-cm-thick, sulphide-bearing noritic interval that occurs in the western and eastern limbs. The distribution and geometry of the zone are highly variable across the Complex, showing pronounced, yet laterally discontinuous layering on different scales. Together with the ubiquitous lack of large-scale fractionation in the Mg# of orthopyroxene, variable Sr isotope compositions and erratic Pt/Pd ratios, these observations strongly suggest an emplacement of the Lower Zone as a sill complex, as these contrasting geochemical characteristics are difficult to account for in a large Bushveld magma chamber, as previously suggested. It is more likely that these sills were episodically fed from a sub-Bushveld staging chamber, and variably contaminated, while passing through the crust before their final emplacement in the Lower Zone. Detailed mineralogical and microtextural work based on high-resolution elemental mapping of a set of samples, covering the entire Lower Zone stratigraphy of the western Bushveld shows that the variations in the late crystallising interstitial mineral mode are different from what would be expect, if all phases crystallised from a fixed initial mass of interstitial liquid. The interstitial mineral mode, represented by plagioclase, clinopyroxene and other late stage phases, shows variable ratios of these minerals ranging from ca. 21:15:64 to 75:17:8. In comparison to modelled expected ratios, most of the analysed rocks have higher amounts of early crystallising interstitial phases (e.g. plagioclase, clinopyroxene), relative to late crystallising phases (e.g. quartz, alkali feldspar). Therefore, interstitial melt must have migrated at different stages of fractionation during cumulate solidification, as a consequence of either compaction or displacement by convecting interstitial liquids. Two samples, however, show the opposite: late phases are relatively more abundant than early ones, which is consistent with a convection-driven replacement of primitive interstitial liquid by more evolved liquid. These results have important implications for the interpretation of the Lower Zone and, by extension, for layered intrusions in general: (1) interstitial sulphide mineralisation may be introduced into a cumulate through infiltrating melts, i.e. the liquid components of a sulphur-saturated crystal mush are not withheld from further migration, upon interaction with a cumulate pile; (2) most importantly, late stage minerals, such as zircon, rarely crystallise from trapped liquid that was initially in equilibrium with the cumulate. Therefore, dating of interstitial zircon from cumulates is unlikely to record the actual timing of emplacement, but merely the crystallisation of a later episode of residual melt that migrated through the cumulate.  相似文献   

13.
K-feldspar–plagioclase–quartz mineral textures aswell as biotite and hornblende compositions are compared forsuites of metamorphosed mafic rocks from two widely separatedtraverses. A portion of either traverse has experienced a high-gradedehydration event transforming it from an H2O-rich, hornblende-bearingzone to an H2O-poor, hornblende-free, orthopyroxene-bearing,‘granulite facies’ zone at 700–800°C and7–8 kbar. In the Kigluaik Mountains, Seward Peninsula,Alaska, dehydration took place over an 85 cm thick layer ofmetatonalite in contact with a marble during regional metamorphismand involved a CO2-rich fluid, whereas for the Val Strona diOmegna traverse, Ivrea–Verbano Zone, northern Italy, dehydrationtook place over a 3–4 km thick sequence of metabasitesinterlayered with metapelites in a contact metamorphic eventinvolving basaltic magmas intruded at the base of the sequence.Orthopyroxene-bearing samples from both dehydration zones showmicro-veins of K-feldspar along quartz and plagioclase grainboundaries as well as replacement antiperthite in plagioclase.K came primarily from the breakdown of hornblende + quartz toorthopyroxene ± clinopyroxene, feldspar and fluid. Biotiteeither was stabilized or formed in the dehydration zones andis enriched in Ti, Mg, F and Cl relative to biotite in the amphibolitefacies zone. KEY WORDS: KCl–NaCl brines; metasomatism; granulite facies metamorphism; charnockite–enderbite; orthopyroxene; K-feldspar; biotite; hornblende  相似文献   

14.
Nature of the Moho Transition Zone in the Oman Ophiolite   总被引：5，自引：2，他引：5  
The Moho Transition zone of ophiolites is dominantly composedof dunite, with various types of segregations (gabbros, pyroxenites,and chromitites). Representing a level of magmatic exchangebetween asthenospheric mantle and the constructing ocean crust,it records active melt circulation below a spreading ridge axisand offers the opportunity of observing the distribution ofmelt locally percolating and ponding in a deforming porous matrix.In the Oman ophiolite, the Moho Transition Zone has a thicknessvarying from ten to hundreds of meters; its thickness and compositionare related to the geometry of the asthenospheric mantle flow:thick Moho Transition Zones are on top of mantle diapirs characterizedby vertical flow, whereas thin Moho Transition Zones are presentin areas of horizontal mantle flow. A large high-temperatureplastic strain is recorded in thin Moho Transition zones, incontrast to thick ones where the strain is weaker and heterogeneous.Thick Moho Transition Zones display an intense magmatic activityexpressed by diffuse melt impregnations, dikes and sills. Inthese thick zones, we have studied the geometry of the meltcirculation at various scales. We present here the analysisof textures and lattice fabrics which record high-temperatureplastic strain and allow us to quantify it Melt circulates withinthe dunites and can locally destroy the solid framework, inrelation to a viscosity drop and the sharp overturn of mantleflow observed in this type of transition zone. KEY WORDS: Oman; ophiolite; Moho Transition Zone; textures *Corresponding author  相似文献   

15.
Intermediate-composition plagioclase (An40–60) is typicallyless dense than the relatively evolved basaltic magmas fromwhich it crystallizes and the crystallization of plagioclaseproduces a dense residual liquid, thus plagioclase should havea tendency to float in these magmatic systems. There is, however,little direct evidence for plagioclase flotation cumulates eitherin layered intrusions or in Proterozoic anorthosite complexes.The layered series of the Poe Mountain anorthosite, southeastWyoming, contains numerous anorthosite–leucogabbro blocksthat constrain density relations during differentiation. Allblocks are more mafic than their hosting anorthositic cumulates,their plagioclase compositions are more calcic, and each blockis in strong Sr isotopic disequilibrium with its host cumulate.Associated structures—disrupted and deformed layering—indicatethat (1) a floor was present during crystallization and thatplagioclase was accumulating and/or crystallizing on the floor,(2) compositional layering and plagioclase lamination formeddirectly at the magma–crystal pile interface, and (3)the upper portions of the crystal pile contained significantamounts of interstitial melt. Liquid densities are calculatedfor proposed high-Al olivine gabbroic parental magmas and Fe-enrichedferrodioritic and monzodioritic residual magmas of the anorthositestaking into account pressure, oxygen fugacity, P2O5, estimatedvolatile contents, and variable temperatures of crystallization.For all reasonable conditions, calculated block densities aregreater than those of the associated melt. The liquid densities,however, are greater than those for An40–60 plagioclase,which cannot have settled to the floor. Plagioclase must eitherhave been carried to the floor in relatively dense packets ofcooled liquid plus crystals or have crystallized in situ. Asloping floor, possibly produced by diapiric ascent of relativelylight plagioclase-rich cumulates, is required to allow for drainingand removal of the dense interstitial liquid produced in thecrystal pile and may be a characteristic feature during thecrystallization of many Proterozoic anorthosites and layeredintrusions. KEY WORDS: magma; density; Proterozoic anorthosites; blocks; plagioclase  相似文献   

16.
Adcumulate formation in mafic layered intrusions is attributed either to gravity-driven compaction, which expels the intercumulus melt out of the crystal matrix, or to compositional convection, which maintains the intercumulus liquid at a constant composition through liquid exchange with the main magma body. These processes are length-scale and time-scale dependent, and application of experimentally derived theoretical formulations to magma chambers is not straightforward. New data from the Sept Iles layered intrusion are presented and constrain the relative efficiency of these processes during solidification of the mafic crystal mush. Troctolites with meso- to ortho-cumulate texture are stratigraphically followed by Fe–Ti oxide-bearing gabbros with adcumulate texture. Calculations of intercumulus liquid fractions based on whole-rock P, Zr, V and Cr contents and detailed plagioclase compositional profiles show that both compaction and compositional convection operate, but their efficiency changes with liquid differentiation. Before saturation of Fe–Ti oxides in the intercumulus liquid, convection is not active due to the stable liquid density distribution within the crystal mush. At this stage, compaction and minor intercumulus liquid crystallization reduce the porosity to 30%. The velocity of liquid expulsion is then too slow compared with the rate of crystal accumulation. Compositional convection starts at Fe–Ti oxide-saturation in the pore melt due to its decreasing density. This process occurs together with crystallization of the intercumulus melt until the residual porosity is less than 10%. Compositional convection is evidenced by external plagioclase rims buffered at An61 owing to continuous exchange between the intercumulus melt and the main liquid body. The change from a channel flow regime that dominates in troctolites to a porous flow regime in gabbros results from the increasing efficiency of compaction with differentiation due to higher density contrast between the cumulus crystal matrix and the equilibrium melts and to the bottom-up decreasing rate of crystal accumulation in the magma chamber.  相似文献   

17.
High-pressure Partial Melting of Mafic Lithologies in the Mantle   总被引：17，自引：2，他引：15  
We review experimental phase equilibria associated with partialmelting of mafic lithologies (pyroxenites) at high pressuresto reveal systematic relationships between bulk compositionsof pyroxenite and their melting relations. An important aspectof pyroxenite phase equilibria is the existence of the garnet–pyroxenethermal divide, defined by the enstatite–Ca-Tschermakspyroxene–diopside plane in CaO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2projections. This divide appears at pressures above 2 GPa inthe natural system where garnet and pyroxenes are the principalresidual phases in pyroxenites. Bulk compositions that resideon either side of the divide have distinct phase assemblagesfrom subsolidus to liquidus and produce distinct types of partialmelt ranging from strongly nepheline-normative to quartz-normativecompositions. Solidus and liquidus locations are little affectedby the location of natural pyroxenite compositions relativeto the thermal divide and are instead controlled chiefly bybulk alkali contents and Mg-numbers. Changes in phase volumesof residual minerals also influence partial melt compositions.If olivine is absent during partial melting, expansion of thephase volume of garnet relative to clinopyroxene with increasingpressure produces liquids with high Ca/Al and low MgO comparedwith garnet peridotite-derived partial melts. KEY WORDS: experimental petrology; mantle heterogeneity; partial melting; phase equilibrium; pyroxenite  相似文献   

18.
Liquid Immiscibility and the Evolution of Basaltic Magma   总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9  
This experimental study examines relationships between alternativeevolution paths of basaltic liquids (the so-called Bowen andFenner trends), and silicate liquid immiscibility. Syntheticanalogues of natural immiscible systems exhibited in volcanicglasses and melt inclusions were used as starting mixtures.Conventional quench experiments in 1 atm gas mixing furnacesproved unable to reproduce unmixing of ferrobasaltic melts,yielding instead either turbid, opalescent glasses, or crystallizationof tridymite and pyroxenes. In contrast, experiments involvingin situ high-temperature centrifugation at 1000g (g = 9·8m/s2) did yield macroscopic unmixing and phase separation. Centrifugationfor 3–4 h was insufficient to complete phase segregation,and resulted in sub-micron immiscible emulsions in quenchedglasses. For a model liquid composition of the Middle Zone ofthe Skaergaard intrusion at super-liquidus temperatures of 1110–1120°C,centrifugation produced a thin, silicic layer (64·5 wt%SiO2 and 7·4 wt% FeO) at the top of the main Fe-richglass (46 wt% SiO2 and 21 wt% FeO). The divergent compositionsat the top and bottom were shown in a series of static runsto crystallize very similar crystal assemblages of plagioclase,pyroxene, olivine, and Fe–Ti oxides. We infer from theseresults that unmixing of complex aluminosilicate liquids maybe seriously kinetically hampered (presumably by a nucleationbarrier), and thus conventional static experiments may not correctlyreproduce it. In the light of our centrifuge experiments, immiscibilityin the Skaergaard intrusion could have started already at thetransition from the Lower to the Middle Zone. Thus, magma unmixingmight be an important factor in the development of the Fe-enrichmenttrend documented in the cumulates of the Skaergaard LayeredSeries. KEY WORDS: liquid immiscibility; Skaergaard; layered intrusions; experimental petrology  相似文献   

19.
The inferred crystallization history of the troctolitic LowerZone of the Kiglapait Intrusion in Labrador is tested by meltingmineral mixtures from the intrusion, made to yield the observedcrystal compositions on the cotectic trace of liquid, plagioclase,and olivine. Melting experiments were made in a piston-cylinderapparatus, using graphite capsules at 5 kbar. Lower Zone assemblagescrystallized from 1245°C, 5% normative augite in the liquid,to 1203°C, 24% normative augite in the liquid at saturationwith augite crystals. This transit is consistent with modaldata and the large volume of the Lower Zone. The 1245°Ccotectic composition matches the average Inner Border Zone composition.Quenched troctolitic liquid from the Upper Border Zone, andothers from nearby Newark Island, plot on or near our experimentalcotectic, supporting a common fractionation history. Olivine–plagioclaseintergrowths from cotectic troctolitic melt show mosaic texturesreflecting the differing barriers to nucleation of these twophases. The linear partitioning of XAb in plagioclase–meltyields an intercept constant KD = 0·524 for these maficmelts. Observed subsolidus exchange of Ca between plagioclaseand olivine elucidates the loss of Ca from plutonic olivines.The bulk composition of the intrusion is revised downward inFo and An. KEY WORDS: experimental; olivine; plagioclase; Kiglapait; partitioningAbbreviations: AP, MT, IL, OR, AB, AN, DI, HY, OL, FO, NE, Q, FSP, AUG: (Oxygen) Normative components; Ap, Aug, Ilm, Ol, Pl: Phases; Ab, An, Di, Fa, Fo, Or, Wo: Phase components; also ternary endmembers; BSE: Back-scattered electron; CaTs: Calcium Tschermak's component, CaAlAlSiO6; D: Partition coefficient; f: Fugacity; FL: Fraction of the system present as liquid = 1 – (PCS/100); FMQ: Fayalite = magnetite + quartz buffer; IBZ: Inner Border Zone; IW: Iron = wüstite buffer; kbar: kilobar, 108 pascal; KD: Exchange coefficient; KI: Kiglapait Intrusion; L: Liquid phase; LLD: Liquid line of descent; Ma: Mega-annum, age; Myr: Mega-year, time; OLHY: Normative OL + HY; OLRAT: The ratio OLHY/(OLHY + AUG); P: Pressure; P: Phosphorus; PCS: Percent solidified (volume); SMAR: South Margin average composition; T: Temperature, °C; UBZ: Upper Border Zone; WM: Wüstite = magnetite buffer; Wo: Wollastonite component of pyroxene; X: Mole fraction; XMg: Molar ratio Mg/(Mg + Fe2+); , XMg(0): Initial XMg before MT is formed in the norm calculation; X: Coordinate, horizontal axis; Y: Coordinate, vertical axis  相似文献   

20.
Incompatible trace-element abundances in minerals and whole rocks from layered intrusions have been used to model the fractionation processes and evolving liquid compositions. Many such models assume that the analyzed concentration in a mineral represents that of the mineral when it first crystallized. However, overgrowth from residual liquid and subsequent diffusive equilibration can result in significant changes to the bulk mineral compositions (the more incompatible the element the more dramatic the subsequent changes). The proportion of that residual liquid relative to the cumulus minerals is the most important parameter in determining the magnitude of this effect (trapped liquid shift effect). Calculations involving Ba and La contents in plagioclase quantitatively demonstrate this effect. For Ba and La (partition coefficients of 0.4 and 0.04), 50% trapped liquid in a sample can result in two and sevenfold increases, respectively, in concentration between original and final bulk mineral compositions. Different cumulus assemblages also have a major effect on final compositions. We use examples of the concentrations of Ba and La in plagioclase from the Skaergaard intrusion from previous publications to illustrate the importance of this effect. Specifically, the La content of bulk plagioclase steadily decreases upward from the Lower Zone to Upper Zone c, and Ba in plagioclase shows no increase from the Lower Zone to the top of the Middle Zone. Such results are not explicable by fractionation processes, but can be modeled by the trapped liquid shift effect, assuming the well-established evidence for upward decrease in trapped liquid proportion through these zones.  相似文献   

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