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1.
Hydrochemistry of groundwater in Chithar Basin, Tamil Nadu, India was used to assess the quality of groundwater for determining its suitability for drinking and agricultural purposes. Physical and chemical parameters of groundwater such as electrical conductivity, pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl–, HCO3–, CO32–, SO42–, NO–3, F–, B– and SiO2 were determined. Concentrations of the chemical constituents in groundwater vary spatially and temporarily. Interpretation of analytical data shows that mixed Ca–Mg–Cl, Ca–Cl and Na–Cl are the dominant hydrochemical facies in the study area. Alkali earths (Ca2+, Mg2+) and strong acids (Cl–, SO42–) are slightly dominating over alkalis (Na+, K+) and weak acids (HCO3–, CO32–). The abundance of the major ions is as follows: Na+ Ca2+ Mg2+ > K+ = Cl– > HCO3–> SO42– > NO3– > CO32– . Groundwater in the area is generally hard, fresh to brackish, high to very high saline and low alkaline in nature. High total hardness and TDS in a few places identify the unsuitability of groundwater for drinking and irrigation. Such areas require special care to provide adequate drainage and introduce alternative salt tolerance cropping. Fluoride and boron are within the permissible limits for human consumption and crops as per the international standards.  相似文献   

2.
Hydrochemical investigations were carried out in Bahar area, Hamadan, western Iran, to assess the chemical composition of groundwater. The area falls in a semi-arid type of climate. In this area, groundwater has been exploited over the past century mainly for irrigation and water supply. A total of 135 representative groundwater samples were collected from different wells to monitor the water chemistry of various ions. Chemical analysis of the groundwater shows that the mean concentration of the cations is of the order Ca2+>Mg 2+>Na+>K+, while that for anions is SO42–>HCO3–>Cl–>NO3–. Statistical analyses indicate positive correlation between the following pairs of parameters Cl– and Mg 2+ (r=0.71), Cl– and Na+ (r=0.76), HCO3– and Na+ (r=0.56), SO42– and Mg2+ (r=0.76), SO42– and Na+ (r=0.69). Water presents a large spatial variability of the chemical facies (Ca-HCO3, Ca-SO4, Mg-HCO3, Mg-SO4, Na-HCO3) which is in relation to their interaction with the geological formations of the basin (carbonates, dolomite and various silicates) and evaporation. The hydrochemical types Ca-HCO3 and Ca-SO4 dominate the largest part of the studied area. The dissolution of halite, calcite, dolomite, and gypsum explains part of the contained Na +, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl–, SO42– and HCO3–, but other processes, such as cation exchange and weathering of aluminosilicates also contribute to the water composition.  相似文献   

3.
Hydrogeochemical investigations are carried out in and around Perumal Lake, Cuddalore district, South India in order to assess its suitability in relation to domestic and agricultural uses. The water samples (surface water = 16; groundwater = 12) were analyzed for various physicochemical attributes like pH, electrical conductivity (EC), sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), chloride (Cl−), bicarbonate (HCO3 −), sulfate (SO4 2−), phosphate (PO4), silica (H4SiO4) and total dissolved solids (TDS). Major hydrochemical facies were identified using Piper trilinear diagram. Hydrogeochemical processes controlling the water chemistry are water–rock interaction rather than evaporation and precipitation. Interpretation of isotopic signatures reveals that groundwater samples recharged by meteoric water with few water–rock interactions. A comparison of water quality in relation to drinking water quality standard proves that the surface water samples are suitable for drinking purpose, whereas groundwater in some areas exceeds the permissible limit. Various determinants such as sodium absorption ratio (SAR), percent sodium (Na%), residual sodium carbonate (RSC) and permeability index (PI) revealed that most of the samples are suitable for irrigation.  相似文献   

4.
Fifty groundwater samples were collected from Al-Hasa to analyze the pH, electrical conductivity (EC, dS m?1), total dissolved solids (TDS), major anions (HCO3?, CO32?, Cl?, SO42?, and NO3?), major cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, and K+), and total hardness. The analyzed data plotted in the Piper, Gibbs, and Durov diagrams, and water quality index (WQI) were calculated to evaluate the groundwater geochemistry and its water quality. The results reveal that most of the investigated samples are Ca2+, Mg2+, SO42?, Cl? and Na+, and HCO3? water types using the Piper diagram. Na+?>?Ca2+?>?Mg2+ are the dominant cations, while Cl??>?HCO3??>?SO42??>?CO32? are the dominant anions. Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) values varied from 0.79 to 10; however, the Kelly ratio (KR) ranged between 0.1 and 2.2. The permeability index (PI) showed that well water is suitable for irrigation purposes with 75% or more of maximum permeability. The US salinity diagram revealed that the water quality classes of studied waters were CIII-SI, CIII-SII, and CIV-SII, representing height hazards of salinity and medium- to low-sodium hazard. The water quality index (WQI) results indicated that total dissolved solids are out of the drinking water standard limits in Saudi Arabia. The WQI revealed that 38% of the studied wells were considered as poor water (class III), 52% are found as very poor water class (IV), and 10% are unsuitable water for drinking class (V).  相似文献   

5.
Agricultural activities act as dominant polluter of groundwater due to increased fertilizers and pesticides usage. Bist-Doab region, Punjab, India, is one such region facing deterioration of groundwater quality due to usage of fertilizers. This study aims in delineating and evaluating the groundwater quality in the region. Water samples are collected from canals, reservoir, and shallow and deep groundwater. Water types in canal and reservoir in Kandi region are Mg2+HCO3 ? and Mg2+Ca2+Na+HCO3 ?, respectively. While water types of shallow and deep groundwaters are found to be of two types: Na+Mg2+Ca2+HCO3 ? and Ca2+Mg2+Na+HCO3 ?. Presence of Mg2+ in groundwater at locations adjoining canals indicates recharge due to canal. The major ion (Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+, HCO3 ?) chemistry of the region is due to weathering of rocks that are rich in sodic minerals and kankar. Deep groundwater quality in the region meets BIS and WHO standards for drinking purpose, unlike shallow groundwater which is of poor quality at many locations. Both shallow and deep groundwater with high sodium concentration (>1.5 meq/l) affect cropping yield and permeability of soil matrix. High concentration of SO4 2? and NO3 2? (>1 meq/l) in shallow groundwater at few locations indicates influence of anthropogenic (fertilizer) activity. Factor analysis indicates that the major cations, bicarbonate and chloride are derived from weathering/dissolution of source rocks. Higher concentration of nitrate and presence of sulphate in shallow groundwater at few locations is due to usage of fertilizers and pesticides.  相似文献   

6.
Origins of high nitrate in groundwater in Tanzania   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
Dodoma is located in a semi-arid climate (mean annual rainfall 550 mm) in an area of crystalline basement rock. The groundwater contains high nitrate with NO3− concentrations averaging 150 mg l−1 and total mineralization between 1000–3000 mg l−1. Factor analysis has been used for the identification of factors that bring about the chemical character of groundwater. Three rotated factors, explaining 77.2% of the total data variance, were extracted. The first factor accounts for 51.0% of the variance and shows high positive correlation with Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl−, SO42−, HCO3− and SEC and is attributed to the leaching of surface and soil salts together with mineral dissolution. The second factor accounts for 14.1% of the variance and is positively correlated with NO3− and negatively correlated with pH; this is explained by the nitrification process taking place on the sewage effluents. The third factor is highly positively correlated with 18O and 2H, accounting for 12.1% of the variance and is a consequence of evaporation processes. Nitrate concentrations greater than 100 mg l−1 are commonly found in both deep and shallow groundwaters. It is concluded that the high nitrate concentrations have originated from the sewage effluents that are advecting and dispersing through macropores under bypass flow mechanisms.  相似文献   

7.
Hydrogeochemical assessment of groundwater in Moro area,Kwara state,Nigeria   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Detailed study of chemical analysis results of several groundwater samples (UNICEF-Assisted Water project, Kwara state, Nigeria) were carried out in an attempt to assess the quality and usability of groundwaters in the Moro area. Chemical analysis results indicate higher concentrations of Ca2+, Mg2+, and HCO3 – as compared to Na+, K+, Cl–, and SO4 2–. With exception of few locations where Fe is relatively higher, the concentrations of these ions together with other water quality parameters are all within permissible limits of the domestic and agricultural standards.On the basis of the analytical results, groundwaters in the study area are largely characterized as Ca-(Mg)-HCO3 type reflecting (possibly) young facies with limited migratory history. The occurrence of Ca-(Mg)-Na-HCO3 water type in certain areas is attributed to cation exchange processes. In addition, the observed scattered relationship between the TDS and the thickness of weathered horizons in the boreholes indicates the contribution of precipitation (recharge) to the ionic inputs in the groundwaters in addition to the weathering and dissolution processes.  相似文献   

8.
An investigation was conducted at Astrolabe Park landfill, a decommissioned municipal landfill in Sydney, Australia, to assess the physical and chemical processes affecting the distribution of inorganic constituents in the leachate plume. The plume is migrating from the landfill towards a groundwater-fed pond into which leachate-impacted groundwater discharges. Borehole geophysical logging and depth-discrete groundwater sampling were used to delineate the distribution of the leachate plume along two groundwater flow paths between the landfill and the shore of the pond. Borehole geophysical logs indicate a strong correlation between bulk and fluid electrical conductivity (EC) values, and help to identify small-scale heterogeneities that comprise a major constraint on contaminant transport within the aquifer. Variations in the distribution of several indicator parameters (EC, HCO3–, pH, Eh, NH4+/NO3–, S2–/SO42–) are used to assess the dominant processes affecting contaminant distribution along the flow path, including mixing of fresh and contaminated groundwater, oxidation/reduction reactions and ion exchange.  相似文献   

9.
The assessment of hydrogeochemical processes that govern the water quality of inland freshwater aquifers in coastal environment, especially in Indian sub-continent, is occasionally attempted. To bridge the gap, a detail hydrochemical evaluation of groundwater occurring in coastal alluvium is attempted. Single set of high-density water sampling is done from a limited area to gain an in-depth knowledge of the processes that govern the water chemistry of the sandy aquifers. The water is of weak alkaline nature and less mineralized, EC being < 1,000 μS/cm in many samples. Major ion composition indicates that water is contaminated with excess concentration of nitrates. Ionic abundance is in the order of Cl? > Na+  > Ca2+ > HCO3 ? > SO4 2? > Mg2+  > NO3 ?. Na+ and Cl? are almost in similar proportions implying the influence of coastal climate on water quality. The water shows modest variation in their ionic assemblage among different sample points as evident from Schoeller scheme. Groundwater can be classified into three distinct facies viz. Cl?–Ca2+–Mg2+, Na+–Cl? and Ca2+–Mg2+–HCO3 ? types. The ionic assemblages, their indices, ratios and cross-plots substantiate that multiple processes were involved in the evolution of the water chemistry. Among them, silicate weathering, halite dissolution, ion exchange and base exchange played prominent role in the ion enrichment of groundwater. The aquatic chemistry is further influenced and modified by marine environment, evapotranspiration and anthropogenic inputs which is authenticated by good correlation (r 2 = 1) among the Na+–Cl?, EC–Mg2+, Na+ and Cl?. Gibbs plots established that evaporation is more responsible for contribution of minerals to the groundwater than aquifer material. Nitrate contamination can be attributed for poor sewerage disposal mechanism which is aggravated by fertilizer inputs, irrigation practices and agriculture activity. A contrasting correlation (r 2 ≥90 to <0.40) among select pairs of ions reassures dissimilar source of those ions, involvement of multiple processes and limited interaction of formation water with aquifer material.  相似文献   

10.
Hydrogeochemical analyses were carried out on groundwater samples collected from 20 producing wells in different parts of the Eastern Niger Delta. Results show that the concentrations of the major cations (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+) and anions (Cl–, SO 4 2– , HCO 3 – ) are below the World Health Organization (WHO) standards set for domestic purposes. The occurrence of slightly saline water in certain areas is attributed to local hydrogeological processes occurring in the area. On the basis of the analytical results, two hydrogeochemical facies are delineated. These are calcium-magnesium-chloride-sulfate-bicarbonate (Ca-Mg-Cl-SO4-HCO3) and calcium-sodium-chloride-sulfatebicarbonate (Ca-Na-Cl-SO4-HCO3) to the west and east of the study area, respectively.  相似文献   

11.
Groundwater in Palnad sub-basin is alkaline in nature and Na+-Cl−-HCO3− type around Macherla-Karempudi area in Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh. Total dissolved solids (TDS) show strong positive correlation with Cl−, Na+, Ca2+ and Mg2+, and positive correlation with SO42−, K+ and HCO3−. Calcareous Narji Formation is the dominant aquifer lithology, and water-rock interaction controls the groundwater chemistry of the area. Chloro-alkaline indices (CAI) are positive at Miriyala, Adigopula, Mutukuru, Macherla and Durgi suggesting replacement of Na+ and K+ ions from water by Mg++ and Ca++ ions from country rock through base exchange reactions. Negative CAI values are recorded at Terala, Rayavaram and Nehrunagar, which indicate exchange of Na+ and K+ from the rock as cation-anion exchange reaction (chloro-alkaline disequilibrium). TDS range from 91 to 7100 ppm (Avg. 835 ppm) and exceed the prescribed limit of drinking water around Mutukuru, Durgi, Rayavaram, Khambampadu and Ammanizamalmadaka areas. Scanty rainfall and insufficient groundwater recharge are the prime factors responsible for high salinity in the area. Fluoride content ranges from <1 to 3.8 ppm and contaminated areas were identified around Macherla (1 sq km; 3.8ppm), Mandadi (1 sq km, 2.1ppm) and Adigopula (2 sq km, <1 to 3.7 ppm). The % Na+ content varies from 17 to 85 with the mean value of 57, and eighty (80) samples showed higher %Na+ in comparison to the prescribed limit of 60 for irrigation water. Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) and % Na+ in relation to total salt concentration indicate that groundwater (51%) mostly falls under doubtful to poor quality for irrigation purpose. Groundwater of Adigopula village is fluoride contaminated and remedial measures are suggested to improve the water quality.  相似文献   

12.
Groundwater survey has been carried out in the area of Gummanampadu sub-basin located in Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh, India for assessing the factors that are responsible for changing of groundwater chemistry and consequent deterioration of groundwater quality, where the groundwater is a prime source for drinking and irrigation due to non-availability of surface water in time. The area is underlain by the Archaean Gneissic Complex, over which the Proterozoic Cumbhum rocks occur. The results of the plotting of Ca2+ + Mg2+ versus HCO3 ? + CO3 2?, Ca2+ + Mg2+ versus total cations, Na+ + K+ versus total cations, Cl? + SO4 2? versus Na+ + K+, Na+ versus Cl?, Na+ versus HCO3 ? + CO3 2?, Na+ versus Ca2+ and Na+: Cl? versus EC indicate that the rock–water interaction under alkaline condition is the main mechanism in activating mineral dissociation and dissolution, causing the release of Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, HCO3 ?, CO3 2?, SO4 2? and F? ions into the groundwater. The ionic relations also suggest that the higher concentrations of Na+ and Cl? ions are the results of ion exchange and evaporation. The influences of anthropogenic sources are the other cause for increasing of Mg2+, Na+, Cl?, SO4 2? and NO3 ? ions. Further, the excess alkaline condition in water accelerates more effective dissolution of F?-bearing minerals. Moreover, the chemical data plotted in the Piper’s, Gibbs’s and Langelier–Ludwig’s diagrams, computed for the chloro-alkaline and saturation indices, and analyzed in the principal component analysis, support the above hypothesis. The groundwater quality is, thus, characterized by Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+: HCO3 ? + CO3 2? > Cl? > SO4 2? > NO3 ? > F? facies. On the other hand, majority of groundwater samples are not suitable for drinking with reference to the concentrations of TDS, TH, Mg2+ and F?, while those are not good for irrigation with respect to USSL’s and Wilcox’s diagrams, residual sodium carbonate, and magnesium hazard, but they are safe for irrigation with respect to permeability index. Thus, the study recommends suitable management measures to improve health conditions as well as to increase agricultural output.  相似文献   

13.
Heterogeneous shallow Plio-Quaternary formations of the Souss Plain represent the most important aquifer in southern High Atlas Mountains in Morocco. The present work was conducted in the Souss Upstream Basin to identify the chemical characteristics and the origin of groundwater in an aquifer under semi-arid climate. Isotopic and hydrochemical compositions combined with geological and hydrogeological data were used for this purpose. The total dissolved solids vary from 239 to 997 mg l−1, and the following groundwater types are recognized: Ca2+–Mg2+–HCO3−, Ca2+–Mg2+–SO42− and Ca2+–Mg2+–Cl−. The groundwater is saturated and slightly supersaturated with respect to carbonate minerals and undersaturated with respect to evaporite minerals, which means that the groundwater composition is largely controlled by the dissolution of carbonate rocks known in the basin. The isotopic contents of groundwaters ranged from −8‰ to −5.2‰ for δ18O, from −52‰ to −34‰ for δD, and from 0 to 5.5 TU for tritium. The hydrogen (δD) and oxygen (δ18O) isotope signatures reveal a significant infiltration before evaporation takes place, indicating a major recharge directly from fractures in the crystalline and limestone formations of Atlas Mountains (above 800 m a.s.l.) and infiltration of surface water in the alluvial cones at the border of the Atlas basins. The very low tritium values suggest that the groundwater recharge follows a long flow path and a mixing between old and modern water is shown. However, a slight evaporation effect is noted in the southern part of the basin close to the Anti-Atlas Mountains.  相似文献   

14.
Geochemical processes that take place in the aquifer have played a major role in spatial and temporal variations of groundwater quality. This study was carried out with an objective of identifying the hydrogeochemical processes that controls the groundwater quality in a weathered hard rock aquifer in a part of Nalgonda district, Andhra Pradesh, India. Groundwater samples were collected from 45 wells once every 2 months from March 2008 to September 2009. Chemical parameters of groundwater such as groundwater level, EC and pH were measured insitu. The major ion concentrations such as Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cl−, and SO4 2− were analyzed using ion chromatograph. CO3 − and HCO3 − concentration was determined by acid–base titration. The abundance of major cation concentration in groundwater is as Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+ while that of anions is HCO3 − > SO4 2− > Cl− > CO3 −. Ca–HCO3, Na–Cl, Ca–Na–HCO3 and Ca–Mg–Cl are the dominant groundwater types in this area. Relation between temporal variation in groundwater level and saturation index of minerals reveals the evaporation process. The ion-exchange process controls the concentration of ions such as calcium, magnesium and sodium. The ionic ratio of Ca/Mg explains the contribution of calcite and dolomite to groundwater. In general, the geochemical processes and temporal variation of groundwater in this area are influenced by evaporation processes, ion exchange and dissolution of minerals.  相似文献   

15.
The chemical property of groundwater depends largely on the mineralogical composition of the rocks through which the water has moved and the rate of movement and these characteristics of surface water depend on organic and inorganic reactions, industrial effluents, rainfall and temperature etc. The underground water tends to contain more dissolved materials than those in surface water because of their more intimate and longer contact with organic materials of soil and rock particles. The groundwater of the studied area is dominant of alkaline earth’s (Ca2+ and Mg2+) and weak acids (HCO3 −) which may be classified as Magnesium-Bicarbonate and Calcium Carbonate types. Genetically, the groundwater of the area belongs to both “Normal Chloride” “Normal Sulphate” and “Normal Carbonate” to “Super Carbonate” group. Based on EC, SAR and RC, the groundwater of the area varies from good–excellent quality for irrigation purposes with low alkali hazard and medium salinity hazard.  相似文献   

16.
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17.
The karst system of SW Trifilia is composed of a thick sequence of carbonate sediments, which have experienced two types of dolomitization and dedolomitization processes and comprise an extended aquifer. The application of fertilizers in the region have not only caused the degradation of the groundwater quality but also induced hydrochemical changes exerting major control on dolomitization processes. Factor analysis indicates high correlation coefficient between NH 4 + , NO 3 − , Ca2+ and Mg2+, which can be attributed to cation-exchange processes involving clay minerals. The application of a conservative mixing model showed that the calculated groundwater types indicate a cation-exchange process between NH 4 + , derived from fertilizers, and between Ca2+ and Mg2+. Mg2+ released from smectite interlayers, exchanged for NH 4 + in the groundwater and favor a dolomitization process through the partial replacement of Ca2+ in the lattice of calcite (dedolomite) contained in precursor dolomites. This recent stage dolomitization occurred near the water level and within the phreatic zone only and had not influenced the whole karst massif; it also resulted in low Mg/Ca values found in the zone characterized by intensive application of nitrogen-based fertilizers and the absence of overlying impermeable strata.  相似文献   

18.
The hydrochemical characteristics and quality of groundwater in Lokoja basement area have been evaluated based on different indices for assessing groundwater for drinking and irrigation purposes. Twenty groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for physicochemical parameters, major ions and heavy metals. The results revealed that the groundwater is slightly alkaline, with little variations in chemical composition. For example, electrical conductivity (EC) ranges from 242μS/cm to 1835μS/cm. The abundance of the major ions is in the order of Ca2+ >Na+>Mg2+>K+> Fe2+/3+ = HCO3 >Cl? >NO3 >SO4 >PO4. Based on the hydrochemical data, four hydrochemical facies were identified namely, Ca-Mg-HCO3, Na-K-HCO3, Na-K-Cl-SO4 and Ca-Mg-Cl-SO4 and these facies depict groundwater recharge zone, transition flow zone, deep flow zone and mixed water zone respectively. Groundwater from the area is unsuitable for drinking and domestic purposes as some of the ions and heavy metals of health concerns are well above the stipulated guideline values. Irrigation water quality indicators (salinity, Na % and Mg %), reveal that the groundwater is unsuitable for irrigation purposes. Interpreted statistical analysis reveals that the groundwater chemical compositions are controlled predominantly by weathering of litho units of the basement rocks and by drainage from domestic wastes.  相似文献   

19.
Detailed hydrogeochemical analysis of several samples of groundwater collected from parts of the Niger Delta, Nigeria has been carried out in an effort to assess the quality of groundwater in the area. Results obtained showed the groundwater in the area to be enriched in Na+, Ca++, Mg++, Cl–, HCO 3 - , and SO 4 -- . The concentration of these ions as well as such parameters as salinity, total hardness, and TDS are below the World Health Organization (WHO) standards for drinking water. The concentration of Ca++ was found to be higher than Mg++ except in some areas very close to the coast suggesting the encroachment of saltwater. This encroachment of saltwater is further indicated by the general increase in Cl– and a decreased in HCO 3 - content towards the coast and Na/Cl ratios. On the basis of the present hydrogeochemical studies, five groundwater types have been recognized to occur in the area of study. These are (1) Sodium-Calcium-Magnesium-Bicarbonate type (Na-Ca-Mg-5HCO3), (2) Iron-Calcium-Bicarbonate type (Fe-Ca-4HCO3), (3) Sodium-Calcium-Magnesium-Sulfate type ( ), (4) Iron-Chloride-Bicarbonate (Fe-Cl-HCO3), and (5) Magnesium-Chloride type (Mg-2Cl). The assemblage of groundwater types in the area shows that both compound and single groundwater types occur. The geochemical characteristics of the groundwaters are thought to be closely related to the peculiar geologic and hydrologic conditions that prevail in the Niger Delta area of Nigeria.  相似文献   

20.
The groundwater in the upper Kodaganar basin is contaminated due to the discharge of effluents from tannery industries. The water in the wells, whose physico-chemical characteristics are altered due to the influence of the effluents, is statistically analyzed. The physico-chemical variables such as EC, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, F?, Cl?, HCO3 ?,CO3 2?, NO3 ?, SO4 2?, pH, and Crtotal were used for this study. An attempt was made to identify the contaminated wells based on suitability for drinking, suitability for industrial requirements, and through principal component analysis (PCA). Classification based on suitability helped in identifying the contaminated wells. However, this resulted in failure when identifying the wells that are contaminated by tanneries. PCA has proved to be effective in the segregation of contaminated wells influenced by tannery industries. The physico-chemical variables that are 13 in number are transformed into two orthogonal components and Eigen values based on the variance. The Eigen values are used to select the first two principal components PC1 (7.26) and PC2 (2.24) that accounted for 73.04% variance in the data. The components of the variables and the wells are plotted in a biplot to isolate the contaminated samples. The contaminated samples are analyzed in the spatial domain in geographic information system and found to be clustered around the tannery belt. The study reveals that 35% of the samples are contaminated due to discharge from tannery industries.  相似文献   

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