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1.
Amenity migration: diverse conceptualizations of drivers,socioeconomic dimensions,and emerging challenges 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Rural communities throughout the postindustrial world are in the midst of a significant transition, sometimes referred to
as rural restructuring, as traditional land uses, economic activities, and social arrangements transition to those associated
with “post-productivist” or “multifunctional” landscapes. Amenity migration, the movement of people based on the draw of natural
and/or cultural amenities, can be thought of as both driver and implication of this transition, resulting in significant changes
in the ownership, use, and governance of rural lands, as well as in the composition and socioeconomic dynamics of rural communities.
In concert with other social, economic and political processes, amenity migration is contributing to the fundamental transformation
of rural communities throughout the world. This paper presents a review of the social science literature related to the concept
of amenity migration, focusing on the ways in which it has been conceptualized, theorized, and documented by different communities
of scholars. We then profile and summarize diverse perspectives on drivers and socioeconomic impacts, highlighting emerging
challenges and opportunities related to this type of migration occurring at multiple scales and in multiple sites. The paper
also identifies and discusses particular areas where further research is needed. 相似文献
2.
Paul S. Orogun 《GeoJournal》2010,75(5):459-507
The Niger Delta question represents one of the most intractable sources of political destabilization, constitutes a profound
threat to national security, and economic development of the Nigerian state. Therefore, the study of the intricate dynamics
among multinational oil corporations, the Nigerian State, and insurgent militias illuminates the root causes, societal schisms
and the political economy of resource induced conflicts in Africa’s major oil producing nation state. This case study illustrates
and explicates the “paradox of plenty”, the “resource curse”, the “shadow state syndrome”, and the debilitating effects of
petroleum politics in Nigeria. Economic exploitation of the region’s vast crude oil reserves by multinationals and government
authorities is juxtaposed with the specter of environmental devastation, excruciating poverty, and recurrent rule of impunity.
National elite contestations concerning the legalities of resource control, internecine squabbles over revenue allocation
formulas and derivation principles have been compounded by incessant disruptions of crude oil pipelines, necessitating drastic
reduction in the country’s petroleum output and revenues derived from the global economy. Due to the multi-layered dimensions
of the effects of crude oil, guns, profits, and geo-territorial instability, the protracted problems of the Niger Delta thus,
provides us with pertinent analytical and contextual frameworks for the study of the dynamics, volatility and transparency
issues in global extractive industries. In the muddled rivers and creeks of the Niger Delta, characterized by regional destabilization,
there has emerged a clandestine economy of protection syndicates, marked exponential increase in kidnappings and targeting
of expatriate workers, as well as state sponsored military reprisals against self-styled insurgents, warlords, and militia
movements. 相似文献
3.
Joseph Palis 《GeoJournal》2009,74(3):227-234
My paper aims to ask what space characterizes the various constructs of orientalism and othering in the early short films
of Thomas Edison. Using Lefebvre’s concept that social space “subsumes things produced, and encompasses their interrelationships
in their coexistence and simultaneity” in these early shorts, I will look at three Biograph actualities found at the Library
of Congress-American Memory page to show how space is manifested and negotiated onscreen. I will examine Edison’s “Filipinos
Retreat From Trenches”, “Capture of Trenches at Candaba” and “U.S. Troops and Red Cross in the Trenches Before Caloocan” which
were all released in 1899. These reenacted short films were shot during the tumultuous years of the Spanish-American War.
In the Biograph shorts, the privileged positions of both Spanish and American forces in relation to the annexation of a foreign
land in world history books is indicative of the tendency to de-emphasize the contribution of the native population in the
war. Manthia Diawara has said that “space is related to power and powerlessness, insofar as those who occupy the center of
the screen are usually more powerful than those in the background or completely absent from the screen.” The spatial hierarchies
and spatially situated images in Edison’s short films show how historically configured power relations encrypted oppression
to its external “others” through the cinematic apparatus.
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Joseph PalisEmail: |
4.
Yong-Jun Lin Yuan-Hsiou Chang Yih-Chi Tan Hong-Yuan Lee Yu-Jia Chiu 《Natural Hazards》2011,56(3):709-731
Registering a 7.3 magnitude on the Richter scale, the 921 Chi-Chi Earthquake that struck central Taiwan on September 21, 1999
left the island nation with fragile soils, frequent floods, and debris flow, further weakening homeland resources. Taiwan’s
dense population had forced its residents to use mountain hills for agriculture and development. The 92-Flood in 2004, which
incurred vast monetary losses and human casualties, caused the government to rethink its strategy for land use. In order to
use land in a more efficient and in an eco-friendly manner, the Council for Economic Planning and Development, Executive Yuan
of the Taiwanese government proposed the “Land Recovery Strategy and Action Plan” in 2006. Its core concept was aimed at “respecting,
and adapting to, nature.” To achieve this goal, a hillside watershed management and flood mitigation policy was proposed.
Factors of safety, economy, and ecology were included in the policy. Both strategies and practical measures to be implemented
were organized in a chart for better understanding and for reference by other countries with similar conditions. 相似文献
5.
Flood risk perception in lands “protected” by 100-year levees 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
Under the US National Flood Insurance Program, lands behind levees certified as protecting against the 100-year flood are
considered to be out of the officially recognized “floodplain.” However, such lands are still vulnerable to flooding that
exceeds the design capacity of the levees—known as residual risk. In the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta of California, we encounter
the curious situation that lands below sea level are considered not “floodplain” and open to residential and commercial development
because they are “protected” by levees. Residents are not informed that they are at risk from floods, because officially they
are not in the floodplain. We surveyed residents of a recently constructed subdivision in Stockton, California, to assess
their awareness of their risk of flooding. Median household income in the development was $80,000, 70% of respondents had
a 4-year university degree or higher, and the development was ethnically mixed. Despite the levels of education and income,
they did not understand the risk of being flooded. Given that literature shows informed individuals are more likely to take
preventative measures than uninformed individuals, our results have important implications for flood policy. Climate-change-induced
sea-level rise exacerbates the problems posed by increasing urbanization and aging infrastructure, increasing the threat of
catastrophic flooding in the California Delta and in flood-prone areas worldwide. 相似文献
6.
The use of geoprocessing to assess vulnerability on the east coast aquifers of Rio de Janeiro State,Brazil 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Vinicius Silva Seabra Gerson Cardoso da SilvaJr Carla Bernadete Madureira Cruz 《Environmental Geology》2009,57(3):665-674
The east coast of Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, shows a worrying overlap between areas with intrinsic groundwater vulnerability
and the most significant urban expansion zones. It experienced a rapid population growth in recent years, mainly due to the
tourism industry, resulting in a significant pressure on drinking groundwater resources. In this regard, development and use
of techniques to control and protect areas susceptible to contamination is crucial. The elaboration of aquifer vulnerability
maps is thus extremely helpful to support water resources management. The aim of the work is to present the methodological
approach in the use of Geoprocessing techniques to obtain a suitable groundwater vulnerability model in Rio de Janeiro east
coast. Considering the existing problems and the current land use and characteristics of the study region, it is clear that
the most vulnerable areas (that is, “extreme” and “very high” vulnerability areas), coincide with the most significant zones
of urban occupation, corresponding to 11% of the total study area, demanding adoption of urgent measures in the near future.
Geoprocessing tools and remote sensing for characterization of Rio de Janeiro’s east coast aquifer vulnerability gave good
results, representing a satisfactory method for management actions at low cost. 相似文献
7.
Groundwater pollution risk mapping for the Eocene aquifer of the Oum Er-Rabia basin, Morocco 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Said Ettazarini 《Environmental Geology》2006,51(3):341-347
Sustainable development requires the management and preservation of water resources indispensable for all human activities. When groundwater constitutes the main water resource, vulnerability maps therefore are an important tool for identifying zones of high pollution risk and taking preventive measures in potential pollution sites. The vulnerability assessment for the Eocene aquifer in the Moroccan basin of Oum Er-Rabia is based on the DRASTIC method that uses seven parameters summarizing climatic, geological, and hydrogeological conditions controlling the seepage of pollutant substances to groundwater. Vulnerability maps were produced by using GIS techniques and applying the “generic” and “agricultural” models according to the DRASTIC charter. Resulting maps revealed that the aquifer is highly vulnerable in the western part of the basin and areas being under high contamination risk are more extensive when the “agricultural” model was applied. 相似文献
8.
Evelyn J. Peters 《GeoJournal》2006,65(4):315-327
Recent work in political geography has emphasised how scale plays a role in constituting relationships and identities. Historically,
the Canadian federal government has taken responsibilities for social services for First Nations people on reserves, leaving
this responsibility to provinces for First Nations people in cities. This constitutes First Nations women as individuals with
Aboriginal rights only on reserves, and as part of mainstream society in urban areas. First Nations women have challenged
the definitions of their identities embedded in these scales of service provision. In presenting alternative geographies for
organising the provision of services, they demonstrate the importance of paying attention to the diversity of women’s everyday
geographies in the city.
This is a phrase from Vicki English’s (1993) presentation to the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples, where she argues that treaty rights to housing, education, medicare
and other services should not be confined to the boundaries of reserves.
I use the term “First Nations” to refer to people who identify themselves as such, including people who are and are not registered
pursuant to the Indian Act. By “Aboriginal peoples” I mean the descendants of the indigenous people in Canada, including First Nations people, Métis
and Inuit. The Census of Canada uses the term “North American Indian” to refer to First Nations people, and I employ this
terminology for clarity in some cases.
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9.
Charles C. Fonchingong 《GeoJournal》2006,65(3):137-149
Communities are increasingly becoming development spaces where members are dynamic actors in fashioning issues of common interest.
This paper explores women’s efforts at building social capital for communitarian ventures in selected rural localities of
the Cameroon grasslands. It is argued that effective participation in raising livelihoods and infrastructure provisioning
is facilitated through women’s social networks (njangis). The paper situates the gender concerns in community participation, rekindled through village development associations (VDAs)
– crucial in needs identification, prioritization and execution of identified projects. Based on focused field studies in
selected localities, it is established that due to their low social status, workloads and tight schedule, women remain on
the sidelines of the leadership in VDAs. However, women’s in-cash or in-kind contribution remains crucial to the successful
implementation of projects. Enhancing female participation hinges on efforts at erasing cultural stereotypes that project
women as domestic workers, improving literacy, increased access to productive resources especially land, direct support to
women’s agricultural activity and improved rural infrastructure (roads, water supply, and electricity) that is compromising
women’s participation and empowerment drive. 相似文献
10.
Kalliopi Sapountzaki 《Natural Hazards》2012,60(3):1267-1285
The article decodes and analyzes the standard functions of social and social-ecological systems when they manage their own
vulnerability. The author acknowledges these as “Resilience functions” or “Operational Resilience”. For this purpose, she
follows a “Vulnerability Actor” (V Actor)-based approach. V Actor is considered as a system faced with multiple hazards, carrying
various vulnerability facets (physical, economic, institutional, etc.) and attempting to transform, transfer, rearrange them
in time and space so as to achieve Actor’s own persistence. It is these processes of vulnerability re-arrangement that are
identified by the author as Resilience functions and which change the vulnerability not only of the V Actor performing resilience
but also others’. Performance of Resilience functions presupposes attraction and employment of resources by the Actor, not
only own, current and inherent but also other resources to be found in spatial and temporal scales external to or beyond the
Actor but which the Actor can appeal to. This attraction most probably leads to deprivation of others of the necessary resources
for their persistence, recovery, etc. When somebody’ vulnerability is reduced sometimes somewhere, it is most probable that
others elsewhere are encumbered with extra vulnerability, currently or in the future. Hence, what resilience can only do is
vulnerability re-arrangement, re-setting and management. The proposed systemic approach is documented on current state of
art regarding interactions between vulnerability and resilience to hazards and on empirical evidence from the international
experience of responses to natural hazards. 相似文献
11.
Most U.S. metropolitan regions have experienced urban “sprawl,” or the outward spreading of urban development from city centers.
For cities lying in areas prone to severe weather, the sprawl phenomenon exposes greater numbers of developed areas and inhabitants
to a variety of thunderstorm hazards. This study’s principal goal is to determine how urbanization growth patterns affect
a region’s vulnerability to severe weather events. To assess how sprawl may impact vulnerability to tornadoes, hail, and convective
wind events, an analysis examining potential loss may be utilized. This study employs two distinct approaches to examine how
the Atlanta area’s rapid and extensive development during the latter half of the twentieth Century has affected its overall
potential exposure to thunderstorm hazards. First, archived census data are used to estimate overall impacts from hypothetical
significant tornado, nontornadic convective wind, and hail events occurring at different time periods throughout several locations
in the Atlanta metropolitan region. Second, economic factors are integrated into the analysis, which assists in determining
how these hypothetical severe event scenarios may have changed from a cost standpoint if they were to occur in 2006 as opposed
to 1960. 相似文献
12.
Nebkha development and its relationship to environmental change in the Alaxa Plateau,China 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Xunming Wang Honglang Xiao Jinchang Li Mingrui Qiang Zhizu Su 《Environmental Geology》2008,56(2):359-365
Extensive nebkha areas develop mainly under the control of aeolian processes, and their sediments record information on regional
environmental changes during different periods. Such areas have developed on the dry riverbeds and deserted arable lands of
China’s Alaxa Plateau, Taklimakan, and Kumutage deserts. In this paper, we studied nebkhas that had developed in the Heicheng–Juyan
region to determine their CaCO3 contents, particle size distributions, and creation dates. Extensive human activities have occurred in this region since
at least in the late Tang Dynasty (618–907 ad). Although historical records show that most of the region’s rivers dried up around 1372, surface water persisted in some
areas until the early Qing Dynasty (1644–1911 ad). After the 1600s, extensive nebkhas began to develop due to drying of the region’s rivers. The early stages of nebkha development
were controlled by both the sediment supply and the regional wind regime, whereas late stages were controlled primarily by
variations in wind activity. In the Alaxa Plateau, it took about 100 years for arable lands and riverbeds to evolve into gobi
deserts, and during this time, several phases occurred with different levels of wind activity. The land degradation processes
in this region are mainly controlled by surface water resources, and the impact of human activities such as reclamation on
land degradation appear to have been overestimated in previous studies. 相似文献
13.
Chemodynamics of trace metal fractions in surface sediments of the Pandoh Lake,Lesser Himalaya,India
Anshumali A. L. Ramanathan Gurdeep Singh Gurmeet Singh Rajesh Ranjan Parijat Tripathi 《Environmental Geology》2009,57(8):1865-1879
The seasonal variation in the trace metals’ concentrations (Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) were investigated in surface
sediments of the Pandoh Lake. The horizontal distribution of TC, TN, and TP reflects spatial and temporal differences in sedimentary
organic production. The chemical sequential extraction of heavy metals was carried out by seven-step fractionation scheme
(Leleyter and Probst in Int J Environ Chem 73:109–128, 1999). The significant concentrations of Ni and Cd were associated with “water soluble (Eua)” fraction in the monsoon and winter,
respectively, while “exchangeable (Exch)” and “carbonate-bound (Carb)” fractions for Ni and Cd were abundant in winter and
summer. The Cd, Cu, and Pb associated with “Exch” fraction in the summer season support their availability on exchange sites
due to oxidized nature of surface sediments. Enrichment of Co, Fe, Mn, and Zn in “AFeO” fraction showed poor bioavailability,
while Cd, Cu, and Mn in the monsoon, Co in the winter and summer, and Zn in the winter season showed significant “organically
bound (Org)” fraction. The ANOVA was significant for chemical fractions of trace elements except “Carb” fraction of Pb and
Zn and “CFeO” fraction of Pb. Factor analysis revealed that the “Eua”, “Exch”, and “Carb” fractions together control the metal
enrichment of “MnO”, “AFeO”, and “CFeO” fractions in the summer season. 相似文献
14.
A. M. Nikanorov 《Doklady Earth Sciences》2009,429(2):1559-1561
This report gives the conceptual approaches to the development of the theory of the formation of natural water composition
in view of the primary properties of aquatic ecosystems: the “principle of uncertainty” in the estimation of the conditions,
the “continuity” of the changes proceeding, and the “plurality” of water’s natural structure and components (biotic and abiotic),
as well as their interaction processes. The importance and features of each of these basical criteria for characterizing the
conditions of an aquatic ecosystems are substantiated in theory. 相似文献
15.
Landslide Hazard Zonation using Remote Sensing and GIS: a case study of Dikrong river basin, Arunachal Pradesh, India 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Landslides are among the most costly and damaging natural hazards in mountainous regions, triggered mainly under the influence
of earthquakes and/or rainfall. In the present study, Landslide Hazard Zonation (LHZ) of Dikrong river basin of Arunachal
Pradesh was carried out using Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS). Various thematic layers namely slope,
photo-lineament buffer, thrust buffer, relative relief map, geology and land use / land cover map were generated using remote
sensing data and GIS. The weighting-rating system based on the relative importance of various causative factors as derived
from remotely sensed data and other thematic maps were used for the LHZ. The different classes of thematic layers were assigned
the corresponding rating value as attribute information in the GIS and an “attribute map” was generated for each data layer.
Each class within a thematic layer was assigned an ordinal rating from 0 to 9. Summation of these attribute maps were then
multiplied by the corresponding weights to yield the Landslide Hazard Index (LHI) for each cell. Using trial and error method
the weight-rating values have been re-adjusted. The LHI threshold values used were: 142, 165, 189 and 216. A LHZ map was prepared
showing the five zones, namely “very low hazard”, “low hazard”, “moderate hazard”, “high hazard” and “very high hazard” by
using the “slicing” operation. 相似文献
16.
Cynthia S. Simmons 《GeoJournal》2005,64(4):307-317
Brazil possesses a long history of violent struggle for land, and its most recent phase is occurring predominantly in the
Amazon Basin. Consequently, this paper attempts to territorialize land conflict in the Brazilian Amazon, and in so doing,
to illuminate the place-specific intersection of historic social, political, and economic circumstance that created a violent
landscape in the so-called “South of Pará.” The paper’s premise is that such conflict can be best viewed as resulting from
a dialectic between general social processes operating across spatial scales, which create necessary conditions for conflict,
and place-specific historical circumstances that transform necessary into sufficient conditions. The paper presents a framework
integrating the theory of contentious politics and literatures addressing violence associated with the Amazonian frontier
and with resource scarcity (and abundance). The discussion and theoretical application deconstruct the environmental, cognitive,
and relational mechanisms that created violence in the South of Pará, and set the stage for the Eldorado dos Carajás massacre in April of 1996. 相似文献
17.
Hydrochemistry and Classification of Groundwater Resources of Ishwardi Municipal Area,Pabna District,Bangladesh 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Golzar Hossain M. Farhad Howladar Lutfun Nessa Syed Samsuddin Ahmed Chowdhury Quamruzzaman 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2010,28(5):671-679
The chemical property of groundwater depends largely on the mineralogical composition of the rocks through which the water
has moved and the rate of movement and these characteristics of surface water depend on organic and inorganic reactions, industrial
effluents, rainfall and temperature etc. The underground water tends to contain more dissolved materials than those in surface
water because of their more intimate and longer contact with organic materials of soil and rock particles. The groundwater
of the studied area is dominant of alkaline earth’s (Ca2+ and Mg2+) and weak acids (HCO3
−) which may be classified as Magnesium-Bicarbonate and Calcium Carbonate types. Genetically, the groundwater of the area belongs
to both “Normal Chloride” “Normal Sulphate” and “Normal Carbonate” to “Super Carbonate” group. Based on EC, SAR and RC, the
groundwater of the area varies from good–excellent quality for irrigation purposes with low alkali hazard and medium salinity
hazard. 相似文献
18.
In this work some examples of “twisting” of the Earth in the geologic past are given: displacement of the northern parts of
the global submeridional structures to the west relative to their southern parts; the rotation of the “geodynamic pair” of
Siberia-Laurentia in the Proterozoic; sinistral displacement of the Northern Hemisphere relative to the Southern Hemisphere
after the collapse of the last Pangaea; the equatorial rotation of the continental plates; oblique orientation of the global
network of planetary fracturing; an inclination of the axis of submeridional compression; sinistral “beveling”; the dextral
“twisting” of Venus. All these examples confirm the idea of possible sinistral “twisting” of the Earth that has been proposed
by many authors. The cause of such “twisting” is unclear, although it is likely connected with the Earth’s rotation around
its axis. Some of these examples show that many paleomagnetic reconstructions can be usefully discussed in a tectonophysical
aspect. Moreover, in connection with this data, the development of a new scientific field, called “paleomagnetic tectonophysics”, is possible. 相似文献
19.
Thomas J. Bassett 《Geoforum》2009,40(5):756-766
Côte d’Ivoire’s adoption of land privatization policies promoted by the World Bank and European Union is producing new land use patterns in the countryside. A centerpiece of these policies is the 1998 Rural Land Law that aims to restructure rural economic life along agrarian capitalist lines. The purported “development” objective of land privatization is to stimulate agricultural productivity based on the assumption that land titling will lead farmers and herders to make greater investments in their production systems. This paper argues that the mobile livestock raising system of immigrant FulBe pastoralists in Côte d’Ivoire is threatened by the new land law. Since mobility is crucial to animal health and fertility rates, I argue that reduced mobility will lead to lower livestock productivity. Although the land law has yet to be implemented, its very existence is leading prospective claimants to test their land rights by planting orchards and lending land to immigrant farmers. The monetization of land lending and grazing rights is increasingly common. Land disputes over who has the power to allocate land are also on the rise. I argue that this heightened interest in “tenure building” is constraining herd mobility, especially for herders with limited resources to negotiate access to rangelands. On the other hand, land privatization is strengthening the hand of local cattle-owning farmers who increasingly practice mobile livestock raising and compete with FulBe herders for grazing lands. Under these new conditions of land access, control, and competition, FulBe herd mobility and productivity are at risk of declining. 相似文献
20.
Alexander B. Murphy 《GeoJournal》2006,66(4):285-293
Relations between the United States and Europe have been quite volatile over the past five years. This volatility is not just a product of disagreements over the American invasion of Iraq. It is tied to a set of fundamental challenges to the geopolitical arrangements and understandings that emerged in the wake of World War II. Three challenges were of particular importance: the fall of the Iron Curtain, the Balkan crisis of the 1990s, and the election of a presidential administration in Washington, DC, which adopted a neoconservative geopolitical agenda. The global impacts of this agenda were heightened by the September 11, 2001, attacks on the United States of America. The U.S. response exposed fundamental differences between the U.S. and Europe on the use of international military forces in the “war on terrorism,” the role of NATO, and the U.S. government’s effort to force “regime change” in Iraq. Europe’s reaction to U.S. policy has not been uniform, however. At the governmental level, fundamental differences have emerged among European countries. The United States has sought to highlight those differences, suggesting that the U.S. favors “disaggregation” in Europe, even as it trumpets the virtues of a uniform response to the threat of terrorism. The future trajectory of U.S.-European relations is likely to be shaped by intersections between Europe’s struggles with integration and the U.S.’s evolving global geopolitical posture, which could move in either a hegemonic or a globalist direction. 相似文献