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1.
Understanding the interaction between complex geophysical flows and barriers remains a critical challenge for protecting infrastructure in mountainous regions. The scientific challenge lies in understanding how grain stresses in complex geophysical flows become manifested in the dynamic response of a rigid barrier. A series of physical flume tests were conducted to investigate the influence of varying the particle diameter of mono-dispersed flows on the impact kinematics of a model rigid barrier. Particle sizes of 3, 10, 23 and 38 mm were investigated. Physical tests results were then used to calibrate a discrete element model for carrying out numerical back-analyses. Results reveal that aside from considering bulk characteristics of the flow, such as the average velocity and bulk density, the impact load strongly depends on the particle size. The particle size influences the degree of grain inertial stresses which become manifested as sharp impulses in the dynamic response of a rigid barrier. Impact models that only consider a single impulse using the equation of elastic collision warrant caution as a cluster of coarse grains induce numerous impulses that can exceed current design recommendations by several orders of magnitude. Although these impulses are transient, they may induce local strucutral damage. Furthermore, the equation of elastic collision should be adopted when the normalized particle size with the flow depth, δ/h, is larger than 0.9 for Froude numbers less than 3.5. 相似文献
2.
柱状岩体崩塌具有分布范围广、破坏能力强、影响范围大的特点。2004年8月12号,重庆甑子岩W12危岩体发生崩塌,崩塌体运动距离约600 m,形成显著超前空气冲击效应,激起浮尘高度约150 m。文章基于MatDEM离散元软件对甑子岩崩塌动力特征与破碎规律进行了研究,建立了按照实际节理分布的崩塌模型,实现了崩塌全过程的模拟,并结合影像资料验证了模型的有效性,在此基础上对MatDEM进行二次开发,统计分析了崩塌过程中岩块粒径演化规律,确定了崩塌过程中的四个显著颗粒破碎时刻,分别为崩塌源区底部岩体受压破碎、中上部岩体撞击低速三角区、中部岩体撞击斜坡地面与上部岩体撞击斜坡地面。引入分形维数与双参数Weibull分布模型分析了崩塌前后颗粒破碎规律,结果显示崩塌后颗粒破碎明显,细粒颗粒占比显著增加。文章为岩体崩塌的动力特征与破碎规律的研究提供了依据。 相似文献
3.
高磨蚀性致密砂层中盾构刀具磨损严重制约施工效率。为准确预测大直径泥水盾构刮刀的磨损量与削掘距离寿命,本文采用隧道断面面积统计分析法和分段体积统计分析法对苏通GIL综合管廊工程DK0+~DK1+780段隧道所穿越的密实复合砂层进行统计分析。结合典型断面各地层面积权重,分段各地层体积权重及单一地层磨耗系数K得到了隧道穿越密实复合砂层各典型截面和分段上加权平均磨耗系数K'及其变化规律。根据加权平均磨耗系数K'及相应刀具磨损模型,对大直径泥水盾构在密实复合砂层中刀具磨损量及削掘距离寿命进行预测。并将预测结果与类似工程地质条件下南京长江隧道大直径泥水盾构实际施工过程中刀具磨损量及削掘距离寿命进行比较。研究结果表明:加权平均磨耗系数K'随掘进里程增加整体呈逐渐增大趋势,在1778m处取得最大值K'max=18.36×10-3mm·km-1;刀具最严重磨损发生在安装直径D=12.07m处。取限定磨损量δ=5mm,对应的削掘距离寿命分别为L1=1063m和L2=453m,因此需要进行两次刀具更换。与南京长江隧道泥水盾构刀具实际磨损情况的对比表明预测结果具有较高的可靠性。该研究成果为苏通GIL综合管廊工程及类似地层条件下越江隧道盾构刀具磨损预测及更换提供了一定的理论依据。 相似文献
4.
大别造山带构造超压形成的碰撞力学机理 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
提出了大别山构造超压形成的点碰撞模型，简要分析了大陆碰撞带构造运动引起的粘性介质中粘性应力和平均应力随岩石物性的变化规律。探讨了构造压力对超高压的贡献及对成岩深度的重要意义。研究表明：构造运动引起的岩石圈中的附加压力可能与静岩压力有相同的数量级，大陆造山带两陆块不规则边界的碰撞会引起局部应力集中，产生较大的构造压力，岩石介质的流变学分析表明，在相同外力作用下，岩石圈上部的高粘度性质决定了其在构造活动期间增温效果显著，但增压效果有限；而粘性较低的岩石圈下部则增压效果明显，为此，在下地壳与上地幔之间的低粘度带内有可能发生超高压变质作用。 相似文献
5.
滑体的运动速度、堆积形态、冲击力等因素决定了碎屑流的致灾程度。滑源区不同岩性特征和结构分布的差异导致了滑体粒序分布和颗粒粒径的差异。在运动过程中产生的碰撞、摩擦、跳跃,影响着滑坡碎屑流的致灾程度。在物理模型试验的基础上,运用三维离散元软件PFC3D,探究滑源区粒序分布及颗粒粒径对滑体运动速度、堆积形态、冲击力的影响。研究结果表明:碎屑流中各粒径颗粒的平均速度受颗粒粒径及滑源区初始粒序的共同影响,且初始粒序对各颗粒平均速度影响更大;在堆积形态方面,粒径大小对厚度方向上的粒序排布影响较大,而滑源区粒序分布对单种颗粒的堆积形态影响较大;在颗粒分选作用下,颗粒粒径成为控制峰值冲击力的主要因素,而滑源区粒序分布则通过决定滑体堆积形态控制了准静态堆积阶段碎屑流的冲击力。 相似文献
6.
将基于圆化多边形离散单元法与有限元方法结合,提出一种可变形圆化多边形离散单元法。此法对块体离散元进行圆化处理,可较好地表征不规则块体外形,又保留了颗粒离散元计算高效的优势。在求解接触力时,消除了角点处法向奇异等问题,同时增强计算的稳定性和简化接触判断。同时对切向接触力计算模型进行修正,使得接触力计算效率得到提高。此法突破了圆化多边形刚体假设的限制,可以精确计算任意形状不规则离散单元之间的相互作用,对单元的运动和变形进行模拟。通过超静定梁冲击试验、不规则块体单轴压缩试验和料斗流动“卡阻”试验3个数值模拟算例,论证此法可以有效地捕捉单元的碰撞、分离和变形等空间运动和自身特性以及其细观力学表征。 相似文献
7.
大别山陆—陆点碰撞和构造超压的形成 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
依据大别造山带的地质特征及古地磁证据, 提出大陆动力学非规则边界陆-陆点碰撞模型, 采用数值模拟方法, 分析点碰撞所引起的构造应力集中及其影响因素, 探讨构造压力在大别山超高压变质岩形成过程中所起的作用, 推测可能形成的深度范围.研究表明: 在本文的模拟条件下, (1) 大陆碰撞初期产生的构造应力场中的平均压力在碰撞点附近增大了约5~9倍.在边界力为100 MPa的情况下, 构造压力在超高压中所占的比例约为20 %~35 %; (2) 由于有构造压力的作用和影响, 超高压变质岩的形成深度有可能被提升20~35 km; (3) 仅考虑碰撞方式, 不计岩石物性差异和其他因素的影响, 构造应力的影响有限, 静岩压力在超高压变质岩形成过程中仍占据主导地位. 相似文献
8.
大别山陆一陆点碰撞和构造超压的形成 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
依据大别造山带的地质特征及古地磁证据,提出大陆动力学非规则边界陆-陆点碰撞模型,采用数值模拟方法,分析点碰撞所引起的构造应力集中及其影响因素,探讨构造压力在大别山超高压变质岩形成过程中所起的作用,推测可能形成的深度范围.研究表明:在本文的模拟条件下,(1)大陆碰撞初期产生的构造应力场中的平均压力在碰撞点附近增大了约5～9倍.在边界力为100 MPa的情况下,构造压力在超高压中所占的比例约为20%～35%;(2)由于有构造压力的作用和影响,超高压变质岩的形成深度有可能被提升20～35 km;(3)仅考虑碰撞方式,不计岩石物性差异和其他因素的影响,构造应力的影响有限,静岩压力在超高压变质岩形成过程中仍占据主导地位. 相似文献
9.
作为一种特殊的岩土介质材料,钙质砂具有在低压下易破碎的性质。微生物诱导方解石沉淀（MICP）技术得到了广泛的关注和认可,可用来改善钙质砂的破碎特性。文章从室内试验和离散元模拟两个角度分别对钙质砂颗粒MICP固化前后进行单颗粒压碎试验,通过Weibull分布和SEM扫描等探究了MICP对钙质砂颗粒破碎行为的影响。结果表明：离散元模拟得到的生存概率曲线及Weibull模量m值与试验结果均吻合较好,验证了该数值模型的有效性。与室内试验相比,数值模拟可以精确地反映颗粒的裂纹分布及破碎过程,且可以研究同一颗粒MICP固化前后的情形,弥补了室内实验的不足,但其取决于模型参数的选取;经过MICP固化后的钙质砂颗粒表面有明显的方解石结晶生成,颗粒表面及内孔隙分别得到一定程度的包裹和填充,导致颗粒破碎强度有明显的增强且离散性大大降低,破碎模式由“多峰型”向“单峰型”转变,局部裂纹减少,多以表面磨损和直接产生贯穿裂纹为主。 相似文献
10.
F. N. Okonta 《Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering》2014,47(4):1335-1344
Sub-angular-shaped aggregates are used as rail foundation ballasts and must remain sub-angular during their service life time to maintain particle–particle interlocking, in order to ensure the stability of the rail line and prevent accidents by derailment. Here, the screening of dolerite quarry aggregates for use as railway foundation ballasts was investigated by employing simple digital image and chart methods. The average particle size (d 50), flakiness index (FI), Los Angeles abrasion index (LAAI), sphericity (SPH) and roundness (RND) were determined for two batches of dolerite ballasts from the Rooikraal quarry in Johannesburg and Ngagane quarry in Newcastle. Thirty samples from each of the two batches of ballast were analysed. The ballasts were progressively abraded using a Los Angeles abrasion device and were analysed after each cycle of abrasion. A decrease in d 50 and an increase in FI with increased number of abrasion cycles were observed for both batches of dolerite ballast. The difference in the chart and digital image values of RND and SPH were marginal before abrasion; however, these differences increased with each abrasion cycle. The LAAI, d 50, mean RND and mean SPH correlated significantly and were found to have high regression coefficients. Thus, statistical models are proposed for the non-destructive routine screening of in-place ballasts in order to track marginal changes in aggregate shapes, facilitate ballast replacement programmes and avoid rail line instability. 相似文献
11.
近年来,鄂尔多斯盆地南部环形影像特征逐渐引起人们的关注。这个独立于鄂尔多斯盆地的环形整体特殊形状的成因各有说法。在野外地质考察的基础上,通过分析对比和探究各种相关资料,发现:鄂尔多斯盆地南部环形区和秦祁海槽在各大构造运动中都有密切联系,二者处于同一应力场;鄂尔多斯盆地南部环形区的主要成因为其与秦祁海槽等周围块体之间的相互作用,包括挤压、碰撞、旋转和磨蚀;鄂尔多斯盆地南部环形区受到古生代到新生代多次构造运动的影响,其中燕山运动和喜马拉雅运动对其抬升及形状的形成起主要作用。 相似文献
12.
Understanding the fundamental dynamics of interaction between multi-phase geophysical flows and engineering structures is crucial for mitigating geophysical hazards. Specifically, liquid phase between particles induces matric suction which could play a significant part in regulating flow dynamics and warrants further consideration. In this study, flume model tests were conducted to investigate the effects of water content (0–30%) on the impact behavior of granular flows. The particle image velocimetry technique was adopted to visualize the impact kinematics and the impact force was measured through a model barrier system. Results revealed that, besides geometric effects (kinetic sieving), mechanical effects (shearing and collision) are also vital for the mechanism of reverse segregation. At higher water contents, 20 and 30% in this study, discrete-surge impact, rather than a progressive impact process, was observed. The discrete surges induce impulses on the barrier. The discrete surges result from self-organization of unsaturated granular flows to overcome the enhanced shear strength induced by matric suction. Finally, a dimensionless index, namely the suction number, is used to quantify the effect of suction on the dynamic behavior of granular flows. Even for large-scale geophysical flows, if the content of fine particles is high, effect of suction should not be neglected. 相似文献
13.
Given a marine basin of near homogeneous lithology, a known sea level curve, and known submarine abrasion rates, a model is developed to estimate the volume of material eroded by marine action. Assumptions of the model are that erosion is effected solely by submarine abrasion, which is assumed known and uniform through time, and that the volume eroded is small relative to the total volume of the basin. The basis of the model is that the volume eroded V, between time limits t1 andt 2,is essentially a function of the perimeter length l of the basin, which in turn is time-dependent on the sea level curve, so that $$V = k\int_{t1}^{t2} {l(t)dt} $$ where k is an abrasion rate constant. The model was tested on Kiel Bay, Western Baltic, a shallow semienclosed, essentially nontidal sea, for which considerable data is available. Critical for numerical integration of the model is the k value, representing the volume eroded from the shore normal profile per unit length of shoreline per year. A number of possible k values were utilized, the most likely realizing a total volume eroded over the past 9000 y, since the sea first entered Kiel Bay, of 2.60×109 m 3. From this model, long-term average vertical submarine abrasion rates for Kiel Bay can be deduced as being between 0.001 and 0.0004 m/y. An extension to the model analyzes the effect of sea level transgression rate on whether cliffs develop and predicts the theoretical form of the submarine profile based on varying abrasion rates summarized as $$y_B (x) = \left\{ {\begin{array}{*{20}c} {h({x \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {x {V_c }}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {V_c }}) - a_T (x) for x > 0;} \\ {x\tan \theta - a_T (x) for x > 0.} \\ \end{array} } \right.$$ Here the origin x=0, yB=0 is chosen horizontally at the position where cliff formation first occurs, and vertically at the sea level at that time. The coordinate x measures distance inshore from the origin, yB(x) is the vertical position of the sea floor, aT(x) is the total depth abraded, tanθ is the original land surface slope, Vc the rate of cliff retreat, and h(t) the sea-level at time t. The synthetic profiles are compared to actual erosional profiles from representative sectors of Kiel Bay. The model predicts cliff development began at about 5800 yB.P., resulting in submarine abrasion profile lengths of about 1740 m and cliff heights of about 17.4 m for original land surface slopes of 0.01. This agrees to within about 10% of mean values obtained from bathymetric and topographic maps. 相似文献
14.
The Sveconorwegian orogeny in SW Baltica comprised a series of geographically and tectonically discrete events between 1140 and 920 Ma. Thrusting and high-grade metamorphism at 1140–1080 Ma in central parts of the orogen were followed by arc magmatism and ultra-high-temperature metamorphism at 1060–920 Ma in the westernmost part of the orogen. In the eastern part of the orogen, crustal thickening and high-pressure metamorphism took place at 1050 in one terrane and at 980 Ma in another. These discrete tectonothermal events are incompatible with an evolution resulting from collision with another major, continental landmass, and better explained as accretion and re-amalgamation of fragmented and attenuated crustal blocks of the SW Baltica margin behind an evolving continental-margin arc. In contrast, the coeval, along-strike Grenvillian orogeny is typically ascribed to long-lived collision with Amazonia. Here we argue that coeval, but tectonically different events in the Sveconorwegian and Grenville orogens may be linked through the behavior of the Amazonia plate. Subduction of Amazonian oceanic crust, and consequent slab pull, beneath the Sveconorwegian may have driven long-lived collision in the Grenville. Conversely, the development of a major orogenic plateau in the Grenville may have slowed convergence, thereby affecting the rate of oceanic subduction and thus orogenic evolution in the Sveconorwegian. Convergence ceased in the Grenville at ca. 980 Ma, in contrast to the Sveconorwegian where convergence continued until ca. 920 Ma, and must have been accommodated elsewhere along the Grenville–Amazonia segment of the margin, for example in the Goiás Magmatic Arc which had been established along the eastern Amazonian margin by 930 Ma. Our model shows how contrasting but coeval orogenic behavior can be linked through geodynamic coupling along and across tectonic plates. 相似文献
15.
结合TBM施工隧道岩石耐磨性试验和岩石力学强度试验,获得岩石的耐磨值与各力学强度值;采用回归分析方法建立了岩石耐磨性与岩石各力学强度指标之间的相关关系数学模型。研究结果表明,岩石耐磨值与抗压强度、抗拉强度、粘聚力、点荷载强度呈指数函数关系,与内摩擦角呈对数函数关系,两者之间呈正相关关系。 相似文献
16.
以碰撞型造山带的构造模式为基础,在理论上讨论了碰撞造山过程中成岩成矿作用的特征和时空演化规律,建立了碰撞造山成岩成矿模式,指出碰撞型造山带的超叠壳楔上应依次出现热液矿床带(D带)、花岗岩带(G带)和斑岩带(P带)。西准噶尔地区被认为是碰撞型造山带,其金矿化可按碰撞造山成岩成矿模式研究。模式的D带,即张贻侠等强调的达拉布特断裂北侧,应是找金矿的重点地区。 相似文献
17.
风成沉积是干旱或半干旱气候下的一种典型产物,包括石漠戈壁滩,沙漠和风成黄土。世界上研究得较详细的古代沙漠沉积的地质时代是侏罗纪、二叠-三叠纪、泥盆纪、下寒武世和前寒武纪,尤其是二叠纪最佳。在我国,已经报道的古风成沉积时代不老于白垩纪。1963年张步春和王景钵首次报道在广东河源红色盆地地层中,发现了风成斜层理和风棱石。后来,笔者在湖南沅麻红色盆地的白垩系中也发现有风成砂。 相似文献
18.
西藏冈底斯东段南缘桑布加拉辉钼矿Re-Os定年及地质意义 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
雅鲁藏布江缝合带北侧的桑布加拉矽卡岩型铜矿床为冈底斯成矿带南亚带典型多金属矿床之一。该矿床的8件辉钼矿样品Re-Os等时线年龄为（93.3±4.1）Ma,平均模式年龄为（94.5±1.6）Ma,表明桑布加拉矿床形成于晚白垩世新特提斯洋向北俯冲消减阶段。洋壳俯冲消减阶段形成的桑布加拉铜矿床及其新生代不同时期多金属矿床的发现,说明冈底斯成矿带在俯冲消减阶段、主碰撞阶段、晚碰撞阶段和后碰撞阶段均存在大规模成矿作用,并构成完整的成矿演化系列。 相似文献
19.
We propose that the development of the Borborema Province from 620 to 570 Ma resulted from two discrete collisional events. Collision I, along the West Gondwana Orogen on the west side of the Province, took place at c. 620–610 Ma as the result of collision between the Parnaíba Block, as the forefront of the much larger Amazonian‐West Africa Craton, and the old basement of the Borborema Province. The suture zone related to this collision was reactivated by a dextral transform zone (the Transbrasiliano Lineament), allowing the Borborema Province to approach and collide against the São Francisco Craton in the south at c. 590–580 Ma marking collision II along the Sergipano Orogen. The combined stresses related to eastward push from collision I and northward push from the cratonic indentation into a thickened lithosphere gave rise to an extensive network of strike‐slip shear zones across the Province, forcing its northeastward extrusion. 相似文献
20.
G. A. Karnaukhova 《Lithology and Mineral Resources》2001,36(1):77-85
Long-term investigations in the largest artificial pool (Bratsk Reservoir) have shown that the formation of bottom sediments is mainly governed by the geological structure of its shores and floor, the hydrodynamic regime of the reservoir, and the dynamics of the supply of sediment-forming material. The bed and shore zone of the reservoir are made up of Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic rocks. The shores composed of Quaternary alluvial and deluvial sediments are longest (2400 km). The principal indicator of the hydrodynamic regime of this basin is water level change that defines other parameters, such as waves and currents. The principal sediment-forming sources are river discharge and abrasion of coastal cliffs. The river discharge is a continuous, relatively stable (in time) geological process, whose action is dictated by climatic conditions of the region under consideration. The abrasion of coastal cliffs is a discrete event chiefly related to technological factor, i.e., changes in reservoir water level caused by the exploitation regime of the hydroelectric power plant. 相似文献