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1.
格拉沟位于青海省内陆滩地，其形成演化反映了西北地区典型的水土流失过程。文章在收集大量野外资料的基础上，研究了格拉沟的形成演化机制，并对该沟道主要工程地质问题进行了探讨。分析认为，格拉沟形成演化是该地区特殊的内因外因共同作用的结果，基于此对其发育演化阶段进行了划分与预测。该沟主要工程地质问题为边坡稳定性、渗透稳定性、河流侵蚀等。其中边坡稳定性主要包括天然岸坡整体稳定性及崩塌、坠溜、滑塌等；渗透稳定性主要包括潜蚀与管涌；河流下切与溯源侵蚀则成为岸坡失稳破坏的重要诱发因素。探讨格拉沟形成演化机制及其主要工程地质问题，对于研究西北地区水土流失机理及其产生的环境问题具有一定的借鉴作用。 相似文献
2.
Effects of gully erosion and gully filling on soil depth and crop production in the black soil region, northeast China 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
Honghu Liu Tianyu Zhang Baoyuan Liu Gang Liu G. V. Wilson 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2013,68(6):1723-1732
Gully erosion is a very serious problem in the black soil region of northeast China. Gully filling is often adopted for controlling gully erosion by local farmers and thus causes more serious soil erosion. In this study an ephemeral gully (EG, 74 m) and a classical gully (CG, 52 m) connected at the gully’s headcut were selected as the study site. Two comparisons were made to explore the effects of gully erosion and the subsequent gully filling on soil depth and soybean yield: (1) soil depth between 81 sample points in the study site and 11 reference points along the same slope with the gully; (2) soybean yield between 81 sample points in the study site and 30 baseline locations near the study site. The results indicated that gully erosion caused the reduction of soil depth and soybean yield. Although filling gullies with soil from adjacent areas seemed to be an expedient way to remediate the gullies, it resulted in substantial soybean yield reduction. Gully erosion reduced the soil depth and soybean yield in 74.4 and 83.9 % of the study site, respectively. The soybean yield reduction ratio was 34.5 % for the whole study site and 2.6 % for the black soil region. Soil depth was the most important soil property indicator to reduce yield. Every 1 cm decrease in soil depth in the areas adjacent to gullies due to infilling activities resulted in a 2 % decrease in yield. More significant was the deposition of sediment from gully erosion, which completely eliminated soybean yield. Currently, effective soil and water conservation measures are not known and adopted by local farmers extensively. In the future, once some measures for preventing soil erosion, in particular gully erosion, were proved effective, these technologies should be disseminated among local farmers. 相似文献
3.
茶隆隆巴曲位于帕隆藏布右岸,陡变地形孕育了大量高位地质灾害,威胁下游线性工程。采用多源、多期次高分辨率遥感数据,建立高位地质灾害遥感解译标志,厘定了研究区高位地质灾害类型,并详细阐述了其发育特征。结果表明,研究区主要地质灾害类型包括高位冰崩、高位崩塌、高位滑坡。其中高位冰崩发育3处,均位于沟谷上游南坡海拔5000 m斜坡,面积在15×104 m2以上。高位崩塌体发育19处,多分布于沟谷中游及上游主沟两侧高陡岸坡,北坡多于南坡。高位滑坡发育2处,位于沟谷上游,滑体以冰碛物为主。上述高位地质灾害在强震或强降雨作用下,极易发生失稳、堵沟,且堵沟后极易诱发洪水、泥石流等次生灾害链,对下游帕隆藏布造成堵江风险。 相似文献
4.
Maerker Michael Qu&#;n&#;herv&#; Geraldine Bachofer Felix Mori Simone 《Natural Hazards》2015,76(1):235-257
Gully erosion is a major threat concerning landscape degradation in large areas along the northern Tanzanian Rift valley. It is the dominant erosion process producing large parts of the sediments that are effectively conducted into the river network. The study area is located in the Lake Manyara—Makuyuni River catchment, Arusha, northern Tanzania. During fieldwork, we measured topographic data of eight gully systems close to Makuyuni Town. The main focus of this study is to assess gully erosion dynamics using improved DEMs with original resolutions of 30 and 20 m, respectively. We assessed terrain characteristics to extract information on environmental drivers. To improve the DEM, we integrated information deduced from satellite images as well as from acquired GPS field data. Topographic indices such as Stream Power Index or Transport Capacity Index were derived from the re-interpolated DEM. To evaluate gully evolution, we assessed also the longitudinal slope profiles. Finally, the gully evolution phases of each gully were classified according to the concept proposed by Kosov et al. (Eksperimental’naya geomorfologiya, vol 3. Moscow University, Moskva, pp 113–140, 1978). The re-interpolated DEMs revealed a positive response especially for the more developed gullies. We show that the extraction of information on this spatial process scale based on “low-resolution” data is feasible with little additional fieldwork and image interpretation. In fact, areas identified as having a greater risk of gully erosion have been confirmed by observations and surveys carried out in the field. 相似文献
5.
冕宁县安宁河流域为地质灾害密集分布区,安宁河断裂穿越于此,构造复杂,冷渍沟在上游左岸发育。在强降雨条件下,该沟就会暴发泥石流,堵塞安宁河流域和掩埋杀叶马村房屋和道路。冷渍沟泥石流具有流域面积小,主沟长度短,沟床纵比降大等特征,为了研究安宁河流域内泥石流的危险性,以冷渍沟为例,分析不同降雨周期下的泥石流暴发强度,模拟泥石流的运动过程并进行危险性评价。模拟的最大流速、最大堆积深度和降雨强度三者结合建立冷渍沟泥石流危险性评价模型。研究结果表明,冷渍沟泥石流危险范围内高危险区域占27%,主要集中在松散固体物质较多的沟道,中危险性区域和低危险区域各占56%和17%,该结论为危险范围内的居民和重点设施的风险管控提供参考。 相似文献
6.
则隆弄沟位于西藏林芝米林县雅鲁藏布江右岸,属于震后影响区,因沟内地形陡峻、物源充足以及水源充沛,1950—2020年期间沟内高位地质灾害活动频繁,沟口村庄和桥梁长期遭受其严重威胁。根据现场调查与无人机航拍,结合多期遥感影像和InSAR数据,对则隆弄沟形成区高风险物源类别、数量以及流通区、堆积区的松散堆积物运动堆积特征进行解译,结果显示:目前则隆弄沟内形成区与流通区陡缓坡交界区域多级多期堆积有大量冰碛物松散物源,流动性较强,区域地质条件、地震活动、气象水文等因素为则隆弄高位链式地质灾害发生提供不稳定的物源结构、良好的临空条件和储藏平台、充足的势动能转换条件以及水动力条件。总结出则隆弄高位地质灾害链形成及演化过程为:高位冰崩（岩崩）-碎屑流-泥石流-堵江堰塞坝（湖）-洪水灾害,其长期具备高易发性和高危险性,后期应加强则隆弄沟高位地质灾害链的监测预警与风险防控。 相似文献
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黄土由于湿陷性、大孔隙、水敏性等特点,导致黄土地区的地质灾害广布,并且各灾种之间表现出明显的链生效应,使得黄土地区地质灾害的成因机理及防治研究愈发复杂。本文通过分析整理黄土地区典型灾害及灾害链事件,归纳了黄土地区灾害的发育现状,详细描述了两条典型的黄土地质灾害链式结构,并以天水大沟滑坡-泥石流灾害为例,阐述了黄土灾害链链生过程中的放大效应。根据黄土灾害研究现状,凝练了黄土灾害链研究中的3个关键问题,针对性地提出各自的研究思路,并指出今后需更加注重黄土灾害链的风险评价及断链措施方面的研究。本文针对黄土地区灾害链研究中若干问题的初步思考,旨在为后续的灾害链研究提供科学建议。 相似文献
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冰雪型地质灾害链高位萌生、动力溃散及物相转化过程剖析北大核心CSCD 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
受全球气候变暖对高海拔山地区气温放大效应影响,冰雪型地质灾害趋于增多,且普遍呈现链式发育特征,具有灾害类型动态转化、影响范围大、破坏程度高等特点,严重威胁区域内重大工程建设安全。基于实地考察与文献调研方式,将高寒山地区常见冰雪型地质灾害凝练为:冰岩崩、雪岩崩、冰雪型碎屑流、冰碛物堆积滑坡、冰湖溃决、冰川型泥石流6类,并分别剖析各自典型的发育特征;而后,对冰雪型地质灾害3种典型链式组合关系予以剖析,发现:冰雪型地质灾害链普遍存在“高位萌生→动力溃散→物相转化”动态演化过程;据此,对冰雪型地质灾害高位萌生、动力溃散及物相转化三阶段特征及内在机制进行分析,明确了冰雪型地质灾害的“高位萌生→位能转化→侵蚀铲刮→滑移堆积”累积链生放大机理。最后,对冰雪型地质灾害链各演化阶段进行评价模型梳理,认为:新型破碎-扩散模型、Flores接触力模型可用于评价冰雪型地质灾害高位萌生向动力溃散过程;犁切模型可较好描述其侵蚀铲刮与体积放大过程;颗粒流模型、空气润滑模型、超孔隙水压力模型可用于揭示后续的高速滑移堆积特征;而Voellmy流变模型、Bingham流体渗流模型可较好解释其灾害链条的物相转化特征。研究对于科学评价冰雪型地质灾害链动态演化过程具有基础参考价值。 相似文献
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色东普沟位于雅鲁藏布江下游左岸、加拉白垒峰下方,受温度、降水和地震的因素影响,曾多次发生高位地质灾害并造成雅鲁藏布江堵塞。通过实地调查,结合Landsat等多源、多期遥感影像以及InSAR雷达数据,对色东普沟高位地质灾害发育特征进行分析,并对现存变形体进行解译和分析,得到以下结论:色东普沟发育多处冰川、崩塌、滑坡和冰湖灾害;色东普沟自2001年起20年间,发生高位地质灾害堵塞雅鲁藏布江干流事件共5次;沟内上部极高山区现存确定变形体3处和疑似变形体2处;针对发生于2018年的两次色东普高位地质灾害,认为其物源来自于一处高位岩崩区和三处高位冰崩区。研究结果为色东普高位地质灾害的进一步研究提供了初步数据,并为类似地质灾害的研究提供了有效的科学思路。 相似文献
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则木河断裂带位于青藏高原东南缘,川滇菱形地块东边界的突起上,为大型左旋走滑活动断裂,因其所处的特殊构造部位、强烈的地壳形变与断裂活动,从而具有地形复杂、构造强烈、地震活跃、次生地质灾害严重的特点。大箐断层在则木河断裂带次级断裂中活动速率最大,地处断陷河谷盆地和大箐梁子隆起区,且大箐梁子为1850年7.5级地震震中和断层枢纽运动中心,河谷保留冰川活动的遗迹,地质灾害发育,因此将大箐断层作为研究对象具有良好的典型性和代表性。通过现场调查,依据孕育地灾的地质背景条件,斜坡在地震动力作用下的响应特征和斜坡失稳的成因机制,将断裂致灾模式分为3大类,7亚类,共15种类型。大类的划分主要依据地质灾害的类型,亚类考虑灾害动力响应过程及斜坡失稳演化模式,是斜坡失稳破坏最显著的差异;小类的划分主要依据坡体的地质结构,是灾害失稳具体形式上的差异。本文较为系统地揭示了大箐断层地质灾害的成因机制及致灾模式。 相似文献
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则木河断裂带具有构造活动强烈、地震活跃、次生地质灾害严重的特点。本文以鹅掌河流域为例,通过对断裂的活动特征,地质灾害的分布规律、长期活动性与成因机制和地貌演化进行分析,研究得出:（1）则木河断裂带活动特征影响地质环境的演化。新构造运动引起断裂带局部应变失衡,断裂活动诱发频繁地震;隆起和断陷断块的差异性活动,加剧地貌演化与地表过程;沉积建造环境的不同,影响岩土体的剥蚀与沉积;断裂的掀斜运动,改变地表水系格局与地热运移。（2）活动断裂对地质灾害的控制作用,表现为灾害具有时空效应。空间上,灾害沿断裂带呈带状分布,沿水系呈线状分布,具有地层倾向性,集中于断裂破碎带的软岩,微地貌效应显著;时间上,现有地质灾害在多次地震扰动和强降雨触发下形成,鹅掌河形成高频泥石流。（3）断裂活动影响灾害成因机制和灾害类型及破坏模式,脆弱的地质环境在地震持续扰动和极端降雨的耦合作用是灾害频发的根本原因;依据灾害成灾机制,将灾害分为3大类,7小类,具有震裂斜坡的典型破坏模式。（4）活动断裂与地质灾害相互作用决定地貌演化。鹅掌河泥石流影响邛海的地貌变迁,通过计算构造隆起量与灾害剥蚀量,表明鹅掌河处于隆起区,邛海处于淤积区。由此可见,则木河断裂活动特征通过影响区域地质环境演化,诱发大量的地震地质灾害,最终由地震构造作用驱动的隆起和断陷,地表灾害过程驱动的剥蚀和淤积,两者相互作用决定现有地貌的演化。 相似文献
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Gully erosion is an important environmental issue with severe impacts. This study aimed to characterize gully erosion susceptibility and assess the capability of information value (InfVal) and frequency ratio (FR) models for its spatial prediction in Ourika watershed of the High Atlas region of Morocco. These two bivariate statistical methods have been used for gully erosion susceptibility mapping by comparing each data layer of causative factor to the existing gully distribution. Weights to the gully causative factors are assigned based on gully density. Gullies have been mapped through field surveys and Google earth high-resolution images. Lithofacies, land use, slope gradient, length-slope, aspect, stream power index, topographical wetness index and plan curvature were considered predisposing factors to gullying. The digitized gullies were randomly split into two parts. Sixty-five percent (65%) of the mapped gullies were randomly selected as training set to build gully susceptibility models, while the remaining 35% cases were used as validation set for the models’ validation. The results showed that barren and sparse vegetation lands and slope gradient above 50% were very susceptible to gully erosion. The ROC curve was used for testing the accuracy of the mentioned models. The analysis confirms that the FR model (AUC 80.61%) shows a better accuracy than InfVal model (AUC 52.07%). The performance of the gully erosion susceptibility map constructed by FR model is greater than that of the map produced by InfVal model. The findings proved that GIS-based bivariate statistical methods such as frequency ratio model could be successfully applied in gully susceptibility mapping in Morocco mountainous regions and in other similar environments. The produced susceptibility map represents a useful tool for sustainable planning, conservation and protection of land from gully processes. 相似文献
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A dry debris avalanche will produce different volumes of colluviums or depositions (loose materials), which can have a significant impact on mountainous rivers or gullies. The loose material supply process caused by a debris avalanche is an important issue for understanding secondary disasters that form via the coupling of water flow and loose materials. Two flumes were designed for laboratory tests of the loose materials supply process to rivers/gullies, and the related impact factors were analyzed. Experimental results show that the supply of loose materials is a continuous process that directly relates to the avalanche’s mass movement processes. The sliding masses with smaller particle sizes are more sensitive to the flume slope and exhibited a longer supply time. The time-consuming for the debris avalanche travel in the flume decreased with the increasing particle size (such as flume B, time-consuming is decreased 0.2 s when the particle size increased from <1.0 to 20–60 mm), landslide volume and flume slope (flume A, consuming 1.6–2.1 s when flume slope is 29° decreased to consuming 1.3–1.5 s when flume slope is 41°), which means the increasing mobility of loose materials. The total supply time increased with the increasing landslide volume or decreasing particle size and flume slope. An empirical model for the process is presented based on numerous laboratory tests and numerical simulations, which can successfully describe the supply process for loose materials to a river/gully. The supply process of loose materials to mountainous gully from a dry debris avalanche is controlled by the material compositions of sliding masses, topographical conditions, landslide volume and bed friction, where large-volume debris avalanches that occur in mountainous river regions are more likely to obstruct the river flow and form a landslide-dammed lake. 相似文献
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白龙江流域为泥石流等地质灾害密集分布区。2020年8月由于强降雨激发,白龙江流域武都段发生了大规模的群发性泥石流灾害,造成严重损失。文章以白龙江流域甘肃省陇南市武都段（宕昌县两河口乡—武都区桔柑镇）为研究区,通过野外实地考察,选取流域面积、流域形状系数、平均坡度、沟谷密度、物源参照值（HI）、岩性、流域中心距活动断层距离、一小时最大降雨量、植被覆盖度作为泥石流危险性评价因子。基于灾害熵理论,分别以泥石流单沟和小流域单元作为评价单元,利用ArcGIS软件,进行区域泥石流危险性评价。分析结果表明,研究区内泥石流沟大多数都属于中、高危险性。致灾因子中岩性、物源参照值（HI）、距断层距离、植被覆盖度及平均坡度的权重最大,与实际考察结果一致。且以小流域单元作为评价单元的评价结果更符合研究区的泥石流发育情况。 相似文献
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Soil erosion by water is a significant problem in arid and semi-arid areas of large parts of Iran. Water erosion is one of the most effective phenomena that leads to decreasing soil productivity and pollution of water resources; especially, in the Mazayjan watershed in the southwest of Fars Province gully erosion contributes to the sediment dynamics in a significant way. Consequently, the intention of this research is to identify the different types of soil erosion processes acting in the area and to assess the process dynamics in an integrative way. Therefore, we applied GIS and satellite image analysis techniques to derive input information for the numeric models. For sheet and rill erosion the Unit Stream Power-based Erosion Deposition Model (USPED) was utilized. The spatial distribution of gully erosion was assessed using a statistical approach, which used three variables (stream power index, slope, and flow accumulation) to predict the spatial distribution of gullies in the study area. The eroded gully volumes were estimated for a 7-year period by fieldwork and Google Earth high-resolution images. Finally the gully retreat rates were integrated into the USPED model. The results show that the integration of the SPI approach to quantify gully erosion with the USPED model is a suitable method to qualitatively and quantitatively assess water erosion processes. The application of GIS and stochastic model approaches to spatialize the USPED model input yields valuable results for the prediction of soil erosion in the Mazayjan catchment. The results of this research help to develop an appropriate management of soil and water resources in the southwestern parts of Iran. 相似文献
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针对西气东输工程（甘肃段）管道沿线地质灾害现状,本文重点论述了影响管线施工及运营安全的崩塌（不稳定斜坡）、泥石流、洪水冲蚀、风蚀沙埋、特殊岩土灾害的分布和发育特征,并结合线状工程的特点及各种地质灾害的发育特征和危害程度,提出了防治措施,为管道沿线防灾、减灾及灾害治理提供一定的指导依据。 相似文献
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岩土体是组成斜坡地质结构的基本单元,斜坡地质结构类型与地质灾害的发育类型密切相关。店子街幅图幅调查范围内主要发育软弱-较坚硬层状泥岩、砂岩岩组,风积黄土单层土体,粉土、砂砾卵石双层土体,粉土、碎石和基岩碎屑多层土体等4类岩土体,这些不同的岩土体组成了6种不同的斜坡地质结构,进而演变形成了不同类型、不同规模的斜坡地质灾害。黄土斜坡结构和黄土—冲洪积层斜坡结构多演变发生小型滑坡灾害、黄土—泥岩斜坡结构多演变发生中—大型黄土泥岩滑坡灾害、泥岩与泥质砂岩互层斜坡结构多演变发生崩塌灾害、泥岩风化堆积层斜坡结构和滑坡堆积层斜坡结构多演变发生小-中型滑坡灾害。研究不同斜坡地质结构与地质灾害发育类型的发育关系,有助于进一步开展区域崩塌、滑坡形成机理研究,研究成果有助于洮河下游地质灾害防治工作的展开,并为地方政府科学制定地质灾害防灾减灾规划提供了技术支持。 相似文献
19.
采用多坡段组合模型、人工模拟降雨实验研究了土壤侵蚀链垂直带水沙流空间分布变化特征。结果表明:愈向下坡方向的坡段产流量愈大,单位面积、单位时间的产流量按坡段排列为:谷坡>梁峁坡下部>梁峁坡中部>梁峁坡上部。雨强为29.7mm/h时,坡面上没有沟蚀发育;雨强为60.5mm/h时,细沟主要分布在梁峁坡下部和谷坡处;雨强为90 2mm/h时,各种侵蚀形态在坡面均有较好发育,细沟的出现部位一直伸展到梁峁坡中部和上部之间。由于上坡来水来沙的作用,梁峁坡的产沙量增大了20.2%～63.5%,谷坡的产沙量增大了42.9%～74.5%。 相似文献
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对陇东黄土塬区地裂缝灾害的调查表明,在该区不断发生的地裂缝灾害实际上是在黄土构造节理的基础上,黄土潜蚀灾害的一种表现形式,是黄土塬区边缘一种特有的地质灾害现象,其形成除受黄土构造节理控制外,还受黄土本身的湿陷特性及塬面坡度、降水强度、地面硬化等条件制约。本文在灾害现状剖析的基础上,分析了黄土塬区地裂缝灾害的形成机理。 相似文献