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1.
稳定同位素贝壳年轮指示的牡蛎礁体水平夹层成因 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
渤海湾西岸众多的埋藏牡蛎礁体内,除正常的牡蛎壳体堆积层外,还广泛地存在一定数量的水平夹层.水平夹层的存在,可能指示了礁体的生长环境发生了变化.文章对组成礁体的正常建礁层和水平夹层中的牡蛎壳体,进行了贝壳年轮和稳定同位素分析研究,对比了水平夹层和正常建礁层中的壳体生长速率和壳体记录的稳定同位素变化范围与幅度,恢复了壳体记录的礁体生长环境,探讨了壳体同位素记录揭示的礁体水平夹层成因.结果表明,相对于相邻正常建礁层中的壳体,水平夹层中的壳体记录的季节性氧同位素变化幅度较小,这主要与壳体生长时期的季节性淡水输入变化较小或(和)年平均气温较低有关.水平夹层中的壳体记录的低温季节相对较多的淡水输入量和高温季节相对较少的淡水输入量,或(和)由于年平均气温较低而导致的壳体在一年中的生长周期缩短,是造成礁体中水平夹层形成的主要驱动因素. 相似文献
2.
渤海湾西北岸大吴庄牡蛎礁测年与古环境变化 总被引：11，自引：2，他引：9
对位于渤海湾牡蛎礁平原东部的大吴庄牡蛎礁一个完整剖面的系统^14C年代测定与校正表明,该礁体的持续时间约为1600年(7200～5600calBP)。以壳体生长纹层氧、碳同位素获得的礁体平均建造速率1cm／yr来计算礁体的持续时间,结果仅为^14C计年历时的三分之一。^14C测年与壳体同位素计年结果的对比表明,礁体的每一水平层平均占据了一定的时间(约200年),这一时间段是不适宜礁体正常建造的“缓变型地质环境恶化期”。礁体正常建礁层及水平夹层的时空分布与地区性气候变化曲线对比结果表明,水平夹层与正常建礁层的转换与地区性气温波动相对应。水平夹层代表的“缓变型地质环境恶化期”,对应着地区性气温偏冷时期。 相似文献
3.
柴达木盆地察尔汗古湖贝壳堤剖面碳酸盐和 瓣鳃化石碳氧稳定同位素* 总被引：1，自引：10，他引：1
通过对柴达木盆地察尔汗古湖贝壳堤剖面沉积物、生物壳体碳酸盐同位素及沉积物碳酸盐含量等多项指标的分析,探讨了贝壳堤剖面记录39.6~17.1kaB.P.(未校正14 C测年,下同)期间碳酸盐和贝壳化石碳氧稳定同位素的特征和相关关系,指出壳体化石及沉积物碳酸盐的碳氧同位素是湖泊水体温度和盐度的反映,其中δ18 O对温度的指示意义更敏感,是湖泊和古气候演化很好的代用指标。根据这些指标重建的古气候与环境变化显示,在39.6~35.5kaB.P.期间,柴达木盆地处于温暖湿润期,周围山地降水增加,盆地内湖泊发育;自35.5kaB.P.开始,气候较前期更加湿润,是湖泊发育的最佳期;22.1kaB.P.以后,气候逐步转入较温暖的干燥期,湖泊开始萎缩、退化;末期17.1kaB.P.气候环境急剧恶化,形成石盐结晶,湖泊高湖面演化史结束。 相似文献
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淡水软体动物壳化石碳氧同位素组成及其在恢复古气候环境中的应用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文研究了昆明滇池和太湖无锡湾软体动物壳化石的碳氧同位素组成,利用化石同位素组成,恢复了昆明盆地百万年以来和太湖无锡湾近四万年以来的古气候环境。研究表明:淡水软体动物壳化石氧同位素组成,在不同的环境条件下,最大差值可达7‰;钻孔中的不同层位的贝壳化石碳氧同位素组成与现代贝壳同位素相比,既有富集重碳氧同位素的层段,也有富集轻碳氧同位素组成的层段,氧同位素变化周期为十万年;富集轻碳氧同位素组成层段与湿润期对应,而富集重碳氧同位素组成层段与干燥期对应。化石氧同位素记录了昆明盆地古气候干湿变化有十万年的周期,随时代变新,气候逐渐干燥;以化石碳氧同位素为主,综合沉积物特征,推断太湖无锡湾近20m地层形成于近四万分年至今,气候温和潮湿,环境可能为河口相。 相似文献
6.
淡水软体动物壳化石碳氧同位素组成及其在恢复古气候环境中的应用 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
本文研究了昆明滇池和太湖无锡湾软体动物壳化石的碳氧同位素组成,利用化石同位素组成,恢复了昆明盆地百万年以来和太湖无锡湾近四万年以来的古气候环境。研究表明:淡水软体动物壳化石氧同位素组成,在不同的环境条件下,最大差值可达7‰;钻孔中的不同层位的贝壳化石碳氧同位素组成与现代贝壳同位素相比,既有富集重碳氧同位素的层段,也有富集轻碳氧同位素组成的层段,氧同位素变化周期为十万年;富集轻碳氧同位素组成层段与湿润期对应,而富集重碳氧同位素组成层段与干燥期对应。化石氧同位素记录了昆明盆地古气候干湿变化有十万年的周期,随时代变新,气候逐渐干燥;以化石碳氧同位素为主,综合沉积物特征,推断太湖无锡湾近20m地层形成于近四万分年至今,气候温和潮湿,环境可能为河口相。 相似文献
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为了深入了解黄土地层中丰富的陆生蜗牛壳体碳酸盐化石氧同位素组成的气候环境指示意义,文章对黄土高原典型气候带的现生蜗牛壳体文石氧同位素进行了测量。结果显示:高原半干旱地区蜗牛壳体氧同位素组成相对于半湿润地区显著富集δ18 O;壳体δ18 O值与夏季降水量具有密切负相关关系。对照黄土高原气候特征以及夏季风降水氧同位素组成和降水量的关系,认为:1)夏季风降水δ18 O丰度是影响蜗牛壳体氧同位素组成变化的主要因素;2) 进一步研究黄土沉积物中蜗牛壳体化石氧同位素组成对重建黄土高原夏季风强度变化的历史具有重要的意义。 相似文献
9.
生物壳体碳酸盐的稳定氧、碳同位素已经被广泛地应用在古气候、古环境研究中,在生物壳体就位分析中,壳体不同断面上同位素的差异将影响对壳体同位素所指示的环境意义的判断,从而对利用其提取气候环境信息造成不利影响。本文对河蚬壳体不同断面碳氧同位素进行了研究,结果表明:河蚬壳体碳同位素变化序列在不同断面上不存在显著差异,因此在做碳同位素时间序列研究时可以不考虑不同断面差异的问题,在取样过程中可以通过延长取样的长度来获得足够量的样品进行碳同位素的测定;而氧同位素变化序列在不同断面上存在差异,因此在进行壳体就位分析研究时,选取不同断面上氧同位素变化序列对研究结果影响较大,存在壳体断面选择的问题,而在取样过程中取样的长度应控制在一定范围内,避免同一生长环上距离较远位置粉末的混合。文中最后根据壳体不同断面同位素差异确定了在壳体就位分析中如何选取研究断面。 相似文献
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Periodic increments in the growth of organismal shells and fossils in the intertidal zone were studied by light microscopy,
scanning electron microscopy and chemical composition analyses. The results were used to calculate the orbital parameters
of the Earth-Moon system from the Ordovician to Quaternary period. The annual, semi-annual, biweekly (14-day), daily and subdaily
growth rhythms were identified on the surface of shells. The periodic changes in the growth increments of shells and the rhythmic
variations of microelements in fossils and organisms were reliable indicators of environmental changes. There were 415.69 days
for an annual period in Ordovician, 407.1 days in Devonian, 400.51 days in Carboniferous-Permian, 393.98 days in Tertiary,
374.13 days in Triassic and 367.4 days in Quaternary. The data collected and calculated from these growth increments show
that – from the Ordovician to the Quaternary period – the rate of Earth’s rotation has been slowing down and that the distance
from the Earth to the Moon has been increasing, while the rate of lunar retreat has been decreasing. 相似文献
12.
Dreissena polymorpha is an exotic freshwater bivalve species which was introduced into the Great Lakes system in the fall of 1985 through the release
of ballast water from European freighters. Utilizing individual growth rings of the shells, the stable isotope distribution
(δ18O and δ13C) was determined for the life history of selected samples which were collected from the western basin of Lake Erie. These
bivalves deposit their shell in near equilibrium with the ambient water and thus reflect any annual variation of the system
in the isotopic records held within their shells. Observed values for δ18O range from -6.64 to –9.46‰ with an average value of –7.69‰ PDB, while carbon values ranged from –0.80 to –4.67‰ with an
average value of –1.76‰ PDB. Dreissena polymorpha shells incorporate metals into their shells during growth. Individual shell growth increments were analyzed for Pb, Fe, Mg,
Mn, Cd, Cu, and V concentrations. The shells show increased uptake of certain metals during periods of isotopic enrichment
which correspond with warmer water temperatures. Since metals are incorporated into the shells, the organism may be useful
as a biomonitor of metal pollution within aquatic environments.
Received: 31 October 1996 · Accepted: 21 May 1997 相似文献
13.
In the last decade, major advances in both observational and theoretical fields have taken place in our understanding of the rotation of the Earth. With the adoption of Atomic Time, the rotation rate can now be measured with unprecedented precision and independently of planetary or lunar motions. Information from earlier observations is also being recovered more accurately: independent analyses and new data from ancient eclipse observations have increased confidence in the controversial results obtained earlier. Perhaps the most outstanding development is the tentative measurement of the mean rotation rate in the remote geological past, made possible by the study of periodicities in the skeletal growth of fossil organisms.The improved data have exposed new geophysical problems and accentuated earlier ones. An unexplained acceleration of the Earth's rotation is confirmed by the re-examination of ancient eclipse records. In addition, Darwin's theory of tidal friction now has the arbitrariness of its time-scale replaced by data from modern astronomical observations so that, in spite of various theoretical refinements, it leads to the unacceptable prediction of a catastrophic period in the history of the Earth-Moon system in the mid-Precambrian. Information from the study of fossil growth increments can make a vital contribution in both these problems.The palaeontological data have been gathered mainly from corals and bivalves, although several other groups with accretionary skeletons provide a few figures and are potentially useful. The unexpected cosmogonic applications of these data have stimulated research into the physiological and particularly the ecological factors controlling incremental growth in these organisms, especially the bivalves. The main problems centre on the recording accuracy and the definition of the growth increments. The difficulty of eliminating irregular interference and of recovering geophysically useful measurements from the fossil record is discussed and we have tried to assess the reliability of the information already derived from this source. 相似文献
14.
Claire E. Lazareth Nury Guzman Frederic Candaudap 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2007,71(22):5369-5383
Mollusk shells are increasingly used as records of past environmental conditions, particularly for sea-surface temperature (SST) reconstructions. Many recent studies tackled SST (and/or sea-surface salinity) tracers through variations in the elementary (Mg and Sr) or stable isotope (δ18O) composition within mollusk shells. But such attempts, which sometimes include calibration studies on modern specimens, are not always conclusive. We present here a series of Mg and Sr analyses in the calcitic layer of Concholepas concholepas (Muricidae, Gastropoda) with a very high time-resolution on a time window covering about 1 and a half month of shell formation, performed by Laser Ablation Inductively-Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) and electron probe micro-analysis (EPMA). The selected specimen of this common Chilean gastropod was grown under controlled environmental conditions and precise weekly time-marks were imprinted in the shell with calcein staining. Strontium variations in the shell are too limited to be interpreted in terms of environmental parameter changes. In contrast, Mg incorporation into the shell and growth rate appear to change systematically between night and day. During the day, Mg is incorporated at a higher rate than at night and this intake seems positively correlated with water temperature. The nightly reduced Mg incorporation is seemingly related to metabolically controlled processes, formation of organic-rich shell increments and nocturnal feeding activity of the animals. The nyctemeral Mg changes in the C. concholepas shell revealed in this study might explain at least part of the discrepancies observed in previous studies on the use of Mg as a SST proxy in mollusk shells. In the case of C. concholepas, Mg cannot be used straightforwardly as a SST proxy. 相似文献
15.
地球历史时期的生物硬壳或骨骼记录着丰富的地球过去环境特征的信息,对这些化石成分进行同位素地球化学研究是发掘其中信息、探索地球历史环境变化的有效途径之一。过去四十年来化石同位素地球化学在恢复古海洋环境、气候、盐度以及研究碳、氧同位素长期变化等方面的应用越来越受到人们的重视。腕足类化石壳体是古生代海洋环境恢复的主要手段之一。但这一方法也还存在一定的问题,这些问题集中在腕足壳体是否与其生存的海水存在同位素的平衡、是否存在由于生物生命过程中的新陈代谢作用造成的稳定同位素分馏的同位素生命效应(VitalEffects)、是否保存其原始的同位素信息等方面。详细回顾了腕足类化石壳体同位素——这种在恢复古环境研究中广泛应用方法的发展历史、研究现状、存在的问题,以及不同的学者对这些存在的问题所做的工作和他们对这些问题的不同观点。同时也介绍了这一方法的一些研究新进展。 相似文献
16.
腕足壳体与碳酸盐岩全岩中碳、氧、锶同位素差异 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用碳酸盐岩中的地球化学信息反演是研究地质历史时期古环境、古气候变化的一种常用手段.上世纪八十年代前,学术界一直将碳酸盐岩全岩样品作为研究对象.近年来,腕足化石壳体引起了科学家的注意,认为相比碳酸盐岩全岩样品,腕足壳体能更为完好地保存原始的地球化学信息.研究通过对比四川龙门山泥盆纪腕足化石和碳酸盐岩全岩样品中碳、氧、锶同位素(黄思静、卢长武等人数据),发现腕足化石中氧同位素明显高于碳酸盐岩全岩;但碳、锶同位素基本一致.上述结果表明:相比腕足化石,碳酸盐岩全岩样品蕴含的地球化学信息虽有所差异,但在大多数情况下,尤其是缺乏腕足化石的时期,碳酸盐岩全岩蕴含的地球化学信息照样可以反演地质历史时期的古环境变化,尤其是碳、锶同位素. 相似文献
17.
Stable carbon isotopes in freshwater mussel shells: Environmental record or marker for metabolic activity? 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Mussel shells have been used in a number of paleoecological and environmental studies. The interpretation of stable carbon isotopic composition of shell material is still controversial. The carbon for shell carbonate precipitation can either be derived from ambient dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), with shells recording environmental signals, or from metabolic CO2, with the potential to disguise environmental signals. To gain insight into this question, we investigated four nearly 100-yr long-term records of aragonite shells from an extant freshwater bivalve species, the endangered freshwater pearl mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera L.). Single growth increments of the outer prismatic and the inner nacreous zones were successfully and easily separated with a simple heat treatment for chronological analyses of δ13C in single layers of each zone. Autocorrelation and semivariance statistical methods reveal that mussels show distinct individual signal patterns, which extend up to 25 yr. Signal patterns are reliably reproduced with replicate samples from defined layers within one shell and show similar patterns with a slight offset for inner nacreous and outer prismatic layers for individual animals. Mussels exposed to the same environmental conditions exhibit distinct and contradictory signature patterns, which do not match between individuals. This observation can only be explained by strong metabolic influences on shell precipitation. Environmental changes in pH, temperature, electric conductivity and atmospheric carbon signature had no or little (<5%) influence, whereas body tissue protein and body tissue δ13C signatures negatively correlated with the youngest produced shell δ13C signatures, indicating that respiration causes a preferential loss of light isotopes from body mass and an inverse enrichment in shell aragonite. Hence, the shells of the freshwater pearl mussel yield a long-term record of metabolic activity, whereas the use of δ13C in these shells as recorder for environmental signals is questionable. This may also be true for shells from other species, for which metabolic carbon incorporation has been acknowledged. 相似文献
18.
David L. Dettman Karl W. Flessa Bernd R. Schöne 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2004,68(6):1253-1263
We describe a new method for the calculation of river flow that uses the oxygen isotope composition of bivalve mollusk shells that grew in the river-water/seawater mixing zone of the Colorado River estuary. Sclerochronological techniques are used to identify tidally-induced, fortnight-scale bundles of daily growth increments within shell cross-sections. These fortnightly markers are used to establish a chronology for samples taken for δ18O analysis. A composite seasonal δ18O profile derived from five shells that grew in the absence of river-water flow is used as a baseline against which profiles of river-influenced shells are compared. Because this comparison is between matched fortnights within a year, the temperature of shell growth is likely to be very similar. The difference in δ18O between the river-influenced shell and the “no-flow” composite shell therefore represents the change in the δ18O of the water due to the presence of river water in the mixing zone. The river water end-member is also determined within a fortnightly context so that the change in the δ18O of mixing-zone water can be used to calculate the relative proportions of seawater and fresh-water. The fresh-water end-member is calculated from the δ18O of bivalves alive prior to the emplacement of dams and water diversions on the Colorado River. The marine end-member is based on direct measurements of the δ18O of northern Gulf of California water during times of no Colorado River flow. The system has been calibrated to absolute flow amounts using recent releases of known volume and rate. 相似文献
19.
Elena Dunca Harry Mutvei Peter Göransson Carl-Magnus Mörth Bernd R. Schöne Martin J. Whitehouse Mikael Elfman Susanne P. Baden 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2009,98(1):3-17
Shells of Arctica islandica collected between 1884 and 2004 from Öresund, Kattegat and Skagerrak (Swedish West Coast) were used to monitor local climate variations and the influence of human activities on the local environment. For this purpose, we analysed the growth, structure and chemical composition of these shells and compared them with shells collected from Kiel Bay, Norway and Iceland. The growth rate of the studied shells registers an NAO periodicity of ca 8 years. However, the observed signal is weak because of other environmental interferences that are either of natural or anthropogenic origin. For example, the oxygen isotope ratios show temperature fluctuation, but also the influx of low salinity water. Higher contents of S, N, Cu, Zn, As, Cd and P in shell portions formed during the last century are related to human activities such as mining and industrial development. Our study indicates that in order to use Arctica shells as archives of climate change it is necessary to study the full range of environmental data that is recorded in the shells by using a multi element and isotope approach in combination with different analytical techniques including investigation of growth rates and shell structure. 相似文献
20.
An annular laboratory flume was used to investigate the effect of mobile cockle shells on the erosion of a cohesive sediment bed. A standard clay bed was created and shells of differing sizes placed upon it. Flow in the flume was increased in increments and the onset of motion and the transport patterns of the cockles were monitored. The release of bed material to the water column was monitored and compared to controls made in the absence of shells (due only to the flow). The shells moved as bedload; first as surface creep (sliding) and then by rolling. The onset velocity of motion (Uc) of the shells was found to be directly related to the settling rate (Ws) in still water. The fluid-induced stresses did not cause any detectable erosion of the bed. The addition of even a single shell induced significant erosion rates (E). The erosion was found to be the result of abrasion rather than corrasion, as the shells never entered into saltation. There was a linear increase in erosion rate with increasing shell size, and an exponential increase in the suspended sediment concentration with time. The drag coefficients (Cd) for settling in traction were calculated. The ratio of the drag forces acting on the shells when settling and moving as traction was found to equal to 1/tan(ф) where ф is the friction angle. 相似文献