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1.
This paper presents a methodology to deaggregate the results of a multi-hazard damage analysis by extending the traditional multi-hazard damage analysis to consider both population characteristics and independent hazards. The methodology is applied to the joint seismic-tsunami hazard at Seaside, Oregon, considering four infrastructure systems: (1) buildings, (2) transportation network, (3) electric power network and (4) water supply network. Damages to all infrastructure systems are evaluated, and the networked infrastructures are used to inform parcel connectivity to critical facilities. US Census data and a probabilistic housing unit allocation method are implemented to assign detailed household demographic characteristics at the parcel level. Six dimensions of deaggregation are introduced: (1) spatial, (2) hazard type, (3) hazard intensity, (4) infrastructure system, (5) infrastructure component, and (6) housing unit characteristics. The damages, economic losses and risks, and connectivity to critical facilities are deaggregated across these six dimensions. The results show that deaggregated economic loss and risk plots can allow community resilience planners the ability to isolate high-risk events, as well as provide insights into the underlying driving forces. Geospatial representation of the results allows for the identification of both vulnerable buildings and areas within a community and is highlighted by the spatial pattern of parcel disconnection from critical facilities. The incorporation of population characteristics provides an understanding of how hazards disproportionately impact population subgroups and can aide in equitable resilience planning. 相似文献
2.
With the accelerating progress of industrialization, urbanization and population growth in recent decades, community resilience, the ability of communities to function effectively and recover successfully in the aftermath of disasters and shocks, has received great attentions. A number of studies had been conducted focusing on community resilience. This article applied community resilience framework to the coastal areas of China, which are the most densely populated and economically developed areas in China with the most frequent marine disasters. City-level social and economic data were used to construct a community resilience index (CRI). Using factor analysis and the global principal component analysis method, 55 city-level indexes were reduced into 15 factors that explain 73.99% of the variance. Getis–Ord G* Statistics were used to depict the high-value clusters and low-value clusters of the CRI. Clearly identified spatial and temporal variations of the CRI showed that both the overall level and regional differences of the CRI increased from 2003 to 2013; the overall spatial agglomeration characteristic of community resilience was not significant. Our findings also highlighted the key elements to improving community resilience: a robust and developed economic system; excellent education programs and training to improve consciousness on disaster prevention and mitigation; adequate investment on critical infrastructure, especially transportation and communication; proper environmental policies to protect ecosystems and water rouses; and extra attention and disaster risk budgets for vulnerable populations. 相似文献
3.
Resilience is widely used from a variety of research perspectives; however, community resilience in particular is applied to a number of natural hazards and disasters-related studies, programs, and activities. It is also acknowledged that its measurement is cumbersome but not impossible. The prime objective of this paper is to measure the community resilience of an earthquake-prone area in Baluchistan. The article presents the concept of resilience, its approaches, selection of indicators, formulation of subjective assessment method for weighting the indicators, and finally, developing the community resilience index. For the community resilience measurement, a survey was conducted among 200 households in two earthquake risk zones of Quetta city, using simple random sampling method. The overall composite community resilience index revealed that the resilience is low in both the zones??A and B. However, it is revealed that there is a significant difference between the zones when compared against the components and indicators. Community resilience components such as economic, institutional, and physical have received higher index values in Zone B as compared to Zone A. Based on the findings, it is recommended to improve the socioeconomic, institutional, and structural (housing) conditions of the community by raising the community awareness and preparedness, implementing building codes, and providing income-generating activities in order to enhance the community resilience to cope up with earthquake hazards in the future. 相似文献
4.
This paper is a reflection on 3 years of youth engagement in neighbourhood-based geographic research on the state of social infrastructure in East Scarborough, Toronto, Canada. It revolves around the evolution of LIFT, a youth-led advocacy group with the mandate to engage youth in community-based research to identify gaps in resources and inform local organizations about youth priorities. Using critical reflection as research method, we explore how community geography can be a responsive approach to the needs of youth to analyze their lived experience and collect data to influence decision-making in their communities. We articulate a series of propositions and core assumptions to inform a non-adultist, youth-focused community geography, highlight the ethical dimensions of this work, as well as discuss the often-complicated institutional and interpersonal dynamics that shape the success and sustainability of youth-led community geography. 相似文献
6.
采用文献计量学方法,运用CiteSpace和TDA等引文分析及可视化工具,对国内外"社会—生态系统恢复力"相关研究论文进行分析。构建检索式,得到1900—2017年WOS(Web of Science)期刊论文共10 315篇,对研究态势及热点进行梳理和分析。结果发现,系统恢复力研究可归纳为5个基本理论问题,即内涵、变化诱因、空间尺度、研究对象及响应措施。自1973年提出,该理论发展了近45年,借助知识图谱分析发现,形成了三大研究主题领域:内涵与理论、诱因与方法、适应与管理。分析研究热点时序演化发现,近20年来,以气候变化为诱因、以生态系统为对象的研究形成了最为完备的理论和方法体系;近10年来,社区和城市尺度的研究发展迅速成为热点;近5年来,社会学习和知识传播等适应对策得到关注。深化对同质社会经济单元的研究,开展案例研究与实地观测、实验和建模方法的融合是未来研究的重点。 相似文献
7.
This paper reports exploratory research conducted in a flood-impacted rural Australian town to identify the factors which residents perceived as supporting community resilience to disaster. There is a gap in this research area centred in the Australian disaster context. Since Australia is predicted to be highly impacted by the effects of climate change in the form of an increased incidence of flooding, an urgent need exists to examine the factors that confer resilience to disaster-impacted localities to inform suitable disaster mitigation and adaptation policies for the future. Because of the complexity of community resilience and its interrelationship with individual resilience, a multi-method approach was used: a demographic study to assess community stability and functioning before and after the flood disaster, focus group interviews to obtain from community members their views on what supported them and their community resilience and a survey to generalise the interview findings. Our operating hypothesis was that individuals remaining in the town post-flood were likely to be resilient to the flood disaster. The demographic study results pointed to a resilient community after the floods as they reflected stability in population numbers and socio-economic indicators. The interviews and survey showed that individual resilience was promoted by social connectedness and a sense of place, a factor that was also negatively linked to the desire to relocate from the community. The use of structural equation modelling of our results provided verification of prior research findings about the role of sense of place in supporting individuals’ resilience. Results are discussed in the context of future climate change adaptation policy. 相似文献
8.
山东省临朐县山旺盆地中新世植物群及其研究成果闻名遐迩 ,但是在植物群的研究上依然有以下问题 :(1)在植物分类鉴定方面 ,缺乏解剖学特征研究 ;(2 )在植被演替的研究上 ,缺乏高分辨率的时间尺度 ;(3)在古环境和古气候的分析上 ,缺乏定量化标准 ;(4 )在时间和空间范围上 ,需要拓展性研究。针对上述问题 ,我们首先将山旺组富含化石的硅藻土沉积划分为 19层 ,然后以厘米级间距逐层采集标本和孢粉样品 ,目的是进行高分辨率研究和保证多种材料、多种方法研究结果的可比性。在植物类群研究方面 ,我们已经报道了中国可靠的、国际公认的化石杜仲新记录 ,建立了一个新属(Chaneya) ,而且开展了山旺古果实学的研究。在古植被演替的研究上 ,孢粉学研究表明山旺中新世植被经历了 5个发展阶段。应用特有种气候分析法、共存分析法、叶相分析对山旺中新世的古气候进行定量重建 ,获得诸如年均温、降水量、相对湿度等气象数值。根据国际学术界的最新动向 ,今后有必要在全球变化和亚洲古环境的宏观背景下加强和拓展山旺植物群的研究 ,如 :深入研究植物演化过程和植被演替的规律 ,从地层沉积物和植物化石上提取全球气候变化的信息 ,搜寻东亚季风形成和兴盛的新证据 ,探讨植物对洋流改变和新生代第 3次重大撞击事件的响应 相似文献
9.
This article builds upon disaster scholarship that suggests community resilience is driven by six capacities: social, economic, physical, human, institutional, and environmental. Together, these capacities constitute a conceptual framework that can be used to investigate and assess community resilience. While recent scholarship has provided insights into how resilience operates in large communities, there remain questions about whether this conceptual framework is appropriate for the study of resilience in small communities. To narrow this knowledge gap, we conducted interviews with twenty-six subjects from three small Texas communities affected by Hurricane Harvey: City of Dickinson; City of Port Aransas; and Town of Refugio. Analysis of the interview data confirms that the six capacities of resilience provide an appropriate framework for the investigation of resilience in small communities. Given the complex and dynamic nature of community resilience, the findings also suggest that it is unlikely policymakers will be able to develop a unified policy solution for hazard events that is appropriate for all communities. Rather, policymakers need to consider community-based resilience solutions, driven by local strengths and weaknesses, that facilitate the reduction of risks associated with hazard events. 相似文献
10.
The discussion on the social-ecological dimensions of hazards is constantly evolving. This paper explores the trajectory of research relating to hazards and their impact on vulnerable human populations. Interpretations of disaster risk have included estimating losses in terms of human life and property, and analyzing the social mechanisms in place that exacerbate or mitigate a population’s sensitivity to hazard events. In keeping with recent trends in research relating to disaster risk, the paper focuses on the social dimension of vulnerability and the contribution of social structures and relationships in building community resilience. Institutional frameworks and policies in particular determine the quantity and quality of resources and services available to people that contribute to resilience over time. The hazard-risk-location-model (HRLM) is proposed that is based on re-specifying disaster risk in terms of exposure and coping ability to capture the focus on social vulnerability and resilience. The framework of the HRLM incorporates the following components: (1) linkages within existing social capital; (2) spatial variation in social and institutional frameworks; (3) positive and negative feedbacks; and (4) characteristics of the hazard event. The model contributes to the range of place-based assessments designed to address the human-environmental impacts of hazards and disasters. 相似文献
11.
A comparative analysis of six vulnerability models aims to identify differences and similarities between several approaches
towards understanding vulnerability. The analysis yields a set of characteristics for explaining the condition of vulnerability
(multiple contexts, multiple dimensions, temporal variability, multiple scales and scale-interdependency). In addition, ‘adaptation’
and ‘adaptive capacity’ are identified as key elements of vulnerability. The results of the analysis are put into a wider
context not only of vulnerability but also of resilience and risk research. It is demonstrated that ‘adaptation’ and ‘adaptive
capacity’ serve as hinges not only for conceptualising vulnerability but between ‘vulnerability’ and ‘resilience’ alike. Based
on the results of the comparative analysis, a model of vulnerability focussing on the household and community scale is developed,
which displays the key findings of this work. 相似文献
12.
The paper deals with the development of a general as well as integrative and holistic framework to systematize and assess vulnerability, risk and adaptation. The framework is a thinking tool meant as a heuristic that outlines key factors and different dimensions that need to be addressed when assessing vulnerability in the context of natural hazards and climate change. The approach underlines that the key factors of such a common framework are related to the exposure of a society or system to a hazard or stressor, the susceptibility of the system or community exposed, and its resilience and adaptive capacity. Additionally, it underlines the necessity to consider key factors and multiple thematic dimensions when assessing vulnerability in the context of natural and socio-natural hazards. In this regard, it shows key linkages between the different concepts used within the disaster risk management (DRM) and climate change adaptation (CCA) research. Further, it helps to illustrate the strong relationships between different concepts used in DRM and CCA. The framework is also a tool for communicating complexity and stresses the need for societal change in order to reduce risk and to promote adaptation. With regard to this, the policy relevance of the framework and first results of its application are outlined. Overall, the framework presented enhances the discussion on how to frame and link vulnerability, disaster risk, risk management and adaptation concepts. 相似文献
13.
地下储层构型表征是近十几年发展起来的油气藏开发地质研究方向。与露头构型分析不同的是,地下储层构型表征主要依据地震信息和多井信息,相应地发展了两类方法,其一为地震沉积学(地貌学)方法,即通过三维地震资料地层切片等方式,利用地震成像特征研究沉积单元的分布;其二为多井模式预测方法,即通过将不同级次的定量构型模式与地下井资料(包括动态监测资料)进行拟合,分级约束并预测不同级次的构型单元的井间分布。论述了这两类方法的起源、基本原理、应用范畴及存在问题,并根据油田生产要求与技术发展提出了进一步深入研究的方向,包括三维定量构型模式的深化研究、储层构型地震响应及解释方法研究、多井模拟拟合方法的改进与创新等。 相似文献
14.
The study addresses disaster risks in Delhi through a resilience approach. It utilizes the Climate Disaster Resilience Index (CDRI) tool, which assesses disaster resilience from five dimensions: physical, social, economic, institutional, and natural. Each dimension comprises 5 parameters, and each parameter consists of 5 variables. The study is carried out in the nine revenue districts of Delhi and reveals that East Delhi is least resilient and New Delhi is most resilient. The CDRI analysis in East Delhi points out the urgent need to focus on key parameters such as housing and land use, population, intensity and frequency of natural hazards, ecosystem services, and land use in natural terms. On the other hand, New Delhi is the most resilient due to all five dimensions, where most significant parameters responsible for its high resilience are housing and land use, population, income, employment, intensity and frequency of natural hazards, ecosystem services, and land use in natural terms. In addition, the overall results of all nine districts show an inverse relationship between resilience score and population density. For example, districts with higher population density show low resilience and vice versa. Moreover, districts located on hazard-prone areas show low resilience. For example, East Delhi and North East Delhi scored low resilience because they both are situated on the Yamuna flood catchment areas. The study further develops key suggestions that are required to address disaster risk in all nine districts of Delhi and discusses future implications of CDRI to address city??s vulnerability. The approach??s distinctness is reflected through its consideration of micro-level diversities and presents some implications to resilience. 相似文献
15.
The notion of Resilience of Social-Ecological Systems (ReSES) in balancing and sustaining development are increasingly breeding more multidisciplinary attentions from world scientists and government managers. However, with the tremendous growing in theoretical system, certain problems hinder the integration of theory and practice, such as the low degree of research recognition, lacking of unified paradigm, unevenly development of research topics, etc. Thus, it is an urgent need to sort out the construction, source and development in theory, and its gaps with practices. To identify the hotspot in current research, including the fundamental theories and methods, current focus and future trends, a bibliometric analysis integrating Citespace and TDA tools were made. Using searching queries on “system resilience”, 10 315 articles in Web of Science database were retrieved. Then, a series of contents were examined on these publications, including: topics division on co-occurrence network of keywords; journal and co-citation analysis of highly cited papers; trends by keyword burst analysis; changing of high-frequency categories and keywords. Several findings were achieved through scientometric analysis. Firstly, research on system resilience were summarized into five basic theoretical issues, namely, research objects, changes incentives, spatial and temporal scale, and adaptive measures. Secondly, by analyzing the knowledge atlas, it is found that the theory has developed for nearly 45 years since 1973. In the past 20 years, ecosystem resilience driven by climate changes has been one of the earliest and consistent research topics, and formed a well-developed theoretical framework. Over the past ten years, research on the system resilience on community and urban scale has rapidly become a hot topic. In the past five years, adaptation strategies such as social learning and knowledge dissemination have attracted increasing attentions. Overall, improving system simulation and scenario based adaptive management analysis can build the bridge of theoretical research and adaptive management practice. 相似文献
16.
评价指标的和量化获取是地质构造定量研究的基础性工作，探讨了断层构造定量评价指标的网格化剖分，地质信息的存储与提取，评价指标的统计算法。断层构造的主要量化指标包括新层要数，断层长度，断层密度，断层强度和分维值等。设计的统计算法，从搜索断层与网格ID之间的映射关系入手，统计层经过的各结点的指标值，仅对断层各结点邻近的网格ID进行搜索，减少了搜索点个数，提高了计算速度和准确度。 相似文献
17.
The last few years have seen the debate on the geoethics of environmental and climatic protection growing to include resilience as a central idea within this new discipline, which holds many similarities with geography. Resilience analysis often looks at the capacity to re-establish conditions of equilibrium within a system which has been hit by a serious shock, e.g. a natural or man-made disaster. Geoethics works, in tandem with geological analyses and the geography of risk, to inform a population and develop integrated risk management in such a way as to strengthen a community’s resilience. The aim of this work is to study some people’s capacity to overcome what was potentially a disastrous event and, through a process of reconstruction, turn it into an occasion for growth. The experiment, carried out in the primary and middle schools in Aiello Calabro (Calabria, southern Italy), was conducted on the basis of the belief that there is a close relationship between a population’s having a realistic understanding of the risk of such an event, e.g. an earthquake, and high levels of resilience. We also tried to gain an insight into the relationship that may exist between resilience in primary and secondary school children and methods of coping which give an appropriate management of seismic risk. To be more precise, we try to discover whether there is a link between good/appropriate resilience and good/appropriate risk management. 相似文献
18.
Organizational scholars increasingly use the term “resilience” to analyze options of dealing with uncertain context conditions. What do these scholars have to offer to researchers in the field of natural hazards? This research note makes three suggestions. First, the research note frames social resilience—in contrast to a rigid response to radical change—as a process of broadening information-based activities, loosening formal controls, and using slack resources of organizational members. Second, the research note argues to leave the meaning of social resilience undefined at the outset of a research project with the aim of building theory about resilience. It is expected that a useful definition emerges in empirical research. Third, organizational studies highlight specific social structures and processes of social resilience, for instance, small groups of individuals in organizational and interorganizational contexts. Organizing becomes a crucial factor for dealing with natural hazards. 相似文献
19.
Facing natural disasters is a priority challenge for cities, exacerbated by increases in urban population and climate change. Improving the resilience of cities is a critical need for the international community and especially for territories exposed to multiple risks, such as Chile. Although disasters are always tragic, the recovery and reconstruction post-disaster may provide a unique opportunity to prevent future suffering, enhancing the resilience of local communities. This paper presents the analysis of two Chilean reconstruction programmes applied in Mehuin and Dichato, after the earthquake and tsunami of 22 May 1960 and 27 February 2010, respectively. In both cases, reconstruction programmes were supported by the Chilean Government, but using different approaches: one focused on providing housing for people injured in the earthquake, while the other also included urban amenities and services. This article proposes an urban morphology analysis framework; in addition, it presents the assessment of the two case studies before and after a disaster, thus evaluating their resilience. By comparing urban morphology resilience pre- and post-disaster, a discussion about the effectiveness of two reconstruction approaches is presented. Finally, conclusions and recommendations to better integrate resilience into urban planning are proposed, with the aim of opening the discussion about how to make cities more resilient to natural disasters. 相似文献
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